Plantago unibracteata

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Plantago unibracteata
Plantago unibracteata 64393843.jpeg
Plantago unibracteata plant with fruiting capsules, Otago, New Zealand
Status NZTCS NT.svg
Not Threatened (NZ TCS)
Scientific classification OOjs UI icon edit-ltr.svg
Kingdom: Plantae
Clade: Tracheophytes
Clade: Angiosperms
Clade: Eudicots
Clade: Asterids
Order: Lamiales
Family: Plantaginaceae
Genus: Plantago
Species:
P. unibracteata
Binomial name
Plantago unibracteata
Rahn (1996) [1]
Synonyms [2]

Plantago uniflora Hook.f. (1854)

Plantago unibracteata is a species of flowering plant in the family Plantaginaceae that is endemic to New Zealand. Knud Rahn gave the species its current name in 1996, based on Joseph Dalton Hooker's original description (as P. uniflora) in 1854. Plants of this species of plantain are perennial with a rosette habit, with narrowly angular-ovate leaves with few (less than 10) teeth, and numerous angular or rounded seeds.

Contents

Taxonomy

Plantago unibracteata Rahn is in the plant family Plantaginaceae. [3] It was originally described by British botanist Joseph Dalton Hooker as Plantago uniflora in 1854, [2] which was an illegitimate name due to another plant previously described by Carl Linneaus already having that name. [1] Danish botanist Knud Rahn gave the species the replacement name P. unibracteata in 1996. [1]

The holotype was collected by William Colenso from the Ruahine mountains, North Island, New Zealand. [4] [2] The holotype is located at the herbarium at Royal Botanical Gardens, Kew (K). [5] [4]

Plantago unibracteata is morphologically most similar to P. obconica and P. triandra. [6] [4] Together with P. triandra, it can be distinguished from other New Zealand plantains by the combination of the following characters: leaves that are widest at or below the middle, leaves with only one visible vein, short scapes (less than 72 mm long), usually one (up to 3) flowers per spike. [4]

P. unibracteata can be distinguished from P. triandra by its few leaf teeth (usually 4–10 rather than 10 or more in P. triandra), longer calyx (1.7–3.7 mm long vs. 0.4–1.8 mm long) and fewer seeds (5–23 vs. 8–42) that can be angular or rounded (rather than angular only in P. triandra). [4]

Description

Plantago unibracteata plants are small rosettes with a primary root up to 10 mm thick, with up to 34 usually narrowly angular-ovate leaves, and with visible, short (<13 mm long), rust-coloured leaf axillary hairs in the basal rosette. The leaves have 1 vein, are 8–46 mm long (including petiole) and up to 13 mm wide, usually punctate, sparsely hairy or with some isolated hairs on lower half of leaf on the upper surface, glabrous on the lower surface. The leaf has an acute apex, and its edges are smooth, wavy or with up to 10 small teeth. The petiole is usually distinguishable from the leaf lamina, and up to 24 mm long. Each rosette plant has up to 12 erect inflorescences which can be up to 72 mm long. The scapes are smooth and sparsely to densely hairy. The spikes are globose with 1–2 densely crowded flowers. Each flower has 1–2 small bracts that are narrowly ovate to very broadly ovate and usually glabrous. The calyx is 1.6–3.7 mm long, 1.6–3.6 mm wide, mostly glabrous but rarely with a hair at the apex. The corolla tube is 1.7–3.6 mm long, corolla lobes 1.0–2.5 mm long, stamen filaments 3.1–6.3 mm long, anthers 1.2–1.7 mm long, and style 3.4–9.3 mm long and densely hairy. The ovary is 0.8–1.7 mm long, with up to 23 ovules. The fruit is a dry, dehiscent capsule with circumsessile dehiscence, ellipsoid, broadly ellipsoid or globose, widest at middle, 2.1–4.9 mm long and 1.8–3.9 mm wide. Each capsule has 5–23 uniform rust or brown seeds 0.6–2.2 mm long, usually rhomboid or angular-ovoid. [4]

