PSMC1

PSMC1
Identifiers
Aliases	PSMC1 , P26S4, S4, p56, proteasome 26S subunit, ATPase 1, RPT2
External IDs	OMIM: 602706; MGI: 106054; HomoloGene: 2095; GeneCards: PSMC1; OMA:PSMC1 - orthologs
Gene location (Human) Chr. Chromosome 14 (human) [1] Band 14q32.11 Start 90,256,527 bp [1] End 90,275,429 bp [1]
Gene location (Mouse) Chr. Chromosome 12 (mouse) [2] Band 12 E|12 50.43 cM Start 100,076,413 bp [2] End 100,089,664 bp [2]
RNA expression pattern Bgee Human Mouse (ortholog) Top expressed in Achilles tendon gastrocnemius muscle islet of Langerhans skeletal muscle tissue placenta smooth muscle tissue endometrium gastric mucosa superior frontal gyrus rectum Top expressed in yolk sac lens cerebellum olfactory bulb neural tube skeletal muscle tissue placenta ganglionic eminence limb cerebellar cortex More reference expression data BioGPS More reference expression data
Gene ontology Molecular function nucleotide binding ATPase activity protein binding ATP binding hydrolase activity TBP-class protein binding RNA binding proteasome-activating activity Cellular component nuclear proteasome complex proteasome regulatory particle, base subcomplex proteasome regulatory particle cytosolic proteasome complex proteasome accessory complex membrane nucleoplasm nucleus proteasome complex cytoplasm cytosol Biological process positive regulation of RNA polymerase II transcription preinitiation complex assembly regulation of cellular amino acid metabolic process antigen processing and presentation of exogenous peptide antigen via MHC class I, TAP-dependent regulation of mRNA stability positive regulation of canonical Wnt signaling pathway protein polyubiquitination stimulatory C-type lectin receptor signaling pathway tumor necrosis factor-mediated signaling pathway MAPK cascade Fc-epsilon receptor signaling pathway protein catabolic process NIK/NF-kappaB signaling ubiquitin-dependent ERAD pathway anaphase-promoting complex-dependent catabolic process T cell receptor signaling pathway negative regulation of canonical Wnt signaling pathway negative regulation of neuron death Wnt signaling pathway, planar cell polarity pathway positive regulation of proteasomal protein catabolic process proteasome-mediated ubiquitin-dependent protein catabolic process protein folding negative regulation of G2/M transition of mitotic cell cycle protein deubiquitination SCF-dependent proteasomal ubiquitin-dependent protein catabolic process transmembrane transport regulation of transcription from RNA polymerase II promoter in response to hypoxia post-translational protein modification regulation of hematopoietic stem cell differentiation interleukin-1-mediated signaling pathway regulation of mitotic cell cycle phase transition Sources:Amigo / QuickGO
Orthologs Species Human Mouse Entrez 5700 19179 Ensembl ENSG00000100764 ENSMUSG00000021178 UniProt P62191 P62192 RefSeq (mRNA) NM_002802 NM_001330212 NM_008947 RefSeq (protein) NP_001317141 NP_002793 NP_032973 Location (UCSC) Chr 14: 90.26 – 90.28 Mb Chr 12: 100.08 – 100.09 Mb PubMed search [3] [4]
Wikidata
View/Edit Human View/Edit Mouse

26S protease regulatory subunit 4, also known as 26S proteasome AAA-ATPase subunit Rpt2, is an enzyme that in humans is encoded by the PSMC1 gene. ^{[5] [6]} This protein is one of the 19 essential subunits of a complete assembled 19S proteasome complex. ^[7] Six 26S proteasome AAA-ATPase subunits (Rpt1, Rpt2 (this protein), Rpt3, Rpt4, Rpt5, and Rpt6) together with four non-ATPase subunits (Rpn1, Rpn2, Rpn10, and Rpn13) form the base sub complex of 19S regulatory particle for proteasome complex. ^[7]

Gene

The gene PSMC1 encodes one of the ATPase subunits, a member of the triple-A family of ATPases which have a chaperone-like activity. The human PSMC1 gene has 11 exons and locates at chromosome band 14q32.11.

