Pogona

Last updated

Pogona
Pogona vitticeps02.JPG
Pogona vitticeps
Bearded Dragon - close-up.jpg
P. vitticeps – detail of head
Scientific classification OOjs UI icon edit-ltr.svg
Domain: Eukaryota
Kingdom: Animalia
Phylum: Chordata
Class: Reptilia
Order: Squamata
Suborder: Iguania
Family: Agamidae
Subfamily: Amphibolurinae
Genus: Pogona
Storr, 1982 [1]
Species

Pogona is a genus of reptiles containing eight lizard species, which are often known by the common name bearded dragons. The name "bearded dragon" refers to the underside of the throat (or "beard") of the lizard, which can turn black and become inflated for a number of reasons, most often as a result of stress, if they feel threatened, [2] or are trying to entice a mate. They are a semiarboreal species, spending significant amounts of time on branches, in bushes, and near human habitation. [3] Pogona species bask on rocks and exposed branches in the mornings and afternoons and sleep at night, making them a diurnal species. Their diet consists primarily of vegetation and some insects. They are found throughout much of Australia and inhabit environments such as deserts, and shrublands. [4]

Contents

Captive adult measuring over 30 cm (1 ft) Bearded Dragon South Australia.jpg
Captive adult measuring over 30 cm (1 ft)
Galore Hill Nature Reserve, New South Wales, Australia Bearded Dragon JCB.jpg
Galore Hill Nature Reserve, New South Wales, Australia
Skeleton at the Museum of Osteology in Oklahoma City, Oklahoma, United States Bearded Dragon Skeleton.jpg
Skeleton at the Museum of Osteology in Oklahoma City, Oklahoma, United States

The genus Pogona is in the subfamily Amphibolurinae of the lizard group Agamidae. Bearded dragons are characterized by their broad, triangular heads, flattened bodies, and rows and clusters of spiny scales covering their entire bodies. When threatened, bearded dragons puff up their bodies and beards to ward off predators and make their somewhat dull spikes seem somewhat more dangerous. Bearded dragons display a hand-waving gesture to show submission (most often when acknowledging another bearded dragon's territory), and a head-bobbing display to show dominance [5] between dragons. Some have the ability to slightly change color in response to certain stimuli including rivalry challenges between males and ambient temperature changes (e.g., turning black to absorb heat). Bearded dragons occur in a variety of colors and morphs and can range from being all dark to completely white under controlled breeding conditions. Males grow up to 60 cm (24 in) long, and females up to 51 cm (20 in).

Bearded dragons originate from deserts and other dry areas in Australia, (some living in forests). The bearded dragon family is also known to inhabit some areas of south Eastern Asia. With the various species occupying slightly overlapping areas of the landmass. They live in the arid and subtropical woodlands, scrublands, savannas, and shore areas, and into the great interior deserts. [6] Their range extends throughout the interior of the eastern states to the eastern half of South Australia and southeastern Northern Territory. [7] They are considered to be semiarboreal and quite readily climb and bask at height. This is also linked to dominance behavior and competition for territory/basking areas. They can be found on fallen/broken trees, rocky outcrops, and bushes when basking. Many of the Australian locals have spotted bearded dragons on fence posts and elevated rocky areas. At night, they prefer to dig holes to sleep in, climb in trees, or submerge themselves in rocks and like to climb into the cracks and crevices of stones and caves. [8]

Bearded dragons go through a type of hibernation called brumation, in which like hibernation, reptiles go months without eating, but sporadically drink water. Reptiles go dormant in the hottest temperatures, but it differs from brumation during cooler temperatures. When temperatures are extreme, a very small range of temperatures exists through which the reptile's bodies can stay active and where their bodies cannot tolerate the extreme heat and they die. [9] Bearded dragons go through brumation when the temperature goes below 15.5–21.0°C (60–70°F) during the night and 24.0–26.5°C (75–80°F) during the day for 8-10 hours. [10] When the climate is too hot they will often burrow underground. [11] They will also form more permanent burrows or covered hiding places to use as protection from the climate changes at night and predation. [12]

