| Pyrenidium | |
|---|---|
Scientific classification  | |
| Domain: | Eukaryota |
| Kingdom: | Fungi |
| Division: | Ascomycota |
| Class: | Dothideomycetes |
| Order: | Pleosporales |
| Family: | Pyrenidiaceae Zahlbr. (1898) |
| Genus: | Pyrenidium Nyl. (1865) |
| Type species | |
| Pyrenidium actinellum Nyl. (1865) | |
| Synonyms [1] | |
Pyrenidium is a genus of lichenicolous (lichen-dwelling) fungi. It is the only genus in the family Pyrenidiaceae. [2] It has 13 species.
The genus was circumscribed by Finnish lichenologist William Nylander in 1865, with Pyrenidium actinellum assigned as the type species. [3] The family was originally proposed by Alexander Zahlbruckner in 1898, and later resurrected for use in 2019. Pyrenidium was previously classified in Dacampiaceae, but molecular phylogenetic analysis showed that this family was polyphyletic, and that Pyrenidium originated from a lineage distinct from the genera in that family. [4]
Members of the genus have ascomata that are perithecioid in form, often with blue-green pigment in the upper wall of the peridia. Their ascomata are either immersed in the host thallus, or bursting through surface ( erumpent ), exposing the upper part of the structure (sometimes still covered by tissue of the host thalli). They have bitunicate asci that contain from four to eight ascospores. Infection by the fungus sometimes causes gall-like malformations of the host thallus. [4]
As of September 2022 [update] , Species Fungorum (in the Catalogue of Life) accepts 13 species of Pyrenidium: [5]
The Arthoniales is the second largest order of mainly crustose lichens, but fruticose lichens are present as well. The order contains around 1500 species, while the largest order with lichenized fungi, the Lecanorales, contains more than 14000 species.
Rimularia is a genus of lichenized fungi in the family Trapeliaceae. Rimularia was circumscribed by Finnish botanist William Nylander in 1868.
Cladia is a genus of lichen-forming fungi in the family Cladoniaceae. Cladia species have a crustose or squamulose (scaly) primary thallus and a fruticose, secondary thallus, often referred to as pseudopodetium. The type species of the genus, Cladia aggregata, is widely distributed, occurring in South America, South Africa, Australasia and South-East Asia to southern Japan and India. Most of the other species are found in the Southern Hemisphere.
Amandinea is a genus of lichenized fungi in the family Caliciaceae. Genetic studies indicates that the genus Amandinea and Buellia are the same, although this is not widely accepted.
Stigmidium is a genus of lichenicolous (lichen-eating) fungi in the family Mycosphaerellaceae. The genus was circumscribed by Italian botanist Vittore Benedetto Antonio Trevisan de Saint-Léon in 1860, with Stigmidium schaereri assigned as the type species.
Anisomeridium is a genus of lichens in the family Monoblastiaceae. The type species was originally named Arthopyrenia xylogena by Swiss botanist Johannes Müller Argoviensis in 1883; in 1928, Maurice Choisy defined the genus Anisomeridium, designating A. xylogena the type species.
Agonimia is a genus of lichen-forming fungi in the family Verrucariaceae.
Endococcus is a genus of lichenicolous (lichen-dwelling) in the family Lichenotheliaceae. It has 44 species. The genus was circumscribed by the Finnish botanist William Nylander in 1855. Although at least one source places the genus in the Verrucariaceae, a 2016 study of the type species, Endococcus rugulosus, determined that it should instead be placed in the family Lichenotheliaceae of the order Dothideales; this classification echoes a placement proposed in 1979 by David Hawksworth.
Collemopsidium is a genus of fungi in the family Xanthopyreniaceae. Some members of this genus are marine species, and described as "borderline lichens" or "algicolous" fungi. The genus was circumscribed by Finnish botanist William Nylander in 1881.
Lecidella is a genus of crustose lichens in the family Lecanoraceae.
Candelariella is a genus of bright yellow, ocher, or greenish yellow crustose or squamulose lichens in the family Candelariaceae. Members of the genus are commonly called eggyolk lichens, goldspeck lichens, or yolk lichens. The genus was circumscribed in 1894 by Swiss lichenologist Johannes Müller Argoviensis, with Candelariella vitellina assigned as the type species.
Absconditella is a genus of lichenised fungi in the family Stictidaceae. The genus was circumscribed in 1965 by Czech lichenologist Antonín Vězda, with Absconditella sphagnorum assigned as the type species. Absconditella is characterised by gyalectoid apothecia with a hymenium that is not amyloid, without a dark pigment and thalli containing green algae as photobionts. The genus name means "hidden", a reference to the scant structure of the thallus and its small apothecia.
Thelopsis is a genus of lichenized fungi in the family Stictidaceae. It was circumscribed by Finnish lichenologist William Nylander in 1855, with Thelopsis rubella as the type species.
Taitaia is a single-species fungal genus in the family Gomphillaceae. It was circumscribed in 2018 to contain the species Taitaia aurea, a lichenicolous (lichen-dwelling) fungus. This species is characterized by aggregated ascomata with yellow margins, and salmon-red discs that originate from a single base. It is known only from a few sites in Kenya's tropical lower-mountain forests, where it grows on thalli of the lichen Crocodia.
Coenogonium is a genus of filamentous lichens in the monotypic family Coenogoniaceae. It has about 90 species. Most species are leaf-dwelling or grow on bark, although a few are known to grow on rocks under certain conditions, and some are restricted to growth on termite nests. The genus was circumscribed in 1820 by German naturalist Christian Gottfried Ehrenberg.
Schaereria is a genus of lichen-forming fungi. It is the sole genus in the family Schaereriaceae, which itself is the only family in the Schaereriales, an order in the subclass Ostropomycetidae of the class Lecanoromycetes. Most Schaereria species are crustose lichens that live on rocks. Schaereria was first proposed by Gustav Wilhelm Körber in 1855 and was later taken up by other lichenologists despite periods of disuse.
Fulvophyton is a genus of lichen-forming fungi in the family Roccellographaceae. It has 11 species. Fulvophyton is characterised by its crust-like thallus, which is often pale yellowish-brown in colour. This genus features a photobiont from the green algal genus Trentepohlia and exhibits a unique arrangement of reproductive structures.
Fauriea is a genus of lichen-forming fungi in the family Teloschistaceae. The genus, which contains seven species, is a member of the subfamily Caloplacoideae.
Loekoesia is a genus of lichen-forming fungi in the family Teloschistaceae. It contains three species of saxicolous (rock-dwelling), crustose lichens. Collectively, the genus occurs in South Korea, Mauritius, and the United States. The genus is distinguished by its grey, crust-like thallus, which can be either whole or divided into patch-like segments. Loekoesia lichens have bright white, rounded soralia, which produce bluish to whitish powdery propagules (soredia) and are arranged in irregular groups on the thallus.