Protein

The human protein 26S protease regulatory subunit 4 is 49kDa in size and composed of 440 amino acids. The calculated theoretical pI of this protein is 526S protease regulatory subunit 5.68. One expression isoform is generated by alternative splicing, in which 1-73 of the amino acid sequence is missing. ^[8]

Complex assembly

26S proteasome complex is usually consisted of a 20S core particle (CP, or 20S proteasome) and one or two 19S regulatory particles (RP, or 19S proteasome) on either one side or both side of the barrel-shaped 20S. The CP and RPs pertain distinct structural characteristics and biological functions. In brief, 20S sub complex presents three types proteolytic activities, including caspase-like, trypsin-like, and chymotrypsin-like activities. These proteolytic active sites located in the inner side of a chamber formed by 4 stacked rings of 20S subunits, preventing random protein-enzyme encounter and uncontrolled protein degradation. The 19S regulatory particles can recognize ubiquitin-labeled protein as degradation substrate, unfold the protein to linear, open the gate of 20S core particle, and guide the substrate into the proteolytic chamber. To meet such functional complexity, 19S regulatory particle contains at least 18 constitutive subunits. These subunits can be categorized into two classes based on the ATP dependence of subunits, ATP-dependent subunits and ATP-independent subunits. According to the protein interaction and topological characteristics of this multisubunit complex, the 19S regulatory particle is composed of a base and a lid subcomplex. The base consists of a ring of six AAA ATPases (Subunit Rpt1-6, systematic nomenclature) and four non-ATPase subunits (Rpn1, Rpn2, Rpn10, and Rpn13). Thus, 26S protease regulatory subunit 4 (Rpt2) is an essential component of forming the base subcomplex of 19S regulatory particle. For the assembly of 19S base sub complex, four sets of pivotal assembly chaperons (Hsm3/S5b, Nas2/P27, Nas6/P28, and Rpn14/PAAF1, nomenclature in yeast/mammals) were identified by four groups independently. ^{[9] [10] [11] [12] [13] [14]} These 19S regulatory particle base-dedicated chaperons all binds to individual ATPase subunits through the C-terminal regions. For example, Hsm3/S5b binds to the subunit Rpt1 and Rpt2 (this protein), Nas2/p27 to Rpt5, Nas6/p28 to Rpt3, and Rpn14/PAAAF1 to Rpt6, respectively. Subsequently, three intermediate assembly modules are formed as following, the Nas6/p28-Rpt3-Rpt6-Rpn14/PAAF1 module, the Nas2/p27-Rpt4-Rpt5 module, and the Hsm3/S5b-Rpt1-Rpt2-Rpn2 module. Eventually, these three modules assemble together to form the heterohexameric ring of 6 Atlases with Rpn1. The final addition of Rpn13 indicates the completion of 19S base sub complex assembly. ^[7]

Function

As the degradation machinery that is responsible for ~70% of intracellular proteolysis, ^[15] proteasome complex (26S proteasome) plays a critical roles in maintaining the homeostasis of cellular proteome. Accordingly, misfolded proteins and damaged protein need to be continuously removed to recycle amino acids for new synthesis; in parallel, some key regulatory proteins fulfill their biological functions via selective degradation; furthermore, proteins are digested into peptides for MHC class I antigen presentation. To meet such complicated demands in biological process via spatial and temporal proteolysis, protein substrates have to be recognized, recruited, and eventually hydrolyzed in a well controlled fashion. Thus, 19S regulatory particle pertains a series of important capabilities to address these functional challenges. To recognize protein as designated substrate, 19S complex has subunits that are capable to recognize proteins with a special degradative tag, the ubiquitinylation. It also have subunits that can bind with nucleotides (e.g., ATPs) in order to facilitate the association between 19S and 20S particles, as well as to cause confirmation changes of alpha subunit C-terminals that form the substrate entrance of 20S complex.

The ATPases subunits assemble into a six-membered ring with a sequence of Rpt1–Rpt5–Rpt4–Rpt3–Rpt6–Rpt2, which interacts with the seven-membered alpha ring of 20S core particle and establishes an asymmetric interface between the 19S RP and the 20S CP. ^{[16] [17]} Three C-terminal tails with HbYX motifs of distinct Rpt ATPases insert into pockets between two defined alpha subunits of the CP and regulate the gate opening of the central channels in the CP alpha ring. ^{[18] [19]}

Clinical significance

The proteasome and its subunits are of clinical significance for at least two reasons: (1) a compromised complex assembly or a dysfunctional proteasome can be associated with the underlying pathophysiology of specific diseases, and (2) they can be exploited as drug targets for therapeutic interventions. More recently, more effort has been made to consider the proteasome for the development of novel diagnostic markers and strategies. An improved and comprehensive understanding of the pathophysiology of the proteasome should lead to clinical applications in the future.