Behavior

Adult bearded dragons are very territorial. As they grow, they establish territories in which displays of aggression and appeasement form a normal part of their social interactions. A dominant male adopts a dominant stance and sometimes readies himself for a fight to attack a male aggressor to defend territory or food sources, or in competition for a female. Any male approaching without displaying submissive behavior is seen as a challenge for territory. Aggressive males have even been known to attack females that do not display submissive gestures in return. [13]

Correspondingly, adult male bearded dragons can bite more forcefully than adult females, which is associated with greater head dimensions. [14]

Bearded dragon with mouth agape Bearded Dragon showing beard.jpg
Bearded dragon with mouth agape

The bearded dragon occurs in many different colors. The beard itself is used for mating and aggression displays, as well as heat management. It forms part of a range of gestures and signals through which the dragons have basic levels of communication. Both sexes have a beard, but males display more frequently, especially in courtship rituals. Females also display their beards as a sign of aggression. The beard darkens, sometimes turning jet black, and inflates during the display. The bearded dragon may also open its mouth and gape in addition to inflating its beard to appear more intimidating. Extreme behavior such as hissing can be observed when threatened with a predator, inflating the body and tilting towards the threat in defense. Bearded dragons have relatively strong jaws, but often only attack as a last resort when threatened outside of competition with their own species.

Head bobbing is another behavior seen in both females and males; they quickly move their heads up and down, often darkening and flaring their beards. Changes in the pace of head bobbing are thought to be a form of communication. Males head bob to impress females, and a male often has to demonstrate his dominance when attempting to mate before the female will concede. Smaller males often respond to a larger male's head bobbing by arm waving, which is a submissive sign. Females also arm wave to avoid aggression, often in response to a male's head bobbing. [15] Female bearded dragons have been seen lowering themselves towards the ground and intermittently arm waving whilst moving away from a dominant male in an attempt to either appease or escape.

The bearded dragon has also been shown to perceive illusion, specifically the Delboeuf illusion . In an experiment at the University of Padova, bearded dragons were presented with two different-sized plates with the same amount of food. [16] The bearded dragons chose the smaller plate more often than they chose the larger one, showing that they were able to perceive the illusion and interpret that a larger plate does not always mean more food. This is the first evidence of this behavior being shown in a reptile species.

Reproduction

When brumation comes to an end, the male bearded dragon goes out to find a mate. A courtship ritual occurs where the male starts bobbing his head, waving his arms, and stomping his feet in front of the female. The male chases the female and bites the back of her neck and holds on while he gets in position to copulate. [17]

During the breeding period, female bearded dragons can store sperm in their oviductal crypts. [18] This allows the females to lay a clutch of 11–30 eggs, twice from one mating. [19]

Bearded dragons exhibit temperature sex determination; while the embryo is developing, higher temperatures cause dragons with a male genotype to experience sex reversal and express a female phenotype. This produces a bearded dragon that is a female, but still has a male genotype. Incubation temperatures above 31 °C (88 °F) can cause sex reversal, and the likelihood of sex reversal has a positive correlation with temperature up to 36°C. Incubation temperatures below 31°C cannot trigger sex reversal. [20] Surprisingly, female bearded dragons with a male genotype do not have many differences from genotypic females. According to one study done on bite force, male bearded dragons have a higher bite force than genotypic females, and sex-reversed females, but no difference was seen between genotypic females and sex-reversed females. [21]

Like many other reptile species (and what is most often observed in birds), females are capable of laying eggs even without fertilization. These eggs appear slightly smaller and softer, and contain a yellow yolk when broken open.

Congenital defects

During the development of an embryo, abnormalities may result in birth defects. These abnormalities might be caused by chromosomal disorders, chemicals, or other genetic or environmental factors.

In captivity

Through selective breeding, bearded dragons can have various colors and patterns. Zero-bearded-dragon.jpg
Through selective breeding, bearded dragons can have various colors and patterns.