Plantago unibracteata flowers from October to February and fruits from December to May. [4]

The chromosome number of Plantago unibracteata is 2n=60 [7] or 2n=72. [8]

Distribution and habitat

Plantago unibracteata is a plantain that is endemic to the North, South and Stewart Islands of New Zealand. In the North Island it is found in Volcanic Plateau, Taranaki, and Southern North Island regions, whereas on the South Island it is found in Western Nelson, Westland, Canterbury, Otago and Fiordland Southland regions. [4]

It is found on exposed ridges, herbfields and grasslands in bogs, on the edges of streams and tarns, in damp or wet areas, from 440 to 1830 m above sea level. [4]

Phylogeny

Plantago unibracteata was included in phylogenetic analyses of Australasian species of Plantago using standard DNA sequencing markers (nuclear ribosomal DNA, chloroplast DNA, and mitochondrial DNA regions). [9] In that study, Plantago unibracteata was moderately to strongly supported as sister or closely related to another New Zealand species, Plantago triandra. [9]

Similarly, Plantago unibracteata was closely related to P. triandra in a phylogenetic study of the New Zealand species using amplified fragment length polymorphisms (AFLPs). [10] These two species formed a clade with high support, but the species themselves were not monophyletic. It was hypothesized that decaploid and dodecaploid P. unibracteata are allopolyploids that have evolved multiple times from octoploid P. triandra and another species. [10]

Individuals of P. unibracteata and P. triandra could not be distinguished in another study using only nuclear ribosomal DNA (internal transcribed spacer region) with several individuals of each species sampled. [11] However, the sole individual of P. unibracteata was not sister to the sole individual of P. triandra in another phylogenetic study focusing on Plantago species throughout the world using whole chloroplast genomes, although they were in the same larger clade. [12] Finally, the species was not included in another phylogenetic studies focusing on oceanic island Plantago species using standard DNA sequencing markers. [13]

Conservation status

Plantago triandra is listed as Not Threatened in the most recent assessment (2017–2018) of the New Zealand Threatened Classification for plants. [14]

Related Research Articles

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<i>Myosotis matthewsii</i> Species of flowering plant

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<i>Myosotis pulvinaris</i> Species of flowering plant

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<i>Myosotis uniflora</i> Species of flowering plant

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<i>Myosotis lyallii <span style="font-style:normal;">subsp.</span> elderi</i>

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<i>Myosotis brockiei</i> Species of flowering plant

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<i>Myosotis hikuwai</i> Species of flowering plant

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<i>Myosotis pansa <span style="font-style:normal;">subsp.</span> praeceps</i> Subspecies of flowering plant

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<i>Plantago obconica</i> Species of flowering plant in the plantain family Plantaginaceae

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<i>Plantago triandra</i> Species of flowering plant in the plantain family Plantaginaceae

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<i>Plantago novae-zelandiae</i> Species of flowering plant in the plantain family Plantaginaceae

