The town stands at the intersection of State Highways 2 and 26, and is the central service location for the Hauraki District. The town is about halfway between Auckland and Tauranga, and acts as the southern gateway to the Coromandel Peninsula, and as the western gateway to the Karangahake Gorge and the Bay of Plenty.
Etymology
One can gloss the Māori-language name Paeroa as composed of pae (ridge) and roa (long).[3]
Demographics
Paeroa covers 6.87km2 (2.65sqmi)[1] and had an estimated population of 4,640 as of June 2023,[4] with a population density of 675 people per km2.
Paeroa had a population of 4,269 at the 2018 New Zealand census, an increase of 471 people (12.4%) since the 2013 census, and an increase of 378 people (9.7%) since the 2006 census. There were 1,713 households, comprising 2,046 males and 2,223 females, giving a sex ratio of 0.92 males per female. The median age was 49.8 years (compared with 37.4 years nationally), with 723 people (16.9%) aged under 15 years, 636 (14.9%) aged 15 to 29, 1,641 (38.4%) aged 30 to 64, and 1,266 (29.7%) aged 65 or older.
Ethnicities were 75.9% European/Pākehā, 30.9% Māori, 3.9% Pacific peoples, 4.1% Asian, and 1.2% other ethnicities. People may identify with more than one ethnicity.
The percentage of people born overseas was 12.3, compared with 27.1% nationally.
Although some people chose not to answer the census's question about religious affiliation, 49.4% had no religion, 36.3% were Christian, 2.9% had Māori religious beliefs, 0.4% were Hindu, 0.1% were Muslim, 0.6% were Buddhist and 1.8% had other religions.
Of those at least 15 years old, 300 (8.5%) people had a bachelor's or higher degree, and 1,125 (31.7%) people had no formal qualifications. The median income was $22,200, compared with $31,800 nationally. 243 people (6.9%) earned over $70,000 compared to 17.2% nationally. The employment status of those at least 15 was that 1,251 (35.3%) people were employed full-time, 450 (12.7%) were part-time, and 186 (5.2%) were unemployed.[5]
Rural surrounds
Rural area surrounding Paeroa
The statistical area of Paeroa Rural, which includes the localities of Netherton, Tirohia and Karangahake, covers 272.57km2 (105.24sqmi)[1] and had an estimated population of 2,080 as of June 2023,[4] with a population density of 8 people per km2.
Paeroa Rural had a population of 1,845 at the 2018 New Zealand census, an increase of 171 people (10.2%) since the 2013 census, and an increase of 90 people (5.1%) since the 2006 census. There were 687 households, comprising 948 males and 897 females, giving a sex ratio of 1.06 males per female. The median age was 44.8 years (compared with 37.4 years nationally), with 360 people (19.5%) aged under 15 years, 270 (14.6%) aged 15 to 29, 915 (49.6%) aged 30 to 64, and 303 (16.4%) aged 65 or older.
Ethnicities were 87.6% European/Pākehā, 21.5% Māori, 2.6% Pacific peoples, 2.4% Asian, and 2.1% other ethnicities. People may identify with more than one ethnicity.
The percentage of people born overseas was 10.2, compared with 27.1% nationally.
Although some people chose not to answer the census's question about religious affiliation, 57.2% had no religion, 28.3% were Christian, 2.4% had Māori religious beliefs, 0.2% were Hindu, 0.3% were Muslim, 0.8% were Buddhist and 2.3% had other religions.
