Polymetallic ore

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Polymetallic ores or multimetal ores are complex ores containing a number of chemical elements, among which the most important are lead and zinc. In addition, polymetallic ores can contain copper, gold, silver, cadmium, sometimes bismuth, tin, indium and gallium. [1] The main minerals that form polymetallic ores are galena, sphalerite, to a lesser extent pyrite, chalcopyrite, arsenopyrite, cassiterite. [1] [2] They are most commonly formed from sulfides but also include oxides. [1] [3]

Contents

The three main families of sulfide polymetallic ores are identified as volcanogenic massive sulphide family, the sedimentary exhalative family, and the Mississippi Valley type family. The classification of lead-zinc deposits in particular has been varied and resulted in a number of different organizations schemes. [1] The term "polymetallic ore" also includes nodules, principally Manganese nodules, that do not form as terrestrial deposits but as concretions on the ocean floor. [3] [4]

Rocks containing polymetallic ores are often altered or formed by hydrothermal processes — chloritization, sericitization and silicification. [5] [6] These deposits are often iron hydroxides containing cerussite PbCO3, anglesite PbSO4, smithsonite ZnCO3, calamine Zn4[Si2O7] [OH]2×H2O, malachite Cu2[CO3](OH)2, azurite Cu3[CO3]2(OH)2. Depending on the concentration of ore minerals, a distinction is made between solid or disseminated ores. Ore bodies of polymetallic ores are distinguished by a variety of sizes (having a length of several m to km), morphology (lenticular bedding deposits, [7] stockwork, veins, [8] nests, complex tube-like bodies) and occurrence conditions (gentle, steep, consonant, secant, etc.). [9]

See also

References

  1. 1 2 3 4 Vikentyev, I.V.; Damdinov, B.B.; Minina, O.R.; Spirina, A.V.; Damdinova, L.B. (2023). "Classification of Polymetallic Ore-Forming Processes and Transitional VMS–SEDEX–MV-type: the Example of the Giant Ozernoe Deposit in Transbaikalia, Russia" . Geology of Ore Deposits. 65 (3): 191–223. doi:10.1134/S1075701523030054. ISSN   1075-7015.
  2. ↑ "Oʻzbekiston milliy ensiklopediyasi". National Encyclopedia of Uzbekistan (in Uzbek). Tashkent: National Encyclopedia of Uzbekistan State Scientific Publishing House. 2000–2005.
  3. 1 2 "Polymetallic Vein Deposits". Geologyscience.com.
  4. ↑ Das, RP; Anand, S. (2017). "Metallurgical processing of polymetallic ocean nodules". In R. Sharma (ed.). Deep-Sea Mining: Resource Potential, Technical and Environmental Considerations (PDF). Springer. pp. 365–94.
  5. ↑ Barnes, Hubert Lloyd, ed. (1997). Geochemistry of hydrothermal ore deposits (3rd ed.). New York: Wiley. ISBN   978-0-471-57144-5.
  6. ↑ Hedenquist, Jeffrey W.; Lowenstern, Jacob B. (1994). "The role of magmas in the formation of hydrothermal ore deposits" . Nature. 370 (6490): 519–527. doi:10.1038/370519a0. ISSN   0028-0836.
  7. ↑ Reineck, Hans‐Erich; Wunderlich, Friedrich (1968). "Classification and Origin of Flaser and Lenticular Bedding" . Sedimentology. 11 (1–2): 99–104. doi:10.1111/j.1365-3091.1968.tb00843.x. ISSN   0037-0746.
  8. ↑ Bons, Paul D.; Elburg, Marlina A.; Gomez-Rivas, Enrique (2012). "A review of the formation of tectonic veins and their microstructures" . Journal of Structural Geology. 43: 33–62. doi:10.1016/j.jsg.2012.07.005.
  9. ↑ Mykhailov, V.; Yessendossova, A. (2022). "Factors of Controlling Polymetallic Mineralization on the Example of the Dalnegorsky (Far East) and Uspensky (Central Kazakhstan) Ore Districts" . 15th International Conference Monitoring of Geological Processes and Ecological Condition of the Environment. European Association of Geoscientists & Engineers: 1–5. doi:10.3997/2214-4609.2022580041.

Literature

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