The central bearded dragon is the most common species in captivity, as well as one of the most popular pet reptiles, with some smaller species such as Pogona henrylawsoni being used as substitutes where less housing space is available. Introduced into the U.S. as pets during the 1990s, bearded dragons have gained much popularity as an exotic pet. This popularity has been sustained, even after Australia banned the sale of its wildlife as pets in the 1960s. [23]

Generally, the bearded dragon is a solitary animal. Males are usually housed alone, as they fight with other males and breed with females. Captive adults reach about 40 to 61 cm (16 to 24 in) from head to tail, weigh 290 to 600 g (10 to 20 oz) [24] and live for about 10 to 15 years and longer with good care. [4] They have been known to live up to about 15 years in captivity, and the current world record is 18 years. [25]

Through selective breeding, many different versions of the central bearded dragon have been developed, referred to as "morphs". They have a few main genetic traits, including "hypomelanism" and "translucent", which refer to traits physically displayed by the dragon. Bearded dragons with hypomelanism tend to have lighter and more vibrant coloration. Translucents have a less opaque quality to their skin, making their colors seem stronger, and have black eyes. Also, "leatherbacks" have reduced scale texture to give a smoother skin, "silkbacks" have softer outer skin, and "German giants" are larger than average. Silkbacks in particular require special care, as they have far more delicate skin, and as such, require different UV and humidity requirements. They also tend to live shorter lives. [26]

Common health issues

Although bearded dragons are fairly resilient to illness, improper care can potentially kill a bearded dragon. Some health issues that bearded dragons may have include metabolic bone disease, [27] adenovirus, impaction, polarisation, dystocia, [28] Yellow Fungus Disease [29] and parasites. The majority of health issues bearded dragons face in captivity are due to poor diet and inadequate heat and lighting. [30]

Metabolic bone disease

Metabolic bone disease (MBD) is a collective term for several common diseases/illnesses that can be fatal and is probably the most common health problem of bearded dragons. [31] A main attribute of MBD is the weakening of the skeletal structure and possible deformation. It occurs in bearded dragons due to malnutrition or the use of improper lighting, meaning they are unable to properly assimilate calcium from their diet or there isn't enough in their diet. Most bearded dragons in captivity will be fed supplementation and all will need a UVB light to enable them to properly use calcium in their diet. Typical foods that bearded dragons eat, including kale, mustard greens, and collard greens, are high in calcium and should be eaten daily along with other leafy greens and vegetables to have a well-balanced diet. [32] Bearded dragons require UVB lights to process calcium in their diet. Without processing this calcium, their bodies will use calcium from their bones, therefore weakening them. Symptoms seen in bearded dragons with MBD include bumps in the legs, twitches or tremors, bumps along the spine or tail, a swollen bottom jaw, and jerky movements.

Hypocalcemia

Hypocalcemia occurs when there are low levels of calcium in the bearded dragon's blood. Hypocalcemia is most often tied to metabolic bone disease. Low levels of calcium can result in twitching muscles, or seizures. Hypocalcemia is most often seen in young bearded dragons, as they are slightly more fragile than adults. Maintaining a diet that consists of enough calcium is crucial to avoiding hypocalcemia as well as metabolic bone disease. [33]

Impaction

Impaction occurs often in bearded dragons when they are fed food that is too big for them. Bearded dragons will try to eat worms or crickets that are too big for them, but this can be extremely harmful. Food should not be bigger than the space between their eyes for a young dragon. Older dragons can generally cope with larger insects but not oversized prey. If a dragon eats food that is too big for it, pressure will be put on its spinal cord during digestion. This pressure can lead to impaction which can lead to death. Another cause of impaction in captivity is ingestion of the substrate, commonly sand or other loose substrates. [34]

Upper Respiratory Infection (URI)

In bearded dragons, respiratory infection (RI) is caused by a bacterial infection in the lungs. Bearded dragons develop a respiratory infection due to a number of reasons such as incorrect lighting and temperature, high humidity, prolonged psychological stress, and poor captive conditions.