Of those at least 15 years old, 153 (10.3%) people had a bachelor's or higher degree, and 408 (27.5%) people had no formal qualifications. The median income was $30,300, compared with $31,800 nationally. 171 people (11.5%) earned over $70,000 compared to 17.2% nationally. The employment status of those at least 15 was that 711 (47.9%) people were employed full-time, 276 (18.6%) were part-time, and 48 (3.2%) were unemployed.[6]
The west bank of the Ohinemuri River, north-west of Paeroa, was the site of Opukeko Pa, Te Raupa pā, Opita pā and Waiwhau pā, settled around the junction of the Waihou and Ohinemuri Rivers (originally due west of Paeroa).[7][8] Te Raupa in particular was a heavily settled pā,[7] likely settled between 1450 and 1500.[9][8] The area was settled almost consistently until European contact, except for a brief period of river flooding.[7] The area was originally settled by Ngamarama Ngati Tara, Ngati Koi [Bassett Kay, The Story of Ngati Tara Tokanui, Ngati Koi. Wai 714, 2001. pp 5.7.42] Ngāti Hako, and by Ngāti Tamaterā from the 1600s.[10][8]
Captain James Cook explored the Waihou River in 1779, taking a long-boat up as far as Netherton, just a couple of miles from where the town of Paeroa was built 100 years on.[11]Samuel Marsden visited Raupa settlement in June 1820 for missionary work, and was impressed by the scale of wooden buildings he saw, and the number of people who settled in the area.[7] During the Musket Wars, Ngāpuhi attacked the settlements in December 1821. Raupa was successfully defended, however the residents soon sought refuge in the Waikato.[10] In 1830, Ngāti Tamaterā returned to the area after the Battle of Taumatawiwi, however settled further south than the original settlements, and used Te Raupa as a burial site until the 1850s, when the iwi converted to Christianity.[9]
The area was briefly explored in October 1826 by Captain James Herd, in command of the Lambton and the Isabella (or Rosanna). Herd was sent on an exploratory mission by the first organisation to be known as the New Zealand Company and claimed to have bought one million acres (400,000ha) of land from local Māori in Hokianga and Manukau.[11]
By 1869, anticipating the rush to the Ohinemuri Goldfields, considerable numbers of miners camped at Cashell's Landing "Puke".[clarification needed]
Development of Paeroa township
In 1870, Asher Cassrels, a Lithuanian, leased the block of land known as Paeroa from Māori.[12] This included Primrose Hill and most of what is now the town centre.
When James Mackay (surveyor) and Sir David McLean (Minister of Mines) completed negotiations six years later with the Māori Chiefs, Tukukino and Taraia, the fields were declared open. Six hundred miners rushed to Karangahake, considered to be the El Dorado, on 3 March 1875. A canvas town of 1,600 people with about 20 stores and grog shops set the area going. The big gold reefs like Talisman and Crown were discovered but proved hard to work. Heavy machinery required for hard quartz mining had to be brought via the Waihou River and up to Paeroa. The river was the only highway and with two shipping companies in operation, Paeroa became a thriving transport and distribution centre.
P.S. Patiki (1881-1901) at Paeroa
When the Northern Steamship Company combined with its opposition, the wharves from near the Bank of New Zealand (Wharf Street) had to be shifted two miles (3.2km) downstream in 1892, and eventually to just below Puke Bridge due to the silting from mining operations. A busy freight business developed with four ships regularly running from Auckland to Thames to Paeroa.
The Thames Branch railway line reached the town in 1881 at the Paeroa Railway Station, and gradually ships gave way to steam, which in turn gave way to road transport. Work on the Paeroa–Pokeno Line commenced in the 1930s, but little was done and the proposal was abandoned.
A historic Paeroa building, in the town centre, is the former National Bank of New Zealand's gold refinery, built in 1914 in Willoughby Street. The building is now a private home and business, hidden from street level view by a ponga fence. In 1911 the National Bank formed joint venture with the New Zealand Mining Trust and the bank purchased a section with a 97ft (30m) frontage by 125ft (38m) deep in Arthur Street (now Willoughby Street) for 200 pounds.[citation needed]
In the early 1900s, the Waihou River near Paeroa was straightened by making a canal, in order to protect farmland from flooding.[7] By February, 1914, a Ferro-cement building 80 by 40ft (24 by 12m), with an iron roof and a 40-foot-tall (12m) smokestack was completed. Inside was the main refining chamber, two assay offices, weighing room, accounting room, engine and dynamo rooms, two officers' bedrooms, sitting room and bathroom. Detached from the main building was a store room and coal bin.[citation needed]
Modern history
Paeroa War Memorial
As late as 1928, the Waihou River was still navigable for larger ships all the way up to the town, and the Kopu Bridge was therefore constructed as a swing bridge.[13]
When Brenan and Company, the largest horse and wagon operator, moved to trucking, they bought out the steamship company and named their trucks after the ships that plied the Ohinemuri River. Waimarie and Taniwha were always painted on the new International or Ford trucks that came into their fleet. When transport operator Sarjant's amalgamated with Brenan,[14] a large truck centre evolved in Paeroa.[citation needed]
As the passenger rail service dwindled, Paeroa eventually lost its railway, so much of the town had its beginnings in supply and transport to the Hauraki and District. The swings of time have enabled the town to boom and revert a number of times.[citation needed]
In 1981 there was a large flood in the Waikato due to heavy rain. Over 2,250 people were evacuated in Thames, Paeroa, and Waihi.[15][16]
Paeroa is best known for the soft drink Lemon & Paeroa (L&P) that used to be produced in the town. The soft drink was made with lemon and carbonated mineral water from Paeroa. Today L&P is owned by Coca-Cola and produced on the same production line as other Coca-Cola products sold in New Zealand.
