Penstemon calycosus

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Penstemon calycosus
Penstemon calycosus Kentucky.jpg
Status TNC G5.svg
Secure  (NatureServe) [1]
Scientific classification OOjs UI icon edit-ltr.svg
Kingdom: Plantae
Clade: Tracheophytes
Clade: Angiosperms
Clade: Eudicots
Clade: Asterids
Order: Lamiales
Family: Plantaginaceae
Genus: Penstemon
Species:
P. calycosus
Binomial name
Penstemon calycosus
Synonyms [2]
  • Penstemon laevigatus subsp. calycosus (Small) R.W.Benn.
  • Penstemon laevigatus var. calycosus (Small) Farw.
  • Penstemon smallii var. calycosus (Small) Krautter

Penstemon calycosus, commonly called long-sepal beardtongue, is a species of plant in the plantain family (Plantaginaceae). It is native to eastern North America, where it native to the Upper South and Midwestern United States. It expanded its range into the northeast United States in the early 20th century. Its natural habitat is in open woodlands, prairies, and bluffs, often over limestone.

Contents

Description

Penstemon calycosus is an herbaceous plant with stems that grow to between 40–120 cm (16–47 in) in height, though usually more than 60 cm (24 in). [3] The stems grow from shallow roots with many branches. [4] It is a relatively long lived perennial, for a penstemon. [5]

Plants have both basal and cauline leaves, those at the base of the plant and ones that sprout from the stems. The basal leaves are present in during the winter months. [4] By the time of flowering the basal leaves have usually withered. The leaves are not leathery in texture and are hairless. The lowest leaves range in length from 4.7–11 cm (1.9–4.3 in). [3] Their edges have irregular teeth and their color is green, though somewhat pale on the underside. [4]

The inflorescence is less than one third the total height of the plant. [4] The flowers are grouped together on the stem in two to five clusters each with two paired cymes at each node. Each cyme has a bract under it and one to fifteen flowers. [3]

Penstemon calycosus has some of the largest and showiest flowers of the penstemons native to the eastern United States. [4] They measure 2.0–3.5 cm (0.79–1.38 in) long with a diameter of 0.8–1.1 cm (0.31–0.43 in). Externally the flowers are pale lavender to violet with faint nectar guides. [3] It blooms in late spring and early summer, early in May to early in July depending on location. [6]

Penstemon calycosus is similar to the more widespread Penstemon digitalis . P. calycosus can be distinguished from P. digitalis by its purple flowers and longer, attenuate sepals. [7]

Taxonomy

In 1898 Penstemon calycosus was named and scientifically described by John Kunkel Small. [2] The species was described from specimens collected by Eugene P. Bicknell on bluffs near the Cumberland River outside Nashville, Tennessee. [4]

Names

In English it is known by the common names of long-sepal penstemon or long-sepal beardtongue. [8] [3] In the plant trade it is occasionally called calico penstemon. [9]

Range and habitat

Penstemon calycosus is widespread in the eastern half United States and is also found in a small part of Canada. In the southeastern United States it is native to the District of Columbia, Alabama, Georgia, Kentucky, North Carolina, South Carolina, Tennessee, and Virginia. Reports of it in Maryland are specifically listed as erroneous by Plants of the World Online. In the midwest it has been reported in Illinois, Indiana, Michigan, Minnesota, Missouri, and Ohio. In the northeast it is native in the states of Connecticut, Maine, Massachusetts, New Jersey, Pennsylvania, Rhode Island, and Vermont. It is an introduced species in New York state. In Canada it is only known from the province of Ontario. [2] The botanist Francis W. Pennell reported that its range increased in the northeast during the early 20th century in central New York and the lower Connecticut Valley. [6]

It grow in a variety of habitats including forests, meadows, rocky slopes, and along stream banks. [3] It grows on sandy or loam soild and prefers calcareous soils, those with a large limestone or chalk component. [6]

Conservation

The status of Penstemon calycosus was last evaluated by NatureServe in 1988. At that time they evaluated the species as secure (G5) at the global level. They also take an alternate view of the where the species has been introduced, listing not only Ontario, but also all of New England except for Massachusetts as non-native as well as New Jersey. They list it as apparently secure (S4) in Kentucky and imperiled (S2) in Michigan. They also found it to be probably locally extinct in Virginia and Georgia. [1]

See also

List of Penstemon species

Related Research Articles

<i>Penstemon digitalis</i> Central North American species of penstemon

Penstemon digitalis is a species of flowering plant in the plantain family, Plantaginaceae. The flowers are white and are borne in summer. According to Francis W. Pennell it is a native of the Mississippi basin and its occurances in Canada and the eastern United states are introductions. Because of this Penstemon digitalis is the most widespread species of Penstemon east of the Mississippi River.

