Pezothrips kellyanus

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Pezothrips kellyanus
NHMUK014234919 Pezothrips kellyanus (Bagnall, 1916) paralectotype slide.jpg
Paralectotype specimens of Pezothrips kellyanus
Scientific classification OOjs UI icon edit-ltr.svg
Domain: Eukaryota
Kingdom: Animalia
Phylum: Arthropoda
Class: Insecta
Order: Thysanoptera
Family: Thripidae
Genus: Pezothrips
Species:
P. kellyanus
Binomial name
Pezothrips kellyanus
(Bagnall, 1916)

Pezothrips kellyanus, also known as Kelly's citrus thrips, is a species of Thysanoptera (thrips) from the family Thripidae. It is known as a pest species on citrus fruit crops as it can cause scarring damage to fruit skins.

Contents

First collection and description

The species was first described in 1916 as Physothrips kellyanus by Richard Siddoway Bagnall based upon examples from Australia collected by Reginald Kelly at Brandon, Queensland in 1914, Brisbane Botanic Gardens (now known as City Botanic Gardens) in 1914 and Ballerat, Victoria in 1915. [1] Type specimen material collected by Kelly from Brandon and Brisbane is held in the collection of the Natural History Museum, London. [2] [3] [4] [5]

Morphology

The adults of both sexes of P. kellyanus are brownish in colour, with the basal area of the forewings being lighter in colour. [1] [6] [7] The female of the species was originally recorded as 1.6-1.8 mm long, and the male about 1.2 mm [1] ; a 2016 factsheet from the South Australia Research & Development Institute gives a range of about 1-2mm for adult size. [8] The males have a more slender abdomen than females. [1] The sixth antennal segment of males is noticeably longer than that of females. [9]

Life cycle

Pezothrips kellyanus is attracted to fragrant white or whiteish-yellow flowers on which to lay its eggs. [9] Other than citrus, plant species which have been recorded as hosting breeding populations of P. kellyanus include jasmine Jasminum officinale and Japanese honeysuckle Lonicera japonica. [10] Females of P. kellyanus lay their eggs on any part of flowers, but will also lay eggs on leaves and fruit. [8] The species has two larval stages. [11] When the host plant is citrus, the mature second instar larvae drop to the ground from the citrus canopy [8] and the species pupates in soil or leaf litter. [12] The length of time it takes for P. kellyanus to run through its life cycle is dependent on the time of season. [8] P. kellyanus can develop up to six generations in a year. [13]

Crop damage and control

Pezothrips kellyanus tend to feed around the top of a fruit at the point of attachment, especially on citrus varieties that retain their sepals, where the thrips can be sheltered. [9] As the fruit matures the feeding damage leaves a ring of silvery scarring on the skin of the fruit. [14]

Although the scarring caused to citrus skins by P. kellyanus is cosmetic and does not affect the internal quality of the fruit [13] [15] , it can cause severe financial losses to farmers by marring the appearance of fruit and making crops less saleable. [9] [15] The species can be controlled by applying chemical control methods to disrupt its developmental stages, although this may also have a negative impact on beneficial insects which would otherwise predate on citrus crop pests. [15]

Distribution and origin

Despite Pezothrips kellyanus being first described from specimens found in Australia, other species from the genus Pezothrips are generally known from the southern Palearctic region and there is difference of opinion among Thrips researchers about whether P. kellyanus is native to Australia or is an introduced species. [6] [9] [16] P. kellyanus has been found on a range of garden flowers besides citrus blossoms, and has been recorded on endemic Australian flowers at good distances from any citrus plantation. [9] Genetic analysis has indicated more diversity in the Australian population of P. kellyanus than in populations sampled from Mediterranean countries or New Zealand, suggesting the species may have originated in Australia and been introduced elsewhere. [16]