The proteasomes form a pivotal component for the ubiquitin–proteasome system (UPS) ^[20] and corresponding cellular Protein Quality Control (PQC). Protein ubiquitination and subsequent proteolysis and degradation by the proteasome are important mechanisms in the regulation of the cell cycle, cell growth and differentiation, gene transcription, signal transduction and apoptosis. ^[21] Subsequently, a compromised proteasome complex assembly and function lead to reduced proteolytic activities and the accumulation of damaged or misfolded protein species. Such protein accumulation may contribute to the pathogenesis and phenotypic characteristics in neurodegenerative diseases, ^{[22] [23]} cardiovascular diseases, ^{[24] [25] [26]} inflammatory responses and autoimmune diseases, ^[27] and systemic DNA damage responses leading to malignancies. ^[28]

Several experimental and clinical studies have indicated that aberrations and deregulations of the UPS contribute to the pathogenesis of several neurodegenerative and myodegenerative disorders, including Alzheimer's disease, ^[29] Parkinson's disease ^[30] and Pick's disease, ^[31] Amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS), ^[31] Huntington's disease, ^[30] Creutzfeldt–Jakob disease, ^[32] and motor neuron diseases, polyglutamine (PolyQ) diseases, Muscular dystrophies ^[33] and several rare forms of neurodegenerative diseases associated with dementia. ^[34] As part of the ubiquitin–proteasome system (UPS), the proteasome maintains cardiac protein homeostasis and thus plays a significant role in cardiac ischemic injury, ^[35] ventricular hypertrophy ^[36] and heart failure. ^[37] Additionally, evidence is accumulating that the UPS plays an essential role in malignant transformation. UPS proteolysis plays a major role in responses of cancer cells to stimulatory signals that are critical for the development of cancer. Accordingly, gene expression by degradation of transcription factors, such as p53, c-jun, c-Fos, NF-κB, c-Myc, HIF-1α, MATα2, STAT3, sterol-regulated element-binding proteins and androgen receptors are all controlled by the UPS and thus involved in the development of various malignancies. ^[38] Moreover, the UPS regulates the degradation of tumor suppressor gene products such as adenomatous polyposis coli (APC) in colorectal cancer, retinoblastoma (Rb). and von Hippel–Lindau tumor suppressor (VHL), as well as a number of proto-oncogenes (Raf, Myc, Myb, Rel, Src, Mos, ABL). The UPS is also involved in the regulation of inflammatory responses. This activity is usually attributed to the role of proteasomes in the activation of NF-κB which further regulates the expression of pro inflammatory cytokines such as TNF-α, IL-β, IL-8, adhesion molecules (ICAM-1, VCAM-1, P-selectin) and prostaglandins and nitric oxide (NO). ^[27] Additionally, the UPS also plays a role in inflammatory responses as regulators of leukocyte proliferation, mainly through proteolysis of cyclines and the degradation of CDK inhibitors. ^[39] Lastly, autoimmune disease patients with SLE, Sjögren syndrome and rheumatoid arthritis (RA) predominantly exhibit circulating proteasomes which can be applied as clinical biomarkers. ^[40]

In humans the 26S protease regulatory subunit 4', also known as 26S proteasome AAA-ATPase subunit Rpt2, is an enzyme that is encoded by the PSMC1 gene. ^{[5] [6]} This protein and is one of the 19 essential subunits of a complete assembled 19S proteasome complex. ^[7] Megakaryocytes that were isolated from mice deficient for PSMC1 failed to produce pro platelets. The failure to produce proplatelets in proteasome-inhibited megakaryocytes was due to upregulation and hyperactivation of the small GTPase, RhoA. It appears that proteasome function, through an underlying mechanisms involving PSMC1, is critical for thrombopoiesis. Furthermore, inhibition of RhoA signaling in this process may be a potential strategy to treat thrombocytopenia in bortezomib-treated multiple myeloma patients. ^[41]

Interactions

PSMC1 has been shown to interact with PSMD2 ^{[42] [43]} and PSMC2. ^{[43] [44]}

References

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44. Hartmann-Petersen R, Tanaka K, Hendil KB (February 2001). "Quaternary structure of the ATPase complex of human 26S proteasomes determined by chemical cross-linking". Arch. Biochem. Biophys. 386 (1): 89–94. doi:10.1006/abbi.2000.2178. PMID   11361004.

