Palola viridis

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Palola viridis
Palolo00.jpg
Scientific classification OOjs UI icon edit-ltr.svg
Domain: Eukaryota
Kingdom: Animalia
Phylum: Annelida
Clade: Pleistoannelida
Subclass: Errantia
Order: Eunicida
Family: Eunicidae
Genus: Palola
Species:
P. viridis
Binomial name
Palola viridis
(Gray, 1840)
Synonyms [1] [2]
  • Leodice viridisLamarck, 1818
  • Lysidice palolaQuatrefages, 1866
  • Palolo viridisGray in Stair, 1847 (misspelling)
  • Eunice viridis

Palola viridis, (or Eunice viridis) commonly known as the palolo worm, Samoan palolo worm, balolo, wawo, or nyale, is a Polychaeta species from the waters of some of the Pacific islands, including Samoa, Tonga, Fiji, Vanuatu, the Solomon Islands, Papua New Guinea, and the islands of the maritime Southeast Asia (which are part of Indonesia, Timor-Leste and the Philippines ).

Contents

Life cycle

Palolo worm life cycle Paloloworm cycle.jpg
Palolo worm life cycle

Reproduction involves mass spawning at night in spring or early summer (October – November in the Southern Hemisphere). The terminal parts of their bodies drop off and float over the surface of the water, [3] releasing sperm and eggs. The mechanisms or triggers which induce spawning such that it occurs during nights of a waning moon, continuing for several nights, are not completely known. [4] [5] Exposure to sunlight destroys this "tail" part of the worm's body afterwards. [6] In Fiji, the palolo worms' rising is preceded by the descent of a local red land crab to the sea the same night. [7] In Samoa a crab known as mali'o also descends to the sea around the time when palolo rises. [7] Other sea creatures such as sharks and fishes come to spawn during the event. [7]

Taxonomy

This species is sometimes considered to be synonymous with Palola siciliensis .

Distribution

The palolo worm is found in tropical regions around various islands of the Pacific Ocean, including Samoa, Tonga, Fiji, Papua New Guinea, Indonesia, the Solomon Islands Vanuatu, and some islands of the Philippines. They are variously known as palolo (Samoa and Tonga), balolo (Fiji), wawo or nyale (Indonesia), [6] [8] [9] [4] [10] [11] [12] Within these tropical regions, the palolo worms are usually found in shallow waters where there is coral rubble for them to take shelter in. [13]

Cultural use

A good catch of palolo nps gov.jpg

Some Indigenous populations in regions where palolo occur deem the worm a delicacy. [14] During their short-lived annual appearance in the last quarter of the moon in October and November or in February (Lombok, Indonesia), [3] [15] worms are gathered with nets or buckets, and are either eaten raw or cooked in several different ways.

In Samoa, the worms are revered as an excellent food source, hunting for them taking place seven days after the first full moon in October. Often bright blue in colour, the flavour is said to resemble a cross between mussels, abalone and oysters. They are sometimes eaten fresh, but usually fried with butter and onions and served with taro or banana chips. The palolo harvest is part of the culture and tradition of Samoans, where the feast is shared with family and relatives, but in recent years has been sold in the markets of Apia and Salelologa for more than A$100 per kilogram. [6]

On the island of Lombok in Indonesia, a traditional event called the Nyale Festival, or Bau Nyale (meaning "to catch the sea worms [9] ), is held between February and March. The event focuses on catching these worms, which are known as wawo. [10] [9] In local legend, the nyale are believed to be the reincarnation of Princess Mandalika, who had jumped into the sea to drown herself. [16]

The spawning event is so important to the inhabitants of the Torres and Banks Islands of Vanuatu that it is featured in their lunar calendar. [17] [18]

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Lombok is an island in West Nusa Tenggara province, Indonesia. It forms part of the chain of the Lesser Sunda Islands, with the Lombok Strait separating it from Bali to the west and the Alas Strait between it and Sumbawa to the east. It is roughly circular, with a "tail" to the southwest, about 70 kilometres across and a total area of about 4,607.38 square kilometres including smaller offshore islands. The provincial capital and largest city on the island is Mataram.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Pacific Islander</span> Person from the Pacific Islands

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<span class="mw-page-title-main">Tutuila</span> Largest island in American Samoa

Tutuila is the largest and most populous island of American Samoa and is part of the archipelago of the Samoan Islands. It is the third largest island in the Samoan Islands chain of the Central Pacific. It is located roughly 4,000 kilometers (2,500 mi) northeast of Brisbane, Australia and lies over 1,200 kilometers (750 mi) to the northeast of Fiji. It contains a large, natural harbor, Pago Pago Harbor, where Pago Pago, the capital of American Samoa, is situated. Pago Pago International Airport is also located on Tutuila. The island's land expanse is about 68% of the total land area of American Samoa. With 56,000 inhabitants, it is also home to 95% of the population of American Samoa. The island has six terrestrial and three marine ecosystems.