<i>Penstemon albomarginatus</i> Plant species in the plantain family

Penstemon albomarginatus is a rare species of penstemon known by the common name white-margined penstemon. It is native to the deserts of southern Nevada, western Arizona, and southern California.

<i>Penstemon barnebyi</i> Plant species in the plantain family

Penstemon barnebyi is a species of penstemon known by the common names White River Valley beardtongue and Barneby's beardtongue. It is native to the mountain and basin territory of central western Nevada, where it grows in sagebrush and woodland; there is also one occurrence just over the California border.

<i>Penstemon bicolor</i> Plant species in the plantain family

Penstemon bicolor is a species of penstemon known by the common name pinto penstemon. It is native to the desert mountains and valleys of southern Nevada, eastern California, and western Arizona, where it grows in scrub, woodland, and other local habitat. It is a perennial herb which may exceed one meter in maximum height.

<i>Penstemon eatonii</i> Plant species in the plantain family

Penstemon eatonii is a species of flowering plant in the genus Penstemon, known by the common name firecracker penstemon. It is native to the Western United States from Southern California to the Rocky Mountains. It grows in many types of desert, woodland, forest, and open plateau habitat.

<i>Penstemon filiformis</i> Plant species in the plantain family

Penstemon filiformis is an uncommon species of Penstemon known by the common name threadleaf penstemon. It is endemic to the Klamath Mountains of northern California, where it grows in forest and woodland, often on serpentine soils.

<i>Penstemon grandiflorus</i> Species of flowering plant in the family Plantaginaceae

Penstemon grandiflorus, known by the common names shell-leaved penstemon, shell-leaf beardtongue, or large-flowered penstemon, is a tall and showy plant in the Penstemon genus from the plains of North America. Due to its large flowers it has found a place in gardens, particularly ones aimed at low water usage like xeriscape gardens.

<i>Penstemon canescens</i> Plant species in the plantain family

Penstemon canescens is a species of penstemon in the family Plantaginaceae. P. canescens is known by the common names gray beardtongue or Appalachian beardtongue. It is native to woodlands, forest edges, and roadsides of the southeastern United States and flowers May through July. It is a perennial herb producing stems reaching 80 centimeters in maximum height.

<i>Penstemon cyaneus</i> Plant species in the plantain family

Penstemon cyaneus is a species of flowering plant in the plantain family known by the common names blue penstemon and dark blue penstemon. It is native to the western United States, where it is widespread in Idaho and also found in parts of Montana and Wyoming.

<i>Penstemon comarrhenus</i> Plant species in the family

Penstemon comarrhenus is a perennial plant in the plantain family (Plantaginaceae) found in the Colorado Plateau and Canyonlands region of the southwestern United States.

<i>Penstemon cyanocaulis</i> Plant species in the plantain family

Penstemon cyanocaulis, the bluestem penstemon or bluestem beardtongue, is a perennial plant in the plantain family (Plantaginaceae) found in the Colorado Plateau and Canyonlands region of the southwestern United States.

<i>Penstemon cobaea</i> Plant species in the plantain family

Penstemon cobaea is a flowering plant in the plantain family, commonly known as Cobaea beardtongue, prairie penstemon or foxglove penstemon. The plant is native to the central United States, primarily the Great Plains from Nebraska to Texas, with additional populations in the Ozarks of Missouri and Arkansas. There are also populations reported in the southwestern United States as well as in Illinois and Ohio, but these appear to be introductions.

<i>Penstemon brevisepalus</i> Plant species in the plantain family

Penstemon brevisepalus, commonly known as short-sepaled beardtongue, is an herbaceous plant in the plantain family. It is a perennial that produces pale lavender flowers in late spring.

<i>Penstemon arkansanus</i> Species of flowering plant

Penstemon arkansanus is a species of flowering plant in the plantain family known by the common name Arkansas beardtongue. It is endemic to Texas, Arkansas, Oklahoma, Missouri, and Illinois in the United States, occurring in rocky or sandy soils of shale or sandstone.

