Operation Greenhouse | |
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![]() Greenhouse Dog, 81 kilotons. | |
Information | |
Country | United States |
Test site |
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Period | 1951 |
Number of tests | 4 |
Test type | tower |
Max. yield | 225 kilotonnes of TNT (940 TJ) |
Test series chronology | |
Operation Greenhouse was the fifth American nuclear test series, the second conducted in 1951 and the first to test principles that would lead to developing thermonuclear weapons (hydrogen bombs). Conducted at the new Pacific Proving Ground, on islands of the Enewetak Atoll, it mounted the devices on large steel towers to simulate air bursts. This series of nuclear weapons tests was preceded by Operation Ranger and succeeded by Operation Buster-Jangle.
Operation Greenhouse showcased new and aggressive designs for nuclear weapons. The main idea was to reduce the size, weight, and most importantly, reduce the amount of fissile material necessary for nuclear weapons, while increasing the destructive power. With the Soviet Union's first nuclear test a year and half earlier (29 August 1949), the United States had begun stockpiling the new designs before they were actually proven. Thus the success of Operation Greenhouse was vital before the development of thermonuclear weapons could continue.
A number of target buildings, including bunkers, houses and factories were built on Mujinkarikku Islet to test nuclear weapon effects.
The George explosion conducted on May 8, 1951, was the world's first thermonuclear burn. The Cylinder device was designed for probing the thermonuclear reaction. It was a test of the radiation implosion principle that was key to the recently theorized Teller-Ulam design. The vast majority of its yield derived from fission. The energy output from the thermonuclear fusion in this test was insignificant in comparison.
The fission component was a unique cylindrical implosion of a long highly enriched uranium annulus. This surrounded a beryllium oxide chamber, containing cryogenic liquid deuterium with a few percent tritium. Tritium was still scarce at the time, but deuterium–tritium fusion, around 100 times more likely than deuterium-deuterium fusion, was hoped to increase the number of DD reactions. The beryllium oxide chamber and fusion fuel was imploded by the fission reaction's X-ray radiation, allowing observation of the fusion plasma before it was engulfed.
University of California Radiation Laboratory provided the scientists for the measurement of the fusion reaction. Complex equipment was developed for isolating the fusion radiation from the simultaneous fission detonation. Vacuum pipes carried the fusion X-rays to the base of a shot tower, where K-edge filters fluoresced for optical measurement. Unshielded photographic plates were exposed to the high-energy fusion neutrons, and their collision with the emulsion produced signature "proton streaks". [1]
The George design was a 'Classical Super' prototype with a binary triggering device based on the one patented by Klaus Fuchs and von Neumann in 1946. [2] Its success played a vital role in the history of the Teller–Ulam design. The George Test had a perfect “bell” Wilson cloud form near the top of the mushroom cloud.
The George test validated the principles which would be used for the first full-scale thermonuclear bomb test, Ivy Mike , the following year, on November 1, 1952, at Enewetak Atoll.
Conducted on May 25, 1951, Item was the first test of the fusion boosting principle, nearly doubling the normal yield of a similar non-boosted weapon. In this test, deuterium-tritium (D-T) gas was injected into the enriched uranium core of a nuclear fission bomb. The extreme heat of the fissioning bomb produced thermonuclear fusion reactions within the D-T gas. While the yield of George was significantly boosted by fusion neutrons, Item tested a small DT gas mixture at the center of a spherical implosion, which would eventually become standard within the nuclear arsenal. [1]
The Dog explosion is more popularly known for an image taken of those viewing it than the actual explosion itself; the photograph depicts numerous VIPs wearing safety goggles sitting on Adirondack chairs while being illuminated by the flash of the detonation. [3] [4] This photograph takes up the bottom portion of the advertising poster for the 1995 documentary film Trinity and Beyond by Peter Kuran. The safety goggles worn by all those viewing the test in the picture have become somewhat of a museum collectors' item, with a nametag on one suggesting that nuclear physicist Norman F. Ramsey may have been present. [5] Cynthia Miller claims that her father, Van Dine, is the first man on the left in the photo. [6] The blast wave safely arrived at the location of the VIPs some 45 seconds after the initially silent flash of the detonation as observed from their position on Parry island. [7]
Name [note 1] | Date time (UT) | Local time zone [note 2] [8] | Location [note 3] | Elevation + height [note 4] | Delivery, [note 5] Purpose [note 6] | Device [note 7] | Yield [note 8] | Fallout [note 9] | Refer- ences | Notes |
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Dog | April 7, 1951 17:33:57.8 | MHT (11 hrs) | Runit (Yvonne), Enewetak Atoll 11°33′08″N162°20′47″E / 11.55234°N 162.34648°E | 2 m (6 ft 7 in) + 91 m (299 ft) | tower, weapons development | Mk-6D | 81 kt | [9] [10] [11] [12] [13] | Proof test of Mark 6, 60 point implosion. Hansen says "north end of Runit". | |
Easy | April 20, 1951 17:27:00.1 | MHT (11 hrs) | Enjebi (Janet), Enewetak Atoll 11°39′56″N162°14′02″E / 11.66543°N 162.23379°E | 2 m (6 ft 7 in) + 91 m (299 ft) | tower, weapon development and effects | TX-5D | 47 kt | [9] [10] [11] [12] [13] | Proof test of Mark 5, 92 point lense implosion system, used as the primary for Ivy Mike. Mock buildings (homes, bunkers, factories) were assembled on Enjebi and Mujinkarikku Island. Hansen: "west end of Engebi". | |
George | May 8, 1951 20:30:00.7 | MHT (11 hrs) | Ebiriru (Ruby), Enewetak Atoll 11°37′37″N162°17′47″E / 11.62703°N 162.29626°E | 2 m (6 ft 7 in) + 62 m (203 ft) | tower, weapons development | "Cylinder" | 225 kt | [9] [10] [11] [12] [13] | First thermonuclear burn, first test of radiation implosion principle. Unique cylindrical implosion of HEU. Central cylinder of cryogenic deuterium and few percent tritium ignited. Majority of yield from fission. [1] | |
Item | May 24, 1951 17:16:59.3 | MHT (11 hrs) | Enjebi (Janet), Enewetak Atoll 11°39′58″N162°14′33″E / 11.66604°N 162.24254°E | 2 m (6 ft 7 in) + 62 m (203 ft) | tower, weapons development | "Booster" | 45.5 kt | [9] [10] [12] [13] | First test of standard boosting. DT gas mixture injected into HEU core. Yield twice that without boosting. [1] |