Pezothrips kellyanus has been observed in an agricultural context from many countries including from New Zealand (first recorded on citrus flowers at Auckland by K. P. Lamb in May 1950) [17] , Cyprus (first recorded at coastal citrus plantations at Limassol and Paphos in 1996) [13] and Spain (first recorded in 1996 and observed on orchard fruits in 2005 and 2007). [18] In Tunisia P. kellyanus was first recorded in orchards in 2008 and a later study in three orange-growing regions noted that 12.17% (19090 of 156700) of examined fruits bore damage from P. kellyanus. [14] The species has also been recorded in Morocco, The United States, Chile, Israel, Croatia, France, Greece, Italy, Malta, Portugal, Turkey and New Caledonia. [19]

Related Research Articles

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Thrips</span> Order of insects

Thrips are minute, slender insects with fringed wings and unique asymmetrical mouthparts. Entomologists have described approximately 7,700 species. They fly only weakly and their feathery wings are unsuitable for conventional flight; instead, thrips exploit an unusual mechanism, clap and fling, to create lift using an unsteady circulation pattern with transient vortices near the wings.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Thripidae</span> Family of thrips

The Thripidae are the most speciose family of thrips, with over 290 genera representing just over two thousand species. They can be distinguished from other thrips by a saw-like ovipositor curving downwards, narrow wings with two veins, and antennae of six to ten antennomeres with stiletto-like forked sense cones on antennal segments III and IV.

<i>Impatiens necrotic spot orthotospovirus</i> Species of virus

Impatiens necrotic spot orthotospovirus(INSV) is a plant pathogenic virus of the order Bunyavirales. It was originally believed to be another strain of Tomato spotted wilt virus, but genetic investigations revealed them to be separate viruses. It is a negative-strand RNA virus which has a tripartite genome. It is largely spread by the insect vector of the western flower thrips. The virus infects more than 648 species of plants including important horticultural and agricultural species such as fuchsia, tomato, orchids, and lettuce (especially romaine). As the name implies, the main symptom on plants is necrotic spots that appear on the leaves. The INSV virus infects by injecting the RNA the virus contains into the cell which then starts using the cell resources to transcribe what the virus RNA states. Viral infection can often result in the death of the plant. The disease is mainly controlled by the elimination of the western flower thrip vector and by destroying any infected plant material.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Western flower thrips</span> Vegetable pest, SW US native, invasive

The western flower thrips [Frankliniella occidentalis (Pergande)] is an invasive pest insect in agriculture. This species of thrips is native to the Southwestern United States but has spread to other continents, including Europe, Australia, and South America via transport of infested plant material.

<i>Scirtothrips dorsalis</i> Species of thrip

The chilli thrips or yellow tea thrips, Scirtothrips dorsalis Hood, is an extremely successful invasive species of pest-thrips which has expanded rapidly from Asia over the last twenty years, and is gradually achieving a global distribution. It has most recently been reported in St. Vincent (2004) Florida (2005), Texas (2006), and Puerto Rico (2007). It is a pest of economic significance with a broad host range, with prominent pest reports on crops including pepper, eggplant, mango, citrus, strawberry, grapes, cotton, tea, peanuts, blueberry, and roses. Chilli thrips appear to feed preferentially on new growth, and infested plants usually develop characteristic wrinkled leaves, with distinctive brown scarring along the veins of leaves, the buds of flowers, and the calyx of fruit. Feeding damage can reduce the sale value of crops produced, and in sufficient numbers, kill plants already aggravated by environmental stress. This thrips has also been implicated in the transmission of three tospoviruses, but there is some controversy over its efficiency as a vector.

<i>Thrips palmi</i> Species of thrip

Thrips palmi is an insect from the genus Thrips in the order Thysanoptera. It is known commonly as the melon thrips.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Thripinae</span> Subfamily of thrips

The Thripinae are a subfamily of thrips, insects of the order Thysanoptera. The Thripinae belong to the common thrips family Thripidae and include around 1,400 species in 150 genera. A 2012 molecular phylogeny found that the Thripinae was paraphyletic; further work will be needed to clarify the relationships within the group.