Atadenovirus

Atadenovirus (ADV), also referred to as adenovirus, is a viral disease that can be deadly. ADV can be spread between reptiles through contact alone. Most juvenile ADV-positive bearded dragons do not live past 90 days. While ADV-positive adults will live longer, they eventually contract liver diseases. [35] Common symptoms of ADV-positive bearded dragons include stunted growth and slow weight gain. Because of their compromised immune systems, ADV-positive bearded dragons may be infected with intestinal parasites. [36]

Lighting

Bearded dragons require UVB to enable vitamin D3 synthesis and to prevent illnesses like metabolic bone disease. [37] Vitamin D3 is essential to calcium absorption, with calcium playing a major role in various critical biological functions. Bearded dragons also require UVA, which stimulates feeding, breeding, basking and overall health. They also require a basking heat source, most commonly a light-emitting source, to provide a basking area. Heat and UV are both vital to the bearded dragons' biological function.

Species

The following six species are recognised as being valid. [38]

Nota bene : A binomial authority in parentheses indicates that the species was originally described under a different binomial.

See also

Related Research Articles

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Red-eared slider</span> Subspecies of turtle

The red-eared slider or red-eared terrapin is a subspecies of the pond slider, a semiaquatic turtle belonging to the family Emydidae. It is the most popular pet turtle in the United States, is also popular as a pet across the rest of the world, and is the most invasive turtle. It is the most commonly traded turtle in the world.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Agamidae</span> Family of lizards

Agamidae is a family of over 550 species of iguanian lizards indigenous to Africa, Asia, Australia, and a few in Southern Europe. Many species are commonly called dragons or dragon lizards.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Central bearded dragon</span> Species of lizard

The central bearded dragon, also known as the inland bearded dragon, is a species of agamid lizard found in a wide range of arid to semiarid regions of eastern and central Australia.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Leopard gecko</span> Species of reptile

The leopard gecko or common leopard gecko is a ground-dwelling gecko native to the rocky dry grassland and desert regions of Afghanistan, Iran, Pakistan, India, and Nepal. The leopard gecko has become a popular pet, and due to extensive captive breeding it is sometimes referred to as the first domesticated species of lizard but no lizards are actually domesticated.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Desert tortoise</span> Species of tortoise

The desert tortoise is a species of tortoise in the family Testudinidae. The species is native to the Mojave and Sonoran Deserts of the southwestern United States and northwestern Mexico, and to the Sinaloan thornscrub of northwestern Mexico. G. agassizii is distributed in western Arizona, southeastern California, southern Nevada, and southwestern Utah. The specific name agassizii is in honor of Swiss-American zoologist Jean Louis Rodolphe Agassiz. The desert tortoise is the official state reptile in California and Nevada.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Eastern bearded dragon</span> Species of lizard

The eastern bearded dragon, also known as common bearded dragon or simply bearded lizard, is an agamid lizard found in wooded parts of Australia. It is one of a group of species known commonly as bearded dragons. Other common names for this species include Jew lizard and frilly lizard, the latter being a confusion between this and another dragon, the frill-necked lizard. This species was originally described in 1829 by Georges Cuvier, who named it Amphibolurus barbatus.

Renal osteodystrophy is currently defined as an alteration of bone morphology in patients with chronic kidney disease (CKD). It is one measure of the skeletal component of the systemic disorder of chronic kidney disease-mineral and bone disorder (CKD-MBD). The term "renal osteodystrophy" was coined in 1943, 60 years after an association was identified between bone disease and kidney failure.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Australian water dragon</span> Species of lizard

The Australian water dragon, which includes the eastern water dragon and the Gippsland water dragon subspecies, is an arboreal agamid species native to eastern Australia from Victoria northwards to Queensland. There may be a small introduced population on the south-east coast of South Australia. The Gippsland water dragon is generally the more southern of the two subspecies and the more cold adapted and heat sensitive. Visually distinguishing the Gippsland water dragon from the Eastern water dragon is relatively easy, as long as their skin is reasonably clean and not stained from the water, as identification of the two subspecies depends largely on observable differences in colours and patterns.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Eastern box turtle</span> Subspecies of reptile