A large L&P bottle stands on the main road as a landmark in the town of Paeroa. In 1994 L&P ran a series of advertisements based around Paeroa, the advert had locals standing in front of various parts of the town pointing out what the town isn't famous for. In one advertisement, a local stands in front a 1930s bungalow making the comment, "It's not famous for its Hollywood mansions". Landmarks and features in the town included the towns Harbour Bridge (a small single lane bridge), bright lights (a flashing chemist sign), luxury hotels (a local motel), trendy shops (an Op Shop) and Opera House (the back of the local town hall).
At the end of each advert a group of people would end by saying "But it is famous" pointing to the landmark L&P bottle in the background. The advert would end with the tag line L&P World Famous in New Zealand. There were 3 separate advertisements all using the song "Counting the Beat" by The Swingers.[17][18][19]
Events
Paeroa is known as the Events Capital of the Coromandel, as well as having a national reputation for horse racing. February is a busy event month in Paeroa and the motorcycle race ‘Battle of the Streets’ and ‘Pipe Band Tattoo’ events both attract participants and crowds from all over New Zealand and overseas.
The horse track was closed in 2014 due to financial issues with the managers of the track.[20]
Marae
There are a number of Marae associated with Paeroa: Ngahutoitoi the Marae of Ngati Tara Tokanui-Ngamarama-Ngati Koi is South of the township. Two marae (tribal meeting grounds) of the Ngāti Tamaterā are located in Paeroa: Taharua and Te Pai o Hauraki.[21] Each has a wharenui meeting house of the same name.[22]
Sports
The Thames Valley Rugby Union are based in the Paeroa, and compete in the Heartland Championship. Several amateur sports clubs are also based in the town. These include clubs for rugby, soccer, netball, cricket, tennis, bowls and golf.
Education
Paeroa College is a secondary (years 9–13) school with a decile rating of 2 and a roll of 349.[23] The college opened on 5 February 1958,[24] and replaced the Paeroa District High School which had operated from 1902.[25]
Paeroa has five other schools:
Paeroa Central School and Miller Avenue School are full primary (years 1–8) schools with rolls of 66 and 107, respectively.[26][27]
Goldfields School is a special school and area resource centre, which has students aged from 5 to 21 years old.[28] It has a roll of 86.[29]
St Joseph's Catholic School is a full primary (years 1–8) state integrated school with a roll of 63.[30] The school was established in 1900.[31]
Paeroa Christian School is a full primary (years 1–8) state integrated school with a roll of 57.[32] The school was established in 1987 with the support of local evangelical churches.[33]
Climate
Climate data for Paeroa (1991–2020 normals, extremes 1947–2023)
The Waikato is a region of the upper North Island of New Zealand. It covers the Waikato District, Waipa District, Matamata-Piako District, South Waikato District and Hamilton City, as well as Hauraki, Coromandel Peninsula, the northern King Country, much of the Taupō District, and parts of the Rotorua Lakes District. It is governed by the Waikato Regional Council.
The Kaimai Range is a mountain range in the North Island of New Zealand. It is part of a series of ranges, with the Coromandel Range to the north and the Mamaku Ranges to the south. The Kaimai Range separates the Waikato in the west from the Bay of Plenty in the east.
Morrinsville is a provincial town in the Waikato region of New Zealand's North Island, with an estimated population of 8,960 as of June 2023. The town is located at the northern base of the Pakaroa Range, and on the south-western fringe of the Hauraki Plains. Morrinsville is around 33 kilometres east of Hamilton and 22 kilometres west of Te Aroha. The town is bordered by the Piako River to the east and the Waitakaruru Stream to the south.
Hauraki District is a territorial authority governed by the Hauraki District Council within the Waikato region of New Zealand. The seat of the council is at Paeroa.
