Piaractus brachypomus

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Piaractus brachypomus
Piaractus brachypomus.JPG
Adult Piaractus brachypomus at Aquarium du palais de la Porte Dorée
Scientific classification OOjs UI icon edit-ltr.svg
Domain: Eukaryota
Kingdom: Animalia
Phylum: Chordata
Class: Actinopterygii
Order: Characiformes
Family: Serrasalmidae
Genus: Piaractus
Species:
P. brachypomus
Binomial name
Piaractus brachypomus
(G. Cuvier, 1818)
Synonyms

Colossoma bidens [1]
Colossoma brachypomum [1]

Piaractus brachypomus also known as the red-bellied Pacu or pirapitinga, is a large species of pacu, a close relative of piranhas and silver dollars, in the serrasalmid family. [1] [2] It is native to the Amazon basin in tropical South America, but it formerly included populations in the Orinoco, which was described in 2019 as a separate species, P. orinoquensis . [3] Additionally, P. brachypomus is widely farmed and has been introduced to other regions. [4] In South Florida they are invasive in rivers, canals or lakes. [5]

Contents

As with a number of other closely related species, P. brachypomus is often referred to as the red-bellied pacu in reference to the appearance of the juveniles. This has resulted in a great deal of confusion about the nature and needs of all the species involved, with the reputation and requirements of one frequently being wrongly attributed to the others. [6]

Ecology

An 1865 watercolor painting of Piaractus brachypomus from Tefe, Brazil by Jacques Burkhardt. Piaractus brachypomus (Teffe, Brazil, 4 October 1865).jpg
An 1865 watercolor painting of Piaractus brachypomus from Tefé, Brazil by Jacques Burkhardt.

In general, its behavior resembles that of the closely related tambaqui (Colossoma macropomum). It is migratory, but the pattern is poorly understood. [7] Spawning occurs at the beginning of the flood season between November and February. [8] Larvae of the Red-Bellied Pacu are found in whitewater rivers, but adults mainly live in flooded forests and floodplains of various river types, including those of both nutrient-rich and nutrient-poor. [7] Unlike the tambaqui, the Red-bellied pacu also occurs in the headwaters of nutrient-poor rivers (not just in the lower sections). [7]

It mainly feeds on fruits, seeds, and nuts, but it is opportunistic and will also take zooplankton, insects, crustaceans and small fish, especially in the dry season. [4] [9] In general, more seeds are able to pass undamaged through the red-bellied pacu than the tambaqui, meaning that the former is overall a more efficient seed disperser. [10]

Appearance

Skull from side and above F de Castelnau-poissonsPl35.jpg
Skull from side and above

Piaractus brachypomus can reach up to 88 cm (2.9 ft) in length and 25 kg (55 lb) in weight. [2]

Juveniles have a distinct red chest and stomach, and are easily confused with the carnivorous red-bellied piranha (Pygocentrus nattereri), but the two can be separated by their teeth, which are molar-like in Piaractus brachypomus. [1] This similarity is believed to be Batesian mimicry by P. brachypomus in an attempt of avoiding predation by other species. [4] Adults lack the bright red chest and belly, and resemble the tambaqui (Colossoma macropomum), but can be separated by several meristic and morphological features: The Red-Bellied Pacu has a smaller adipose fin that lacks rays, as well as differences in teeth and operculum. [1] [11] The Red-bellied Pacu also has a more rounded head profile (less elongated and pointed). [11] [12] The other member of its genus, P. mesopotamicus , can be distinguished by its smaller scale-size [13] and the higher number of lateral scales (more than 110). [1]

Connection to humans

The Red-Bellied Pacu supports major fisheries and based on a review by IBAMA, it was the 12th most caught fish by weight in the Brazilian Amazon in 1998 (just after the tambaqui). [7]

The Red-Bellied Pacu is often kept in aquaculture. Hybrids between this species and the tambaqui have been produced in aquaculture. [14] It can also hybridize with P. orinoquensis, but the offspring appears to be sterile. [3]

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<span class="mw-page-title-main">Pacu</span> Common name for several species of fish

Pacu is a common name used to refer to several species of omnivorous South American freshwater serrasalmid fish related to piranhas. Pacu and piranha do not have similar teeth, the main difference being jaw alignment; piranha have pointed, razor-sharp teeth in a pronounced underbite, whereas pacu have squarer, straighter teeth and a less severe underbite, or a slight overbite. Pacu, unlike piranha, mainly feed on plant material and not flesh or scales. Additionally, the pacu can reach much larger sizes than piranha, at up to 1.08 m in total length and 40 kg (88 lb) in weight.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Serrasalmidae</span> Family of fishes

The Serrasalmidae (serrasalmids) are a family of characiform fishes, recently elevated to family status. It includes more than 90 species. The name means "serrated salmon family", which refers to the serrated keel running along the belly of these fish. Fish classified as Serrasalmidae are also known by these common names: pacu, piranha, and silver dollar. These common names generally designate differing dental characteristics and feeding habits.

