Glycolysis is the metabolic pathway that converts glucose into pyruvate, and in most organisms, occurs in the liquid part of cells, the cytosol. The free energy released in this process is used to form the high-energy molecules adenosine triphosphate (ATP) and reduced nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide (NADH). Glycolysis is a sequence of ten reactions catalyzed by enzymes.
Pyridoxal phosphate (PLP, pyridoxal 5'-phosphate, P5P), the active form of vitamin B6, is a coenzyme in a variety of enzymatic reactions. The International Union of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology has catalogued more than 140 PLP-dependent activities, corresponding to ~4% of all classified activities. The versatility of PLP arises from its ability to covalently bind the substrate, and then to act as an electrophilic catalyst, thereby stabilizing different types of carbanionic reaction intermediates.
The Calvin cycle,light-independent reactions, bio synthetic phase,dark reactions, or photosynthetic carbon reduction (PCR) cycle of photosynthesis is a series of chemical reactions that convert carbon dioxide and hydrogen-carrier compounds into glucose. The Calvin cycle is present in all photosynthetic eukaryotes and also many photosynthetic bacteria. In plants, these reactions occur in the stroma, the fluid-filled region of a chloroplast outside the thylakoid membranes. These reactions take the products of light-dependent reactions and perform further chemical processes on them. The Calvin cycle uses the chemical energy of ATP and reducing power of NADPH from the light dependent reactions to produce sugars for the plant to use. These substrates are used in a series of reduction-oxidation reactions to produce sugars in a step-wise process; there is no direct reaction that converts several molecules of CO2 to a sugar. There are three phases to the light-independent reactions, collectively called the Calvin cycle: carboxylation, reduction reactions, and ribulose 1,5-bisphosphate (RuBP) regeneration.
Glucose-1,6-bisphosphate synthase is a type of enzyme called a phosphotransferase and is involved in mammalian starch and sucrose metabolism. It catalyzes the transfer of a phosphate group from 1,3-bisphosphoglycerate to glucose-1-phosphate, yielding 3-phosphoglycerate and glucose-1,6-bisphosphate.
In enzymology, a butanal dehydrogenase (EC 1.2.1.57) is an enzyme that catalyzes the chemical reaction
In enzymology, an isobutyryl-CoA mutase is an enzyme that catalyzes the chemical reaction
In enzymology, a butyrate-acetoacetate CoA-transferase is an enzyme that catalyzes the chemical reaction
In enzymology, a 1-acylglycerol-3-phosphate O-acyltransferase is an enzyme that catalyzes the chemical reaction
In enzymology, a 2-acylglycerol-3-phosphate O-acyltransferase is an enzyme that catalyzes the chemical reaction
In enzymology, a 3-ethylmalate synthase (EC 2.3.3.7) is an enzyme that catalyzes the chemical reaction
In enzymology, a glycerol-3-phosphate O-acyltransferase is an enzyme that catalyzes the chemical reaction
In enzymology, a sulfoacetaldehyde acetyltransferase is an enzyme that catalyzes the chemical reaction
In enzymology, a [acetyl-CoA carboxylase] kinase is an enzyme that catalyzes the chemical reaction
In enzymology, a butyrate kinase is an enzyme that catalyzes the chemical reaction
Crotonyl-CoA reductase (EC 1.3.1.86, butyryl-CoA dehydrogenase, butyryl dehydrogenase, unsaturated acyl-CoA reductase, ethylene reductase, enoyl-coenzyme A reductase, unsaturated acyl coenzyme A reductase, butyryl coenzyme A dehydrogenase, short-chain acyl CoA dehydrogenase, short-chain acyl-coenzyme A dehydrogenase, 3-hydroxyacyl CoA reductase, butanoyl-CoA:(acceptor) 2,3-oxidoreductase, CCR) is an enzyme with systematic name butanoyl-CoA:NADP+ 2,3-oxidoreductase. This enzyme catalyses the following chemical reaction
Short-chain acyl-CoA dehydrogenase is an enzyme with systematic name short-chain acyl-CoA:electron-transfer flavoprotein 2,3-oxidoreductase. This enzyme catalyses the following chemical reaction
4-(gamma-L-glutamylamino)butanoyl-(BtrI acyl-carrier protein) monooxygenase (EC 1.14.14.13, btrO (gene)) is an enzyme with systematic name 4-(gamma-L-glutamylamino)butanoyl-(BtrI acyl-carrier protein),FMN:oxygen oxidoreductase (2-hydroxylating). This enzyme catalyses the following chemical reaction
Ethylmalonyl-CoA decarboxylase (EC 4.1.1.94) is an enzyme with systematic name (S)-ethylmalonyl-CoA carboxy-lyase (butanoyl-CoA-forming). This enzyme catalyses the following chemical reaction
L-glutamyl-(BtrI acyl-carrier protein) decarboxylase (EC 4.1.1.95, btrK (gene)) is an enzyme with systematic name L-glutamyl-(BtrI acyl-carrier protein) carboxy-lyase. This enzyme catalyses the following chemical reaction
(Butirosin acyl-carrier protein)—L-glutamate ligase is an enzyme with systematic name (BtrI acyl-carrier protein):L-glutamate ligase (ADP-forming). This enzyme catalyses the following chemical reaction