Thames is a town at the southwestern end of the Coromandel Peninsula in New Zealand's North Island. It is located on the Firth of Thames close to the mouth of the Waihou River. The town is the seat of the Thames-Coromandel District Council. The Māori iwi are Ngāti Maru, who are descendants of Marutuahu's son Te Ngako. Ngāti Maru is part of the Ngati Marutuahu confederation of tribes or better known as Hauraki Iwi.
The Waihou River is located in the northern North Island of New Zealand. Its former name, Thames River, was bestowed by Captain James Cook in November 1769, when he explored 14 mi (23 km) of the river from the mouth. An older Māori name was "Wai Kahou Rounga". A 1947 Geographic Board enquiry ruled that the official name would be Waihou.
The Ohinemuri River is located in the northern half of New Zealand's North Island, at the base of the Coromandel Peninsula.
The Hauraki Plains are a geographical area located in the northern North Island of New Zealand, at the lower (northern) end of the Thames Valley. They are located 75 kilometres south-east of Auckland, at the foot of the Coromandel Peninsula and occupy the southern portion of a rift valley bounded on the north-west by the Hunua Ranges, to the east by the Coromandel and Kaimai ranges and to the west by a series of undulating hills which separate the plains from the much larger plains of the Waikato River.
Hikutaia is a locality on the Hauraki Plains of New Zealand. It lies on State Highway 26, south east of Thames and north of Paeroa. The Hikutaia River runs from the Coromandel Range through the area to join the Waihou River.
Matatoki is a locality on the Hauraki Plains of New Zealand. It lies on State Highway 26, south east of Thames and north of Paeroa. The Matatoki Stream runs from the Coromandel Range through the area to join the Waihou River.
Kennedy Bay is a locality in the north eastern Coromandel Peninsula of New Zealand. The Harataunga and Omoho Streams flow from the Coromandel Range past the settlement and into the bay to the east.
Ngāti Maru is a Māori iwi (tribe) of the Hauraki region of New Zealand. The stronghold of Ngāti Maru has been the Thames area. Ngāti Maru are descendants of Te Ngako, also known as Te Ngakohua, the son of Marutūāhu, after whom the tribe is named.
Ngāti Tamaterā is a Māori iwi (tribe) of the Hauraki region of New Zealand, descended from Tamaterā, the second son of Marutūāhu. It is a major tribe within the Marutūāhu confederation and its leaders have been prominent in Hauraki history and Marutūāhu tribal affairs. It is one of five tribes of the Marutūāhu confederation, the others being Ngāti Maru, Ngāti Paoa, Ngāti Rongoū and Ngāti Whanaunga. The Marutūāhu tribes are all descended from Marutūāhu, a son of Hotunui, who is said to have arrived in New Zealand on the Tainui canoe. The Marutūāhu tribes are therefore part of the Tainui group of tribes. The Marutūāhu confederation is also part of the Hauraki collective of tribes.
Ngāti Whanaunga is a Māori iwi (tribe) of the Coromandel Peninsula in New Zealand, descended from Whanaunga, the third son of Marutūāhu.
Te Patukirikiri is a Māori iwi of the Hauraki area of New Zealand.
Ngāti Rongoū is a Māori iwi (tribe) of the Coromandel Peninsula in New Zealand.
Tirohia is a rural community in the Hauraki District and Waikato region of New Zealand's North Island. It was one of the main areas used by Ngāti Hako, including Te Rae o te Papa pā. A bridge was built over the Waihou River in 1919.
Awaiti is a rural community in the Hauraki District and Waikato region of New Zealand's North Island, west of Paeroa.
Mackaytown is a settlement in the Hauraki District and Waikato region of New Zealand's North Island, located at the north-western end of the Karangahake Gorge just south of Paeroa.
Whakatīwai is a locality on the Seabird Coast on the western shore of the Firth of Thames, in the Hauraki District, New Zealand. Whakatīwai is the location of Wharekawa Marae, which holds importance for Ngāti Paoa and Ngāti Whanaunga. Whakatīwai Regional Park is just north of Whakatīwai. Until 2010, Whakatīwai was a part of the Franklin District. Because it was previously considered a part of the Auckland region, the Whakatīwai Regional Park continues to be owned and operated by the Auckland Council.
1 2 3 Phillips, Caroline, and Harry Allen. Archaeology at Opita: Three Hundred Years of Continuity and Change. Department of Anthroplogy, University of Auckland, 2013.
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