| Pseudogymnoascus | |
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| A bat hair colonized by Pseudogymnoascus destructans | |
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| Genus: | Pseudogymnoascus Raillo (1929) |
| Type species | |
| Pseudogymnoascus roseus Raillo (1929) | |
| Species | |
Pseudogymnoascus is a genus of fungi in the family Pseudeurotiaceae.
It was circumscribed by A. Raillo in 1929 [1] for two species, P. roseus and P. vinaceus. No type specimens were retained by Raillo. In 1972, Samson designated a neotype for P. roseus, [2] recognized three species (P. roseus Raillo, P. bhattii Samson and P. caucasicus Cejp & Milko) [2] [3] and synonymized P. vinaceus with P. roseus. In 1982, Müller described a fourth species, P. alpinus. In 2006, Rice and Currah described two additional species, P. appendiculatus and P. verrucosus. [4] [5] In 2013, Geomyces destructans the casual agent of bat white nose syndrome was transferred to this genus and is now referred to as P. destructans. [6] Since 2006, intensive cave sampling has identified numerous Pseudogymnoascus isolates that have yet to be described.
Pseudogymnoascus alpinus Müller ascospores are described as navicular-fusiform in shape and hyaline to yellow in color. Typically, one side of the ascospore is flattened with 3 longitudinal rims. [4] Müller collected P. alpinus from soil below Winter Heath in Switzerland.
Pseudogymnoascus appendiculatus Rice & Currah differs from other Pseudogymnoascus species by the presence of long, pigmented, branched peridial appendages. The ascospores have a longitudinal rim or are otherwise described as smooth. [5] This species was initially isolated from rotten black spruce wood found under Sphagnum peat in Canada. [5]
Pseudogymnoascus bhattii Samson has single-celled, hyaline to yellow fusiform ascospores which are described as flattened on one side. [2] No anamorph (asexual state) was described. [4] Samson isolated this species from alpine tundra soil in Canada and Alaska and stated that it could grow from 10 °C to 25 °C. [2]
Pseudogymnoascus caucasicus Cejp & Milko described this species as having stalked chlamydospore-like structures and no ascomata. [3] This species was initially isolated from forest soil in Georgia. In 1982, Müller noted that the type culture was sterile.
Pseudogymnoascus destructans Minnis & Lindner was initially described in 2009 as Geomyces destructans by Gargas et al. [7] In 2013, further analysis of the phylogenetic relationship moved this species to the genus Pseudogymnoascus. [6] The conidium of this species are hyaline and characteristically curved.
This species was first isolated from infected hibernating bats in New York state. Recently, this species has been isolated from cave environments no longer inhabited by hibernating bats. [8]
Pseudogymnoascus roseus Raillo has smooth ascospores that are ellipsoid to fusiform and can vary from yellow to reddish brown. Conidia are typically hyaline in color and globose to ellipsoid in shape. The base of the conidia are truncate. [2] Pseudogymnoascus roseus is frequently isolated from soil, root and wood samples. [4] [5] [9]
Pseudogymnoascus verrucosus Rice & Currah is distinguished by the presence of warts that covers the ascospore surface. In contrast, the conidia are described as smooth to asperulate. [5] This species was also isolated from the same substrate and locality as Pseudogymnoascus appendiculatus.
Many Pseudogymnoascus species are cellulolytic, function as saprotrophs and are either psychrophilic or psychrotolerant. [5] Pseudogymnoascus roseus was able to form an ericoid mycorrhizal association in vitro [10] and Pseudogymnoascus destructans infects hibernating bat [11] and survives in the cave environment [8] as a saprotroph. [12] [13] Müller indicated that all known Pseudogymnoascus species, prior to 1982, were not known to be keratinolytic.
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White-nose syndrome (WNS) is a fungal disease in North American bats which has resulted in the dramatic decrease of the bat population in the United States and Canada, reportedly killing millions as of 2018. The condition is named for a distinctive fungal growth around the muzzles and on the wings of hibernating bats. It was first identified from a February 2006 photo taken in a cave located in Schoharie County, New York. The syndrome has rapidly spread since then. In early 2018, it was identified in 33 U.S. states and seven Canadian provinces; plus the fungus, albeit sans syndrome, had been found in three additional states. Most cases are in the eastern half of both countries, but in March 2016, it was confirmed in a little brown bat in Washington state. In 2019, evidence of the fungus was detected in California for the first time, although no affected bats were found.
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Pseudogymnoascus destructans is a psychrophilic (cold-loving) fungus that causes white-nose syndrome (WNS), a fatal disease that has devastated bat populations in parts of the United States and Canada. Unlike species of Geomyces, P. destructans forms asymmetrically curved conidia. Pseudogymnoascus destructans grows very slowly on artificial media and cannot grow at temperatures above 20 °C. It can grow around 4 °C to 20 °C, which encompasses the temperatures found in winter bat hibernacula. Phylogenic evaluation has revealed this organism should be reclassified under the family Pseudeurotiaceae, changing its name to Pseudogymnoascus destructans.
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Apinisia keratinophila, formerly Myriodontium keratinophilum, is a fungus widespread in nature, most abundantly found in keratin-rich environments such as feathers, nails and hair. Despite its ability to colonize keratinous surfaces of human body, the species has been known to be non-pathogenic in man and is phylogentically distant to other human pathogenic species, such as anthropophilic dermatophytes. However, its occasional isolation from clinical specimens along with its keratinolytic properties suggest the possibility it may contribute to disease.
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Oidiodendron cereale is a species of ascomycetes fungi in the order Helotiales. This fungus is found globally in temperate climates where average summer temperatures are below 25 °C, but there have been scattered reports from tropical and subtropical environments. It is predominantly found in soil, but little is known regarding their ecological roles in nature. However, an enzymatic study from Agriculture Canada showed that O. cereale can break down a variety of plant, fungal, and animal based substrates found in soil, which may have beneficial effects for plants. On rare occasions, this fungus is found on human skin and hair. There has been one reported case of O. cereale infection in 1969, causing Neurodermitis Nuchae.
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