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References

  1. 1 2 3 Rahn, Knud (1 February 1996). "A phylogenetic study of the Plantaginaceae". Botanical Journal of the Linnean Society. 120 (2): 145–198. doi:10.1111/J.1095-8339.1996.TB00484.X.
  2. 1 2 3 Hooker, Joseph Dalton (1853). The botany of the Antarctic voyage of H.M. discovery ships Erebus and Terror in the Years 1839-1843. II. Flora Novae-Zelandiae.
  3. ↑ "Plantago unibracteata". New Zealand Plant Conservation Network. Retrieved 22 February 2024.
  4. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 Meudt, Heidi (2012). "A taxonomic revision of native New Zealand Plantago (Plantaginaceae)". New Zealand Journal of Botany. 50 (2): 101–178. Bibcode:2012NZJB...50..101M. doi:10.1080/0028825X.2012.671179. S2CID   84968326.
  5. ↑ "Holotype of Plantago uniflora Hook.f. [family PLANTAGINACEAE] on JSTOR". plants.jstor.org. Retrieved 22 February 2024.
  6. ↑ Sykes, William Russell (1 April 1988). "Notes on New Zealand Plantago species". New Zealand Journal of Botany. 26 (2): 321–323. Bibcode:1988NZJB...26..321S. doi:10.1080/0028825X.1988.10410121.
  7. ↑ Groves, B. E.; Hair, J. B. (1971). "Contributions to a Chromosome Atlas of the New Zealand Flora—15 Miscellaneous Families". New Zealand Journal of Botany. 9 (4): 569–575. Bibcode:1971NZJB....9..569G. doi:10.1080/0028825X.1971.10430222.
  8. ↑ Murray, B. G.; Meudt, Heidi; Tay, Mei Lin; Garnock-Jones, Philip John (2010). "New chromosome counts in New Zealand species of Plantago (Plantaginaceae)". New Zealand Journal of Botany. 48 (3–4): 197–204. Bibcode:2010NZJB...48..197M. doi:10.1080/0028825X.2010.515598.
  9. 1 2 Tay, Mei Lin; Meudt, Heidi; Garnock-Jones, Philip John; Ritchie, Peter (1 January 2010). "DNA sequences from three genomes reveal multiple long-distance dispersals and non-monophyly of sections in Australasian Plantago (Plantaginaceae)". Australian Systematic Botany. 23 (1): 47. doi: 10.1071/SB09040 .
  10. 1 2 Meudt, Heidi (1 February 2011). "Amplified Fragment Length Polymorphism Data Reveal a History of Auto- and Allopolyploidy in New Zealand Endemic Species of Plantago (Plantaginaceae): New Perspectives on a Taxonomically Challenging Group". International Journal of Plant Sciences. 172 (2): 220–237. doi:10.1086/657657. S2CID   85402923.
  11. ↑ Tay, Mei Lin; Meudt, Heidi; Garnock-Jones, Philip John; Ritchie, Peter (2010). "Testing species limits of New Zealand Plantago (Plantaginaceae) using internal transcribed spacer (ITS) DNA sequences". New Zealand Journal of Botany. 48 (3–4): 205–224. Bibcode:2010NZJB...48..205T. doi:10.1080/0028825X.2010.518318.
  12. ↑ Hassemer, Gustavo; Bruun-Lund, Sam; Shipunov, Aleksey Borisovich; Briggs, Barbara G.; Meudt, Heidi; Rønsted, Nina (18 May 2019). "The application of high-throughput sequencing for taxonomy: The case of Plantago subg. Plantago (Plantaginaceae)". Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution. 138: 156–173. doi: 10.1016/J.YMPEV.2019.05.013 . PMID   31112781.
  13. ↑ Ahlstrand, Natalie Iwanycki; Verstraete, Brecht; Hassemer, Gustavo; Dunbar-Co, S.; Hoggard, R.; Meudt, Heidi; Rønsted, Nina (15 March 2019). "Ancestral range reconstruction of remote oceanic island species of Plantago (Plantaginaceae) reveals differing scales and modes of dispersal". Journal of Biogeography. 46 (4): 706–722. Bibcode:2019JBiog..46..706I. doi:10.1111/JBI.13525. PMC   6559316 . PMID   31217659.
  14. ↑ Lange, Peter J. de; Rolfe, Jeremy R.; Barkla, John W.; Courtney, Shannel P.; Champion, Paul D.; Perrie, Leon R.; Beadel, Sarah M.; Ford, Kerry A.; Breitwieser, Ilse; Schönberger, Ines; Hindmarsh-Walls, Rowan (May 2018). "Conservation status of New Zealand indigenous vascular plants, 2017" (PDF). New Zealand Threat Classification Series. 22: 1–86. OCLC   1041649797.
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