<i>Haplothrips</i> Genus of thrips

Haplothrips is a genus of thrips in the family Phlaeothripidae. It is found worldwide and contains about 240 extant species.

Dicyphus hesperus is a species of true bug in the family Miridae. It is a generalist predator of other insects and also feeds on plant tissues. It is native to North America and has been used there in biological control of agricultural pests, especially whitefly on tomatoes.

<i>Thrips tabaci</i> Species of thrip

Thrips tabaci is a species of very small insect in the genus Thrips in the order Thysanoptera. It is commonly known as the onion thrips, the potato thrips, the tobacco thrips or the cotton seedling thrips. It is an agricultural pest that can damage crops of onions and other plants, and it can additionally act as a vector for plant viruses.

Frankliniella schultzei, the common blossom thrips or cotton thrips, is a species of thrips in the family Thripidae. It is found in many parts of the world and is an important pest insect in agriculture.

Salpingothrips is a genus of thrips in the family Thripidae. There are at least three described species in Salpingothrips.

<i>Heliothrips haemorrhoidalis</i> Species of thrip

Heliothrips haemorrhoidalis is a species of thrips in the family Thripidae. It is most commonly known as the greenhouse thrips, the glasshouse thrip or black tea thrips. This species of thrips was first described in 1833 by Bouché in Berlin, Germany. H. haemorrhoidalis also has many synonyms depending on where they were described from such as: H. adonidum Haliday, H. semiaureus Girault, H. abdominalis Reuter, H. angustior Priesner, H. ceylonicus Schultz, Dinurothrips rufiventris Girault. In New Zealand, H. haemorrhoidalis is one of the four species belonging to the subfamily Panchaetothripinae.

<i>Heliothrips</i> Genus of thrips

Heliothrips is a genus of thrips in the family Thripidae. There are about 18 described species in Heliothrips.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Panchaetothripinae</span> Subfamily of thrips

Panchaetothripinae is a subfamily of thrips in the family Thripidae, first described in 1912 by Richard Siddoway Bagnall. There are about 11 genera and more than 50 described species in Panchaetothripinae.

Parthenothrips is a genus of thrips in the family Thripidae. There is one described species in Parthenothrips, P. dracaenae.

<i>Echinothrips americanus</i> Species of thrip

Echinothrips americanus is a species of thrips in the family Thripidae. It is found in North America, Europe, and Asia. E. americanus was first described in 1913 by entomologist A.C. Morgan in Quincy, Florida, where he found the insect on a Veratrum viride plant. Suggested common names include Poinsettia thrips and Impatiens thrips. Since their spread throughout Europe as early as 1995, and subsequently China, E. americanus has been called an "upcoming pest."

<i>Echinothrips</i> Genus of thrips

Echinothrips is a genus of thrips in the family Thripidae. There are about seven described species in Echinothrips.

Selenothrips is a genus of thrips in the family Thripidae, first described in 1911 by Heinrich Hugo Karny. There are at least two described species in Selenothrips.

Scirtothrips aurantii is a thrips pest of Citrus spp., Mangifera indica, Musa × paradisiaca, Musa acuminata, and Camellia sinensis.

