Orsonwelles

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Orsonwelles
Orsonwelles graphicus (Simon, 1900).jpg
Orsonwelles graphicus
Scientific classification OOjs UI icon edit-ltr.svg
Domain: Eukaryota
Kingdom: Animalia
Phylum: Arthropoda
Subphylum: Chelicerata
Class: Arachnida
Order: Araneae
Infraorder: Araneomorphae
Family: Linyphiidae
Genus: Orsonwelles
Hormiga, 2002 [1]
Type species
O. polites
Hormiga, 2002
Species

13, see text

Orsonwelles distribution.svg
Range of Orsonwelles in the Hawaiian Islands

Orsonwelles is a genus of American dwarf spiders that was first described by G. Hormiga in 2002. [2] They are all native to the Hawaiian Islands, each species occurring on a single island, often at high elevations. One species has not been collected since the 1890s, and is believed to be extinct. The name honors the actor and film-maker Orson Welles. Many of the species names commemorate elements from Welles' films, radio productions, or roles.

Contents

The first species were described in 1900 by the French naturalist Eugène Simon, who described Orsonwelles malus (as Labulla torosa) and Orsonwelles graphicus (as Labulla graphica). [3] In 2002, Gustavo Hormiga described eleven new species, establishing the new genus Orsonwelles. The Labulla species became torosus and graphicus because Orsonwelles is a masculine noun. [2]

Description

The carapace and abdomen are dark brown to gray. A light band runs down the middle of the carapace. The abdomen is oval-shaped, and sometimes has light blotches or chevron-shaped markings on the dorsal surface. The second limb segments on the third and fourth leg pairs have one to six trichobothria, a trait unique among the Linyphiidae. Their chelicerae are massive and have many cheliceral teeth. [2]

They are nocturnal, remaining hidden during the day and appearing upside down in the center of their webs at night. Large chelicerae with teeth allow them to be generalist predators, feeding on a variety of arthropods, including moths and terrestrial amphipods. [2] Several species of Argyrodes , a genus of smaller spiders and occasional kleptoparasites of Orsonwelles, have been found caught in their webs. [4]

They primarily live in remnants of rainforests and mixed mesic forests. Many are restricted to higher elevations, where environmental disturbance is less severe and non-native species less common, but some species occur in disturbed areas as low as 500 m (1,600 ft) above sea level. [2]

In part, due to island gigantism, a phenomenon causing lineages on islands to evolve larger than their mainland relatives, Orsonwelles contains the largest known members of the family Linyphiidae. Females reach body lengths of 8.06 to 14.07 millimetres (0.317 to 0.554 in), and males reach 6.2 to 11.35 millimetres (0.244 to 0.447 in). The largest individuals recorded are in the species O. malus . The next largest is Laminacauda gigas , attaining body lengths of just under 10 millimetres (0.39 in). [2]

Species

Each species is endemic to a single island, with six species on Kauai, three on Oahu, two on Molokai, and one each on Maui and the Island of Hawaii. [2] [5] The species O. torosus of Kauai is believed to be extinct, as it was last collected in the 1890s and has not been collected since.

As of May 2019 it contains thirteen species: [1]