<i>Penstemon australis</i> Plant species in the plantain family

Penstemon australis is a perennial plant native to the southeastern United States, with the common name Eustis Lake penstemon.

<i>Penstemon whippleanus</i> Species of flowering plant

Penstemon whippleanus, commonly known as dusky penstemon, dusky beardtongue, Whipple's penstemon, or Whipple's beardtongue, is a summer blooming perennial flower in the large Penstemon genus. It is a widespread plant within the hemiboreal forests of the Rocky Mountains in North America. It is noted for the large deep purple-red flowers and a preference for high mountain elevations.

<i>Penstemon virens</i> Species of flowering plant

Penstemon virens, commonly known as blue mist penstemon, Front Range penstemon, or Green beardtongue, is a common Penstemon in the Front Range foothills in Colorado and Wyoming. The dainty flowers are an ornament to many rocky or sandy area within its range. It is confusingly similar to Penstemon humilis and Penstemon albertinus though the ranges of these plants do not overlap in the wild. The origin of calling it the "blue mist penstemon" is not precisely known, but is thought to relate to the large number of blue flowers the plant can produce reminding observers of a blue mist.

<i>Penstemon albidus</i> Species of flowering plant

Penstemon albidus, commonly known as white penstemon, white-flower beardtongue, or Red-Line Beardtongue is a very widespread perennial flower of the mixed-grass and shortgrass prairies. Its natural distribution is from Manitoba and Alberta in Canada to Texas and New Mexico in the United States. The bright white flowers for which they are named are quite attractive to both bees and hummingbird moths.

<i>Penstemon auriberbis</i> Species of flowering plant

Penstemon auriberbis, commonly known as the Colorado penstemon or Colorado beardtongue, is a species of Penstemon that grows in the shortgrass prairies of southern Colorado and in a few places in northern New Mexico. Although specimens were collected on the 1820 expedition by Stephen H. Long through the area, they were not scientifically described as a separate species until 1920.

<i>Penstemon ophianthus</i> Plant species in the plantain family

Penstemon ophianthus, the coiled anther penstemon, is a species of small perennial plant in the plantain family. It has very noticeable dark violet lines on its flowers over a lighter blue-lavender color. The species grows in the plateaus and canyon lands of western Colorado and New Mexico, northern Arizona, and southern Utah.

References

  1. 1 2 NatureServe (2024). "Penstemon calycosus". Arlington, Virginia. Retrieved 7 November 2024.
  2. 1 2 3 "Penstemon calycosus Small". Plants of the World Online . Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew . Retrieved 6 November 2024.
  3. 1 2 3 4 5 6 Freeman, Craig C. (29 July 2020) [2019]. "Penstemon calycosus". Flora of North America . p. 197. ISBN   978-0190868512. OCLC   1101573420. Archived from the original on 6 November 2024. Retrieved 6 November 2024.
  4. 1 2 3 4 5 6 Pennell, Francis W. (1919). "Penstemon calycosus". Addisonia : colored illustrations and popular descriptions of plants. 4 (2). Illustrated by Mary Emily Eaton. New York Botanical Garden: Plate 136, 31–32. Archived from the original on 4 March 2008. Retrieved 6 November 2024.
  5. "Penstemon calycosus". Wolfe Lab Penstemon Database. Ohio State University. Archived from the original on 25 May 2024. Retrieved 7 November 2024.
  6. 1 2 3 Pennell, Francis W. (1935). The Scrophulariaceae of Eastern Temperate North America. Monographs, Number 1 (First ed.). Philadelphia, Pennsylvania: Academy of Natural Sciences of Philadelphia. pp. 213–217. OCLC   602856875 . Retrieved 7 November 2024.
  7. Tennessee Flora Committee (2015). Guide to the Vascular Plants of Tennessee (First ed.). Knoxville, Tennessee: University of Tennessee Press. p. 625. ISBN   978-1-62190-136-5. LCCN   2014023329. OCLC   881518511.
  8. Hilty, John. "Long-Sepal Penstemon (Penstemon calycosus)". Illinois Wildflowers. Archived from the original on 22 May 2023. Retrieved 7 November 2024.
  9. "Penstemon calycocus[sold as Calico Penstemon]". Purdue Arboretum Explorer. Retrieved 7 November 2024.