References

  1. 1 2 3 4 Bagnall, Richard S (1916). "Brief Descriptions of New Thysanoptera VII". The Annals and Magazine of Natural History. 17 (8): 219–220 – via Biodiversity Heritage Library.
  2. ↑ "Collection specimens - Specimens - NHMUK014234920 - Data Portal". data.nhm.ac.uk. Retrieved 2023-08-26.
  3. ↑ "Collection specimens - Specimens - NHMUK014234917 - Data Portal". data.nhm.ac.uk. Retrieved 2023-08-26.
  4. ↑ "Collection specimens - Specimens - NHMUK014234919 - Data Portal". data.nhm.ac.uk. Retrieved 2023-08-26.
  5. ↑ "Collection specimens - Specimens - NHMUK014234918 - Data Portal". data.nhm.ac.uk. Retrieved 2023-08-26.
  6. 1 2 "Pezothrips kellyanus | Oz Thrips" . Retrieved 2023-08-26.
  7. ↑ Bagnall, Richard S (1918–1919). "On the Rubber Thrips (Physothrips funtumiae, Bagn.) and its Allies". Bulletin of Entomological Research. IX: 66 – via Biodiversity Heritage Library.
  8. 1 2 3 4 Baker, Greg (2016). "Kelly's Citrus Thrips Management" (PDF). www.pir.sa.gov.au.
  9. 1 2 3 4 5 6 Webster, Kenneth W; Cooper, Paul; Mound, Laurence A (28 March 2006). "Studies on Kelly's citrus thrips, Pezothrips kellyanus (Bagnall) (Thysanoptera: Thripidae): sex attractants, host associations and country of origin". Australian Journal of Entomology. 45 (1): 67–74. doi:10.1111/j.1440-6055.2006.00508.x – via Wiley Online Library.
  10. ↑ Navarro-Campos, Cristina; Pekas, Apostolos; Aguilar, Amparo; Garcia-Marí, Ferran (2013). "Factors influencing citrus fruit scarring caused by Pezothrips kellyanus". Journal of Pest Science. 86 (3): 459–467. doi:10.1007/s10340-013-0489-7. hdl:10251/64218. S2CID   254191571 – via Springer Link.
  11. ↑ Purvis, Sheridan (May 2002). "Talking Thrips in Citrus [issue 1]" (PDF). www.horticulture.com.au.
  12. ↑ Jamieson, L E; Stevens, P S (2006). "The Effect on Mulching on Adult Emergence of Kelly's Citrus Thrips". New Zealand Plant Protection. 59 (59): 42–46. doi:10.30843/nzpp.2006.59.4514.
  13. 1 2 3 Vassiliou, Vassilis A (October 2007). "Chemical control of Pezothrips kellyanus (Thysanoptera: Thripidae) in citrus plantations in Cyprus". Crop Protection. 26 (10): 1579. Bibcode:2007CrPro..26.1579V. doi:10.1016/j.cropro.2007.02.004 – via Elsevier.
  14. 1 2 Belaam-Kort, Imen; Boulahia-Kheder, Synda (June 2019). "Assessment of Thrips Damage in Citrus Orchards in Tunisia". Tunisian Journal of Plant Protection. 14 (1) – via doaj.org.
  15. 1 2 3 Planes, Laura; Catalán, Jose; Jacques, Josep A; Urbaneja, Alberto; Tena, Alejandro (2015). "Pezothrips kellyanus (Thysanoptera: Thripidae) Nymphs on Orange Fruit: Importance of the Second Generation for Its Management". Florida Entomologist. 93 (3): 848–855. doi:10.1653/024.098.0306 – via BioOne Digital Library.
  16. 1 2 Nguyen, Duong T; Spooner-Hart, Robert N; Riegler, Markus (2016). "Loss of Wolbachia but not Cardinium in the invasive range of the Australian thrips species, Pezothrips kellyanus". Biological Invasions. 18 (1): 197–214. Bibcode:2016BiInv..18..197N. doi:10.1007/s10530-015-1002-4. S2CID   254291271 – via Springer.
  17. ↑ Mound, Laurence A (1982). "Terebrantia (Insecta: Thysanoptera)". Fauna of New Zealand. 1: 69.
  18. ↑ Navarro-Campos, Cristina; Aguilar, Amparo; Garcia-Marí, Ferran (2011). "Population trend and fruit damage of Pezothrips kellyanus in citrus orchards in Valencia (Spain)". Integrated Control in Citrus Fruit Crops IOBC / WPRS Bulletin. 62: 285–292 – via ResearchGate.
  19. ↑ "Pezothrips kellyanus (PEZTKE)[World distribution]| EPPO Global Database". gd.eppo.int. Retrieved 2024-02-08.

A detailed description of the morphology of this species, with photographs, is at OzThrips

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