Pseudowintera

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Pseudowintera
Pseudowinteracolorata.jpg
Pseudowintera colorata
Scientific classification OOjs UI icon edit-ltr.svg
Kingdom: Plantae
Clade: Tracheophytes
Clade: Angiosperms
Clade: Magnoliids
Order: Canellales
Family: Winteraceae
Genus: Pseudowintera
Dandy [1]
Species [1]
Synonyms [1]

Wintera G.Forst. ex Tiegh.

Pseudowintera, commonly known as horopito, is a genus of woody evergreen flowering trees and shrubs, part of family Winteraceae. The species of Pseudowintera are native to New Zealand. Winteraceae are magnoliids, associated with the humid Antarctic flora of the southern hemisphere. Horopito can be chewed for a hot, peppery taste. [2]

Contents

Species

Cultivation

Horopito spreads naturally through regrowth on cleared land but may often be found in domestic gardens as a decorative plant. Planting for commercial purposes has begun in recent years. [6]

Pharmaceutical use

Horopito contains a substance called sesquiterpene dialdehyde polygodiali, otherwise known as polygodial that has a number of biological properties including antifungal, antimicrobial, anti-inflammatory, antiallergic and insecticide effects. Polygodial has been tested as a very effective inhibitor of Candida albicans. [7] [8] Horopito was used traditionally by Maori for a variety of medicinal purposes including treatment of: fungal skin infection, stomach pain, diarrhoea and as an analgesic. Early European settlers to New Zealand also used horopito for medicinal purposes.

Use and history

Pseudowintera is one of the major plants used in traditional Māori medicine. [4] The name horopito appears to be unique to Māori language, as there is no evidence of its use in other Polynesian languages to describe similar plants. [4]

Pseudowintera is known to be a deterrent against introduced deer, who refuse to consume the plant. Because of this, Pseudowintera has grown to dominate the understory of some forested areas of New Zealand. [4] The unrelated species Alseuosmia pusilla which has a similar appearance to Pseudowintera may have undergone Batesian mimicry in response to predation pressures, either from deer or earlier hypothesised predation by moa species. [4]

Pseudowintera colorata is the most commonly used species for culinary use, which produces a numbing spiciness when the leaves are chewed. [4] Horopito leaves are typically dried and then ground to form a powder. The powder may be used wherever black pepper is used and applied directly to meats, mixed with oils, used to make condiments (e.g. with mustard), in vinegars, biscuits, and as flavouring for beer and ice-cream. [4]

References

  1. 1 2 3 "Pseudowintera Dandy". Plants of the World Online . Board of Trustees of the Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew. 2025. Retrieved 13 June 2025.
  2. "The Encyclopedia of New Zealand: Pepper trees: horopito and kawakawa".
  3. Heenan, P. B.; de Lange, P. J. (2006). "Pseudowintera insperata (Winteraceae), an overlooked and rare new species from northern New Zealand". New Zealand Journal of Botany. 44 (1): 89–98. Bibcode:2006NZJB...44...89H. doi:10.1080/0028825X.2006.9513008. ISSN   1175-8643. S2CID   84044658.
  4. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 Vennell, Robert (2019). The Meaning of Trees. Auckland: HarperCollins UK. pp. 28–31. ISBN   978-1-77554-130-1. LCCN   2019403535. OCLC   1088638115. OL   28714658M. Wikidata   Q118646408.
  5. Gemmill, Chrissen; Clarkson, Bruce; Green, Allan; Beard, Catherine; Burns, Bruce; Holzapfel, Avi; Hicks, Brendan (1 March 2006). "Winteraceae". BIOL226C Flora of New Zealand. Hamilton, New Zealand: University of Waikato. Retrieved 6 February 2018. Pseudowintera traversii (Travers horopito) Compactly branched shrub up to 2m tall. Leaves are 2-2.5cm long, ovate-oblong, very thick and coriaceous, dull green above, bluish-green below. Flowers solitary or in pairs. Found only in N.W. Nelson growing on montane forest margins and scrub. Foliage of Pseudowintera traversii, note that the leaves are small and the branching is quite dense
  6. "Kaituna Farm". Archived from the original on 2012-11-09. Retrieved 2012-09-26.
  7. McCallion, R. F., A. L. Cole, J. R. L. Walker, J. W. Blunt, and M. H. G. Munro. 1982. Antibiotic compounds from New Zealand plants, II: polygodial, an anti-Candida agent from Pseudowintera colorata. Planta Med. 44:134-138
  8. Lee, S.H., Lee, J.R., Lunde, Kubo, I., In vitro antifungal susceptibilities of Candida albicans and other fungal pathogens to polygodial, a sesquiterpene dialdehyde. 1999, Planta Medica 65, pp 204-208