Further reading

• Coux O, Tanaka K, Goldberg AL (1996). "Structure and functions of the 20S and 26S proteasomes". Annu. Rev. Biochem. 65: 801–47. doi:10.1146/annurev.bi.65.070196.004101. PMID   8811196.
• Goff SP (2003). "Death by deamination: a novel host restriction system for HIV-1". Cell. 114 (3): 281–3. doi: 10.1016/S0092-8674(03)00602-0 . PMID   12914693.
• Dubiel W, Ferrell K, Pratt G, Rechsteiner M (1992). "Subunit 4 of the 26 S protease is a member of a novel eukaryotic ATPase family". J. Biol. Chem. 267 (32): 22699–702. doi: 10.1016/S0021-9258(18)50002-8 . PMID   1429620.
• Winkelmann DA, Kahan L (1983). "Immunochemical accessibility of ribosomal protein S4 in the 30 S ribosome. The interaction of S4 with S5 and S12". J. Mol. Biol. 165 (2): 357–74. doi:10.1016/S0022-2836(83)80261-7. PMID   6188845.
• Maruyama K, Sugano S (1994). "Oligo-capping: a simple method to replace the cap structure of eukaryotic mRNAs with oligoribonucleotides". Gene. 138 (1–2): 171–4. doi:10.1016/0378-1119(94)90802-8. PMID   8125298.
• Seeger M, Ferrell K, Frank R, Dubiel W (1997). "HIV-1 tat inhibits the 20 S proteasome and its 11 S regulator-mediated activation". J. Biol. Chem. 272 (13): 8145–8. doi: 10.1074/jbc.272.13.8145 . PMID   9079628.
• Suzuki Y, Yoshitomo-Nakagawa K, Maruyama K, Suyama A, Sugano S (1997). "Construction and characterization of a full length-enriched and a 5'-end-enriched cDNA library". Gene. 200 (1–2): 149–56. doi:10.1016/S0378-1119(97)00411-3. PMID   9373149.
• Dai RM, Chen E, Longo DL, Gorbea CM, Li CC (1998). "Involvement of valosin-containing protein, an ATPase Co-purified with IkappaBalpha and 26 S proteasome, in ubiquitin-proteasome-mediated degradation of IkappaBalpha". J. Biol. Chem. 273 (6): 3562–73. doi: 10.1074/jbc.273.6.3562 . PMID   9452483.
• Madani N, Kabat D (1998). "An endogenous inhibitor of human immunodeficiency virus in human lymphocytes is overcome by the viral Vif protein". J. Virol. 72 (12): 10251–5. doi:10.1128/JVI.72.12.10251-10255.1998. PMC   110608 . PMID   9811770.
• Simon JH, Gaddis NC, Fouchier RA, Malim MH (1998). "Evidence for a newly discovered cellular anti-HIV-1 phenotype". Nat. Med. 4 (12): 1397–400. doi:10.1038/3987. PMID   9846577. S2CID   25235070.
• Gorbea C, Taillandier D, Rechsteiner M (2000). "Mapping subunit contacts in the regulatory complex of the 26 S proteasome. S2 and S5b form a tetramer with ATPase subunits S4 and S7". J. Biol. Chem. 275 (2): 875–82. doi: 10.1074/jbc.275.2.875 . PMID   10625621.
• Zhang Z, Torii N, Furusaka A, Malayaman N, Hu Z, Liang TJ (2000). "Structural and functional characterization of interaction between hepatitis B virus X protein and the proteasome complex". J. Biol. Chem. 275 (20): 15157–65. doi: 10.1074/jbc.M910378199 . PMID   10748218.
• Mulder LC, Muesing MA (2000). "Degradation of HIV-1 integrase by the N-end rule pathway". J. Biol. Chem. 275 (38): 29749–53. doi: 10.1074/jbc.M004670200 . PMID   10893419.
• Turnell AS, Grand RJ, Gorbea C, Zhang X, Wang W, Mymryk JS, Gallimore PH (2000). "Regulation of the 26S proteasome by adenovirus E1A". EMBO J. 19 (17): 4759–73. doi:10.1093/emboj/19.17.4759. PMC   302057 . PMID   10970867.
• Hartmann-Petersen R, Tanaka K, Hendil KB (2001). "Quaternary structure of the ATPase complex of human 26S proteasomes determined by chemical cross-linking". Arch. Biochem. Biophys. 386 (1): 89–94. doi:10.1006/abbi.2000.2178. PMID   11361004.
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