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<span class="mw-page-title-main">Eunicidae</span> Family of annelids

Eunicidae is a family of marine polychaetes. The family comprises marine annelids distributed in diverse benthic habitats across Oceania, Europe, South America, North America, Asia and Africa. The Eunicid anatomy typically consists of a pair of appendages near the mouth (mandibles) and complex sets of muscular structures on the head (maxillae) in an eversible pharynx. One of the most conspicuous of the eunicids is the giant, dark-purple, iridescent "Bobbit worm", a bristle worm found at low tide under boulders on southern Australian shores. Its robust, muscular body can be as long as 2 m. Eunicidae jaws are known from as far back as Ordovician sediments. Cultural tradition surrounds Palola worm reproductive cycles in the South Pacific Islands. Eunicidae are economically valuable as bait in both recreational and commercial fishing. Commercial bait-farming of Eunicidae can have adverse ecological impacts. Bait-farming can deplete worm and associated fauna population numbers, damage local intertidal environments and introduce alien species to local aquatic ecosystems.

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References

  1. 1 2 World Conservation Monitoring Centre (1996). "Eunice viridis". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species . 1996: e.T8261A12903350. doi: 10.2305/IUCN.UK.1996.RLTS.T8261A12903350.en .
  2. ↑ Read, G.; Fauchald, K. (2021). "Palola viridis". WoRMS. World Register of Marine Species . Retrieved 4 April 2021.{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link)
  3. 1 2 Burrows (1955), p. 137.
  4. 1 2 Craig, P., ed. (2009). Natural History Guide to American Samoa (PDF) (3rd ed.). Pago Pago, American Samoa: National Park of American Samoa; Department Marine and Wildlife Resources. Archived from the original (PDF) on 24 January 2022. Retrieved 16 August 2009. This Guide may be available at: www.nps.gov/npsa
  5. ↑ Ley, Willy (October 1960). "The Moon Worm". For Your Information. Galaxy Science Fiction. pp. 56–66.
  6. 1 2 3 Aualiitia, Tahlea (10 October 2020). "It's palolo season in Samoa and locals have just a few nights to hunt for this ocean delicacy". ABC News. Australian Broadcasting Corporation. Retrieved 10 October 2020.
  7. 1 2 3 Burrows (1955).
  8. ↑ "Eunicidae – Eunice species". Poppe Images: Marine Iconography of the Philippine Archipelago. Retrieved 11 October 2020.
  9. 1 2 3 "Bau Nyale: Lombok's Unique Festival". Bali Advertiser. Retrieved 11 October 2020.
  10. 1 2 Nugraha, Panca (10 February 2020). "More than sea worms: Bau Nyale seeks to charm tourists with legends, festivities". The Jakarta Post. Retrieved 11 October 2020.
  11. ↑ Horst, R. (April 1904). "Wawo and Palolo Worms". Nature. 69 (1799): 582. Bibcode:1904Natur..69..582H. doi: 10.1038/069582a0 . S2CID   39568878.
  12. ↑ Pamungkas, Joko (27 February 2015). "Species richness and macronutrient content of wawo worms (Polychaeta, Annelida) from Ambonese waters, Maluku, Indonesia". Biodiversity Data Journal. 3 (3): e4251. doi: 10.3897/BDJ.3.e4251 . ISSN   1314-2828. PMC   4355492 . PMID   25829856 . Retrieved 11 October 2020. (Also via PMC)
  13. ↑ Shulze and Timm, A. and L.E. (2012). "Palolo and un: distinct clades in the genus Palola (Eunicidae, Polychaeta)". Marine Biodiversity. 42 (2): 161–171. doi:10.1007/s12526-011-0100-5. S2CID   12617958.
  14. ↑ Burrows (1955), p. 141.
  15. ↑ "Bau Nyale Tradition, Nusa Tenggara". voinews.id.
  16. ↑ "The Exciting Bau Nyale Festival 2018 in the Enchanting Lombok Island". Indonesia Travel. Retrieved 11 October 2020.
  17. ↑ Codrington 1891.
  18. ↑ Mondragón 2004.

Further reading

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