The androgen receptor (AR), also known as NR3C4, is a type of nuclear receptor that is activated by binding any of the androgenic hormones, including testosterone and dihydrotestosterone, in the cytoplasm and then translocating into the nucleus. The androgen receptor is most closely related to the progesterone receptor, and progestins in higher dosages can block the androgen receptor.
The Nectriaceae comprise a family of fungi in the order Hypocreales. It was circumscribed by brothers Charles and Louis René Tulasne in 1865. In 2020, an Outline of fungi was produced and listed 70 genera and about 1,336 species.
The miR-17 microRNA precursor family are a group of related small non-coding RNA genes called microRNAs that regulate gene expression. The microRNA precursor miR-17 family, includes miR-20a/b, miR-93, and miR-106a/b. With the exception of miR-93, these microRNAs are produced from several microRNA gene clusters, which apparently arose from a series of ancient evolutionary genetic duplication events, and also include members of the miR-19, and miR-25 families. These clusters are transcribed as long non-coding RNA transcripts that are processed to form ~70 nucleotide microRNA precursors, that are subsequently processed by the Dicer enzyme to give a ~22 nucleotide products. The mature microRNA products are thought to regulate expression levels of other genes through complementarity to the 3' UTR of specific target messenger RNA.
The Mycosphaerellaceae are a family of sac fungi. They affect many common plants, such as eucalyptus, the myrtle family, and the Proteaceae. They have a widespread distribution.
The Ophiostomataceae are a family of fungi in the Ascomycota, class Sordariomycetes. The family was circumscribed by J.A. Nannfeldt in 1932. Species in the family have a widespread distribution, and are typically found in temperate regions, as pathogens of both coniferous and deciduous trees.
The Entylomatales are an order of smut fungi in the class Exobasidiomycetes. A monotypic order, it consists of a single family, the Entylomataceae. Both the family and order were circumscribed in 1997.
The Georgefischeriales are an order of smut fungi in the class Exobasidiomycetes. The order consists of four families, the Eballistraceae, the Georgefischeriaceae, the Gjaerumiaceae, and the Tilletiariaceae.
Graphium is a genus of fungi in the family Microascaceae. Many species are known as plant pathogens. Graphium belongs to the group hyphomycetes and has about 20 species. They are found in soil, plant debris, woody substrate, manure, and polluted water. The sporulating structures of Graphium form synnema, which are a gathering of conidiophores into a sort of flower bouquet. Graphium spp. are recognized by their distinctive, erect, black synnemata, each bearing a single, terminal, ball of one-celled, hyaline conidia produced from annellides.
Solute carrier family 52, member 3, formerly known as chromosome 20 open reading frame 54 and riboflavin transporter 2, is a protein that in humans is encoded by the SLC52A3 gene.
Grosmannia clavigera is a species of sac fungus that causes blue stain in wood. It spreads to lodgepole pine, ponderosa pine, Douglas-fir, and whitebark pine trees from the body and a special structure in the heads of mountain pine beetles. The blue stain fungus has evolved a relationship with mountain pine beetles that allow them to travel from tree to tree on a special structure in the beetle's heads and stops the tree from producing resin to pitch out or kill the beetle, encouraging the pine beetle infestation occurring all along the Rocky Mountains from Mexico into Canada. The beetles are able to mine and lay eggs while avoiding the tree's defenses. The 33 Mb genome of this fungus was sequenced in 2009.
Endoconidiophora is a genus of fungi within the Ceratocystidaceae family.
Gabarnaudia is a genus of anamorphic fungi that was placed in the family Ceratocystidaceae, until phylogenetic analysis by Hausner and Reid (2004) and De Beer et al. (2013a) showed that Gabarnaudia fimicolaG. betae and G. humicola clustered within genus Sphaeronaemella.
Sporothrix is a ubiquitous genus of soil-dwelling fungus discovered by Schenck in 1898, and studied in more detail by Hektoen and Perkins. The first described and best known species is Sporothrix schenckii, the causative agent of rose handler's disease. New environmental, and pathogenic, species have been discovered with the potential for more to be found as molecular techniques advance.
Teratosphaeriaceae is a family of fungi in the order Mycosphaerellales.
Raffaelea is a genus of ambrosia fungi in the family Ophiostomataceae. It was circumscribed by mycologists Josef Adolph von Arx and Grégoire L. Hennebert in 1965 with Raffaelea ambrosiae as the type species. The genus is named in honor of Italian botanist Raffaele Ciferri.
Reporter virus particles (RVPs) are replication-incompetent virus particles engineered to express one or more reporter genes upon infecting susceptible cells. Since the RVP genome lacks genes essential for viral replication, RVPs are capable of only a single round of infection. Thus they are safe to work with under BSL-2 conditions, enabling the study of highly pathogenic viruses using standard laboratory facilities. Expression of a reporter such as luciferase can provide a quantitative readout of infection. With proper design and quality control, RVPs remain stable under common assay conditions and yield reproducible results that correlate with those obtained from live virus. These qualities make RVPs a safer and faster alternative to plaque assays, and especially well-suited for high-throughput applications. RVPs offer flexibility for different uses, as they are antigenically identical to wild-type virus, and can be engineered with various proteins or express mutant envelopes to study infectivity or antigenicity.
Coniothyriaceae is a family of ascomycetous marine based fungi within the order of Pleosporales in the subclass Pleosporomycetidae and within the class Dothideomycetes. They are pathogenic or they can be saprobic on dead branches. They are generally a anamorphic species.