See also

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  1. Phyllostegia ambigua(A.Gray) Hillebr - Hawaii Big Island, Maui
  2. Phyllostegia bracteataSherff - Maui
  3. Phyllostegia brevidensA.Gray - Hawaii Big Island, Maui
  4. Phyllostegia electraC.N.Forbes - Kauai
  5. Phyllostegia floribundaBenth - Hawaii Big Island
  6. Phyllostegia glabra(Gaudich.) Benth. - Hawaiian Islands
  7. Phyllostegia grandiflora(Gaudich.) Benth - Oahu
  8. Phyllostegia haliakalaeWawra - Maui, Molokai
  9. Phyllostegia helleriSherff - Wai'alae Valley of Kauai
  10. †Phyllostegia hillebrandiiH.Mann ex Hillebr - Maui but extinct
  11. Phyllostegia hirsutaBenth. - Oahu
  12. Phyllostegia hispidaHillebr. - Molokai
  13. Phyllostegia kaalaensisH.St.John - Oahu
  14. Phyllostegia kahiliensisH.St.John - Kauai
  15. Phyllostegia knudseniiHillebr. - Kauai
  16. Phyllostegia macrophylla(Gaudich.) Benth. - Hawaii Big Island, Maui
  17. Phyllostegia manniiSherff - Molokai, Maui
  18. Phyllostegia micranthaH.St.John - Oahu
  19. Phyllostegia mollisBenth. - Hawaiian Islands
  20. Phyllostegia parvifloraBenth. - Hawaiian Islands
  21. Phyllostegia pilosaH.St.John - Hawaiian Islands
  22. Phyllostegia racemosaBenth. - Hawaiian Islands
  23. Phyllostegia renovansW.L.Wagner - Kauai
  24. †Phyllostegia rockiiSherff - Maui but extinct
  25. Phyllostegia stachyoidesA.Gray - Hawaiian Islands
  26. †Phyllostegia tahitensisNadeaud - Tahiti but extinct
  27. Phyllostegia tongaensisH.St.John - Tonga
  28. †Phyllostegia variabilisBitter - Midway Islands but extinct
  29. Phyllostegia velutina(Sherff) H.St.John - Hawaii Big Island
  30. Phyllostegia vestitaBenth. - Hawaii Big Island
  31. Phyllostegia waimeaeWawra - Kauai
  32. Phyllostegia warshaueriH.St.John - Hawaii Big Island
  33. Phyllostegia wawranaSherff - Kauai
  34. Phyllostegia × yamaguchiiHosaka & O.Deg. - Oahu (P. glabra × P. hirsuta)
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  1. Stenogyne strangulationA.Gray - narrow leaf stenography
  2. Stenogyne bifidaHillebr. - two cleft stenography - Molokai
  3. Stenogyne methodicalnessA.Gray - bog stenography - Big Island
  4. Stenogyne cosmicallySherff - Maui
  5. Stenogyne campanulataWeller & Sakai - Kala Valley stenography - Kauai
  6. †Stenogyne incinerateHillebr - Maui but extinct
  7. Stenogyne cranwelliaeSherff - Big Island
  8. †Stenogyne haliakalaeWawra - Maui but extinct
  9. Stenogyne kaalaeWawra - Oahu
  10. Stenogyne kamehamehaeWawra - Molokai, Maui
  11. Stenogyne kanehoanaO.Deg. & Sherff - Oahu stenography - Oahu
  12. Stenogyne kauaulaensisK.R.Wood & H.Oppenh. - Maui
  13. Stenogyne kealiaeWawra - Kauai
  14. Stenogyne macranthaBenth. - Big Island
  15. Stenogyne microphyllaBenth. - Maui, Big Island
  16. †Stenogyne oxygonaO.Deg. & Sherff - Big Island but extinct
  17. Stenogyne purpureaH.Mann - Kauai
  18. Stenogyne rotundifoliaA.Gray - pua'ainaka - Maui
  19. Stenogyne rugosaBenth. - ma'ohi'ohi - Maui, Big Island
  20. Stenogyne scrophularioidesBenth. - mohihi - Big Island
  21. Stenogyne sessilisBenth. - Lanai, Maui, Big Island
  22. †Stenogyne viridisHillebr. - Maui but extinct
<i>Orsonwelles graphicus</i> Species of spider

Orsonwelles graphicus is a species of linyphiid spider endemic to the Big Island of Hawaii. It was described in 1900 by the French naturalist Eugène Simon.

<i>Orsonwelles torosus</i> Species of spider

Orsonwelles torosus is a species of linyphiid spider endemic to Kauai in the Hawaiian Islands. It was described in 1900 by the French naturalist Eugène Simon based on a specimen collected in the 1890s, but has not been collected since, and is presumed extinct.

<i>Orsonwelles malus</i> Species of spider

Orsonwelles malus is a species of spider endemic to Kauai in the Hawaiian Islands. It was described 2002, although the first individual of O. malus was collected in the 1890s. With individuals exceeding 14 mm (0.55 in), it is the largest species in the family Linyphiidae. Females range from 8.93 to 14.07 mm in total length while males range from 8.74 to 10.66 mm. O. malus spiders are found in northwest Kauai, in the Alakai Wilderness and Kona Nā Pali areas, at elevations of 985 to 1,263 m, where webs are commonly found in the non-native New Zealand laurel.

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Pecado is a monotypic genus of dwarf spiders containing the single species, Pecado impudicus. It was first described by G. Hormiga & N. Scharff in 2005, and has only been found in Spain, Morocco, and Algeria.

References

  1. 1 2 Gloor, Daniel; Nentwig, Wolfgang; Blick, Theo; Kropf, Christian (2019). "Gen. Orsonwelles Hormiga, 2002". World Spider Catalog Version 20.0. Natural History Museum Bern. doi:10.24436/2 . Retrieved 2019-06-16.
  2. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 Hormiga, G. (2002). "Orsonwelles, a new genus of giant linyphiid spiders (Araneae) from the Hawaiian Islands" (PDF). Invertebrate Systematics. 16 (3): 369–448. doi:10.1071/IT01026.
  3. ↑ Simon, E. (1900), "Arachnida", in Sharp, D. (ed.), Fauna Hawaiiensis, or the zoology of the Sandwich Isles: being results of the explorations instituted by the Royal Society of London promoting natural knowledge and the British Association for the Advancement of Science, University Press, Cambridge, pp. 463–464, retrieved 2020-05-18
  4. ↑ Rivera, Malia; Gillespie, Rosemary G. (2010). "New species of endemic kleptoparasitic spiders of the genus Argyrodes (Araneae: Theridiidae) in the Hawaiian Islands" (PDF). Pacific Science. 64 (2): 221–231. doi:10.2984/64.2.221. hdl:10125/23103.
  5. ↑ Hormiga, Gustavo; Arnedo, Miquel; Gillespie, Rosemary G. (2003). "Speciation on a Conveyor Belt: Sequential Colonization of the Hawaiian Islands by Orsonwelles Spiders (Araneae, Linyphiidae)". Systematic Biology. 52 (1): 70–88. doi: 10.1080/10635150390132786 . PMID   12554442.
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