The eastern box turtle is a subspecies within a group of hinge-shelled turtles normally called box turtles. T. c. carolina is native to the Eastern United States.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Argentine black and white tegu</span> Species of lizard which is the largest of the tegu lizards

The Argentine black and white tegu, also known as the Argentine giant tegu, the black and white tegu, or the huge tegu, is a species of lizard in the family Teiidae. The species is the largest of the "tegu lizards". It is an omnivorous species which inhabits the tropical rain forests, savannas and semi-deserts of eastern and central South America.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Rankin's dragon</span> Species of lizard

Rankin's dragon is a species of Australian agamid lizard. It may also be called the pygmy bearded dragon and the black-soiled bearded dragon.

<i>Pogona minor</i> Species of lizard

Pogona minor is a species of agamid lizard from a group commonly known as bearded dragons, and is found on the southwest coast and interior of Western Australia. This taxonomic name includes the widespread type known as western bearded dragon, Pogona minor minor which is widespread across West Australia between the Pilbara and the south coast, and the subspecies, Pogona minor minima is confined to the Wallabi Group of islands. There is another subspecies, Pogona minor mitchelli which lives in tropical woodlands of the Kimberley area of Western Australia.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Temperature-dependent sex determination</span> Environmental sex determination by temperature during development

Temperature-dependent sex determination (TSD) is a type of environmental sex determination in which the temperatures experienced during embryonic/larval development determine the sex of the offspring. It is observed in reptiles and teleost fish, with some reports of it occurring in species of shrimp. TSD differs from the chromosomal sex-determination systems common among vertebrates. It is the most studied type of environmental sex determination (ESD). Some other conditions, e.g. density, pH, and environmental background color, are also observed to alter sex ratio, which could be classified either as temperature-dependent sex determination or temperature-dependent sex differentiation, depending on the involved mechanisms. As sex-determining mechanisms, TSD and genetic sex determination (GSD) should be considered in an equivalent manner, which can lead to reconsidering the status of fish species that are claimed to have TSD when submitted to extreme temperatures instead of the temperature experienced during development in the wild, since changes in sex ratio with temperature variation are ecologically and evolutionally relevant.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Green iguana in captivity</span>

The green iguana is the most globally traded reptile representing 46% of the total reptile trade in the US from 1996 and 2012, with annual imports reaching 1 million in 1996. In 1995, there were over 800,000 animals were imported into the United States alone, primarily originating from captive farming operations based in their native countries .The green iguana has also seen a surge of importation in the Greater Caribbean Region. A study done on invasive iguanas in Puerto Rico found that the sample population were mostly the product of populations originating from Columbia and El Salvador. Both countries contain several industrial-size pet iguana farming operations.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Abbott's crested lizard</span> Species of lizard

Abbott's crested lizard, also known commonly as Abbott's anglehead lizard and Cochran's forest dragon, is a subspecies of lizard in the family Agamidae. The subspecies is native to Malaysia and Thailand.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Agamid adenovirus</span> Species of virus

Agamid adenovirus, also called Bearded dragon adenovirus 1, is a type of virus in the Adenoviridae family. The virus is widespread in captive populations of Pogona vitticeps, known commonly as the central bearded dragon, in the United States. Other countries with confirmed cases are Australia, Japan, Germany, The Netherlands, Belgium, the UK, and El Salvador. It is often discovered in association with other infections, and causes increased juvenile mortality and adult deaths.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Jacky dragon</span> Species of lizard

The jacky dragon is a type of lizard native to south-eastern Australia. Other common names include blood-sucker, stonewalker, and tree dragon. It was one of the first Australian reptiles to be named by Europeans, originally described by English zoologist George Shaw in Surgeon-General John White's Journal of a Voyage to New South Wales, published in London in 1790. The lizard is well-known for its bright yellow mouth and well-developed vertebral crest, as well as the temperature-dependent sex determination of its offspring.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Northern caiman lizard</span> Species of lizard