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<i>Piaractus</i> Genus of fishes

Piaractus is a genus of large serrasalmid from South America. The two traditionally recognized species of Piaractus are very similar in appearance and were formerly included in the genus Colossoma, which currently only contains another similar species, the tambaqui. A third Piaractus was described in 2019 as a new species, but it was formerly considered a subpopulation of P. brachypomus.

Red-bellied pacu can refer to the following species of fish of the subfamily Serrasalminae:

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Mylossoma duriventris</span> Species of fish

Mylossoma duriventre, the silver mylossoma, is a species of freshwater serrasalmid fish endemic to tropical and subtropical South America. It grows to a maximum length of about 25 cm (10 in) and a weight of 1 kg (2.2 lb). It is the subject of a local fishery, being known as 'pacu' in Brazil and 'palometa' in Venezuela.

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The Purus várzea (NT0156) is an ecoregion of seasonally flooded várzea forest in the central Amazon basin. It is part of the Amazon biome. The ecoregion is home to a vegetation adapted to floods of up to 12 metres (39 ft) that may last for eight months. There is a great variety of fish and birds, but relatively fewer mammals. Ground-dwelling mammals must migrate to higher ground during the flood season. Threats include logging, cattle farming, over-fishing and mercury pollution from gold mining.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Iquitos várzea</span>

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References

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  2. 1 2 Froese, Rainer; Pauly, Daniel (eds.). "Piaractus brachypomus". FishBase . March 2017 version.
  3. 1 2 Escobar, M.D., R.P. Ota, A. Machado-Allison, I.P. Farias and T. Hrbek (2019). A new species of Piaractus (Characiformes: Serrasalmidae) from the Orinoco Basin with a redescription of Piaractus brachypomus. Journal of Fish Biology: [1-x]. doi : 10.1111/jfb.13990
  4. 1 2 3 SeriouslyFish: Piaractus brachypomus. Retrieved 2 March 2017.
  5. Everglades Cooperative Invasive Species Management Area
  6. Gamefish of the Amazon Basin, Tambaqui and Pirapitinga
  7. 1 2 3 4 Araujo-Lima, C.A.R.M.; and M.L. Ruffino (2003). Migratory Fishes of the Brazilian Amazon. Pp. 233–302 in: Carolsfeld, J.; B. Harvey; C. Ross; and A. Baer (editors). Migratory Fishes of South America. ISBN   9781552501146
  8. Nascimentoa, A.F.; A.N. Maria; N.O. Pessoa; M.A.M. Carvalho; A.T.M. Viveiros (2010). "Out-of-season sperm cryopreserved in different media of the Amazonian freshwater fish Red bellied Pacu (Piaractus brachypomus)". Animal Reproduction Science. 118 (2–4): 324–329. doi:10.1016/j.anireprosci.2009.07.002. PMID   19679412.
  9. Hintz, B. (2012). "Piaractus brachypomus". Animal Diversity Web . Retrieved 13 March 2017.
  10. Lucas, Christine M. (September 2008). "Within Flood Season Variation in Fruit Consumption and Seed Dispersal by Two Characin Fishes of the Amazon". Biotropica. 40 (5): 581–589. Bibcode:2008Biotr..40..581L. doi: 10.1111/j.1744-7429.2008.00415.x . JSTOR   20492487. S2CID   85788776.
  11. 1 2 Lauzanna, L.; and G. Loubens (1985). Peces del Rio Marmoré. ISBN   2-7099-0779-8.
  12. Cagauan, A.G (2007). Red-bellied Pacu in the Philippines. Journal of Environmental Science and Management 10(1): 42–47.
  13. OPEFE (27 December 2011). genus Piaractus. Retrieved 2 March 2017.
  14. Gomes, Schneider, Barros, Sampaio, Hashimoto, Porto-Foresti, and Sampaio (2012). Innovative molecular approach to the identification of Colossoma macropomum and its hybrids. An. Acad. Bras. Ciênc. 84(2).