The northern caiman lizard is a species of lizard found in northern South America.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Central netted dragon</span> Species of lizard

The central netted dragon or central netted ground dragon is a species of agamid lizard occurring in a wide range of arid to semiarid regions of Australia. It is widespread across the continent, commonly found in open, sandy, desert habitats. It is a popular pet and can often be found in zoos.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Evolution of sex-determining mechanisms</span>

The evolution of sex-determining mechanisms, characterized by the evolutionary transition to genetic sex determination or temperature-dependent sex determination from the opposite mechanism, has frequently and readily occurred among multiple taxa across a transitionary continuum.

References

  1. ↑ Wells, Richard W.; Wellington, C. Ross. 1985. "A Classification of the Reptilia and Amphibia of Australia". Australian J. Herp. Suppl. Ser. (1): 1–61. (Genus Pogona, p. 19).
  2. ↑ "8 Reasons For Your Bearded Dragonś Black Beard". beardeddragontank.com.
  3. ↑ "Housing". Care of Bearded Dragons (Pogona vitticeps). Retrieved 19 December 2019.
  4. 1 2 Browne-Cooper, Robert; Brian Bush; Brad Maryan; David Robinson (2007). Reptiles and Frogs in the Bush: Southwestern Australia. University of Western Australia Press. p. 160. ISBN   978-1-920694-74-6. Pogona minor minor, Abrolhos Bearded Dragon
  5. ↑ Pets, Lizard (23 May 2023). "Why do bearded dragons bob their heads at humans?". Lizard Pets.
  6. ↑ Bearded dragon natural habitat. https://thepetenthusiast.com/bearded-dragon-care/#Natural-Habitat
  7. ↑ "Central Bearded Dragon – Pogona vitticeps – Australian Museum". australianmuseum.net.au. Retrieved 19 April 2018.
  8. ↑ "Bearded Dragon (Pogona) Species Profile: Habitat, Diet, and Care". www.peteducation.com. Archived from the original on 29 May 2015. Retrieved 23 September 2015.
  9. ↑ Mayer, William Vernon. “Dormancy.” Encyclopædia Britannica, Encyclopædia Britannica, Inc., 17 May 2016, www.britannica.com/science/dormancy#ref1121981.
  10. ↑ Vosjoli, Philippe De. The Bearded Dragon Manual: Expert Advice for Keeping and Caring for a Healthy Bearded Dragon. 2nd ed., Lumina Media, 2016.
  11. ↑ "Why Do Bearded Dragons Burrow? – Online Bearded Dragon Care". 21 September 2015. Retrieved 23 September 2015.
  12. ↑ Doneley, Bob. "CARING FOR THE BEARDED DRAGON" (PDF). Exotics — Reptiles and Amphibians.
  13. ↑ "Bearded dragons". Animals. 20 June 2019. Retrieved 29 February 2024.
  14. ↑ Jones MEH, Pistevos JC, Cooper N, Lappin, AK, Georges A Hutchinson MN, Holleley CE. (2020). "Reproductive phenotype predicts adult bite-force performance in sex reversed dragons (Pogona vitticeps)". Journal of Experimental Zoology A. 333 (4): 252‒263. doi:10.1002/jez.2353. hdl: 10141/622643 . PMID   32061035. S2CID   211122728.{{cite journal}}: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link)
  15. ↑ Periat, Jennifer (Pat. J.) (17 February 2000). Harding, James (ed.). "Pogona vitticeps central bearded dragon". Animal Diversity Web. Retrieved 27 June 2020.
  16. ↑ Santacà, M.; Miletto Petrazzini, M. E.; Agrillo, C.; Wilkinson, A. (2019). "Can reptiles perceive visual illusions? Delboeuf illusion in red-footed tortoise (Chelonoidis carbonaria) and bearded dragon (Pogona vitticeps)". Journal of Comparative Psychology. 133 (4): 419–427. doi:10.1037/com0000176. PMID   30896231. S2CID   84842383.
  17. ↑ Green, Darren. Keeping Bearded Dragons Pogona Species. Australian Reptile Keeper, 2009.
  18. ↑ Amey Andrew P. Whittier Joan M. (2000) The annual reproductive cycle and sperm storage in the bearded dragon, Pogona barbata. Australian Journal of Zoology 48, 411–419.
  19. ↑ Hosking, Chris. “Australian Museum.” Central Bearded Dragon - Pogona Vitticeps, 2 May 2017, australianmuseum.net.au/central-bearded-dragon.
  20. ↑ Castelli, Megan; Georges, Arthur (4 November 2020). "Evolving thermal thresholds explain the distribution of temperature sex reversal in an Australian dragon lizard". Diversity and Distributions. 27 (3): 427–438. doi: 10.1111/ddi.13203 . hdl: 1885/274579 .
  21. ↑ Jones, Marc; Pistavos, Jennifer; Cooper, Natalie; Lappin, AK; Georges, Arthur (April 2020). "Reproductive phenotype predicts adult bite-force performance in sex-reversed dragons (Pogona vitticeps)". Journal of Experimental Zoology A. 333 (4): 252–263. doi: 10.1002/jez.2353 . hdl: 10141/622643 . PMID   32061035.
  22. 1 2 3 4 5 6 Brown, Danny. A Guide to Australian Dragons in Captivity. ABK Publications, 2012
  23. ↑ "Exports of Australian native plants and animals". environment.gov.au. Retrieved 19 March 2018.
  24. ↑ "Hades Dragons". hadesdragons.co.uk. 2010. Archived from the original on 5 November 2013. Retrieved 13 August 2013.
  25. ↑ "Oldest bearded dragon ever". Guinness World Records. Retrieved 12 August 2018.
  26. ↑ "Bearded Dragon". BeWild Reptile Rescue. Retrieved 24 November 2022.
  27. ↑ "Metabolic Bone Disease MDB". Bearded Dragons World. July 2019. Retrieved 21 May 2022.
  28. ↑ "Bearded Dragon Egg Bound". Bearded Dragons World. 1 January 2020. Retrieved 21 May 2022.
  29. ↑ "Yellow Fungus Disease". Bearded Dragons World. July 2019. Retrieved 21 May 2022.
  30. ↑ "Bearded Dragons – Diseases". vca_corporate. Retrieved 14 June 2021.
  31. ↑ Schmidt-Ukaj, S.; Hochleithner, M.; Richter, B.; Hochleithner, C.; Brandstetter, D.; Knotek, Z. (20 September 2017). "A survey of diseases in captive bearded dragons: a retrospective study of 529 patients". Veterinární Medicína. 62 (9): 508–515. doi: 10.17221/162/2016-VETMED .
  32. ↑ "MBD – Metabolic Bone Disease". Beautiful Dragos Reptile Rescue. Retrieved 4 May 2017.
  33. ↑ Tricia Power (1995–2012). "Calcium Deficiency". Tricia's Chinese Water Dragon, Reptile and Amphibian Care Page. Retrieved 5 May 2017.
  34. ↑ "Bearded Dragon Impaction: All Signs & Treatment". 5 August 2020. Retrieved 24 January 2023.
  35. ↑ "Atadenovirus – This Disease Can Be Deadly To Your Bearded Dragon". www.reptilesmagazine.com. 27 January 2012. Archived from the original on 22 May 2017. Retrieved 5 May 2017.
  36. ↑ Bjornebo, Heather (11 August 2016). "Atadenovirus in Bearded Dragons". azeah.com. Retrieved 5 May 2017.
  37. ↑ "Pet Reptiles Need Vitamin D and Calcium for Bone Health". College of Agricultural, Consumer & Environmental Sciences. Retrieved 21 May 2022.
  38. ↑ ""IUCN search Pogona – Genus"".

Further reading

This page is based on this Wikipedia article
Text is available under the CC BY-SA 4.0 license; additional terms may apply.
Images, videos and audio are available under their respective licenses.