Pythium dissotocum

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Pythium dissotocum
Scientific classification OOjs UI icon edit-ltr.svg
Domain: Eukaryota
Clade: Diaphoretickes
Clade: SAR
Clade: Stramenopiles
Phylum: Oomycota
Order: Peronosporales
Family: Pythiaceae
Genus: Pythium
Species:
P. dissotocum
Binomial name
Pythium dissotocum
Drechsler, (1930) [1]
Synonyms

Pythium perigynosum [2]

Pythium dissotocum is a plant pathogen infecting strawberry and rice.

Contents

Disease cycle

Pythium dissotocum is a polycyclic oomycete root rot capable of both sexual and asexual reproduction. In its mid-season asexual phase, P. dissotocum disperses by forming filamentous sporangia, which produce vesicles housing 10-75 motile zoospores. [3] [4] Vesicles open, releasing zoospores which contact host roots, encyst, and produce a germ tube which infects the host root, and begins formation of mycelium. [5] [6]

In sexual reproduction, if multiple mating types are present, hyphal antheridium can contact each other and undergo plasmogamy, merging their membranes near the end of growing season. After several steps of differentiation and meiosis, an oospore, the primary survival structure, is formed. [5] [6] These thick-walled oospores can remain dormant for many months, and will eventually germinate through two methods. A sporangium can be produced, which generates a cyst and releases zoospores, or the oospore can create a germ tube which can directly penetrate and infect a host. [4] [5] This disease cycle is extremely dependent on water for dispersal, making greenhouses, irrigation systems, and hydroponics especially prone to spread of P. dissotocum. [7]

Importance

P. dissotocum is primarily a water-borne pathogen, and as a result poses serious threats to plants grown via hydroponics [8] and by irrigation. [7] With motile spores that can move quickly, infection spreads rapidly in water-logged crops and hydroponic systems. P. dissotocum can infect a large range of hosts, including many agricultural and horticultural crops like lettuce, spinach, peppers, parsnip, parsley, tomato, sugar cane, and carrot [4] [9] [10] [11] [12] [13] [14] and hydroponic Cannabis sativa . [15] Other economic products are threatened by the presence of P. dissotocum, including tree nurseries, [16] [17] maize/corn, and soybeans. Infection of P. dissotocum can lead to significant loss of crop yield due to necrosis of roots, root lesions, chlorosis, and damping off. [9] [18] [19] This results in severe economic loss for farmers growing both sustenance crops, and commercial products. The organism is found in many regions across the Americas, Europe, and Asia, meaning that increasing globalization could cause introduction of the pathogen to potentially vulnerable crops and ecosystems.[ citation needed ]

Diagnosis

RTPCR methods are available. [20]

Control

As a root rot, it tends to have more severe effects on young plants and seedlings, where it can damage and kill newly forming roots necessary for plant growth and nutrient acquisition. [21] As a result, many control methods involve limiting the amount of exposure early in the season. Effective measure include application of fungicides like mefenoxam and phosphonates, often in conjunction. [16] Additionally, inoculation with Pseudomonas chlororaphis, a common biocontrol inoculant used in horticulture, has potential to suppress symptoms of P. dissotocum infection, but is currently inconsistent in current trials, and doesn't block colonization. [22] Like most root rots, P. dissotocum thrives in wet conditions. Preventing over-watering will help reduce infection in soil. Engaging in sanitation or fungicide treatment of tools and water can help reduce transmission and infection of P. dissotocum especially in irrigation or hydroponic systems. [23] If infection has occurred, recovery can sometimes occur by trimming off damaged roots, and sterilizing those that are still white and healthy. [18] [24]

Related Research Articles

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Phytophthora sojae is an oomycete and a soil-borne plant pathogen that causes stem and root rot of soybean. This is a prevalent disease in most soybean growing regions, and a major cause of crop loss. In wet conditions the pathogen produces zoospores that move in water and are attracted to soybean roots. Zoospores can attach to roots, germinate, and infect the plant tissues. Diseased roots develop lesions that may spread up the stem and eventually kill the entire plant. Phytophthora sojae also produces oospores that can remain dormant in the soil over the winter, or longer, and germinate when conditions are favourable. Oospores may also be spread by animals or machinery.

<i>Phytophthora palmivora</i> Species of single-celled organism

Phytophthora palmivora is an oomycete that causes bud-rot of palms, fruit-rot or kole-roga of coconut and areca nut. These are among the most serious diseases caused by fungi and moulds in South India. It occurs almost every year in Malnad, Mysore, North & South Kanara, Malabar and other areas. Similar diseases of palms are also known to occur in Sri Lanka, Mauritius, and Sumatra. The causative organism was first identified as P. palmivora by Edwin John Butler in 1917.

Aphanomyces euteiches is a water mould, or oomycete, plant pathogen responsible for the disease Aphanomyces root rot. The species Aphanomyces euteiches can infect a variety of legumes. Symptoms of the disease can differ among hosts but generally include reduced root volume and function, leading to stunting and chlorotic foliage. Aphanomyces root rot is an important agricultural disease in the United States, Europe, Australia, New Zealand, and Japan. Management includes using resistant crop varieties and having good soil drainage, as well as testing soil for the pathogen to avoid infected fields.

<i>Phytophthora cactorum</i> Species of single-celled organism

Phytophthora cactorum is a fungal-like plant pathogen belonging to the Oomycota phylum. It is the causal agent of root rot on rhododendron and many other species, as well as leather rot of strawberries.

<i>Phytophthora medicaginis</i> Species of single-celled organism

Phytophthora medicaginis is an oomycete plant pathogen that causes root rot in alfalfa and chickpea. It is a major disease of these plants and is found wherever they are grown. P. medicaginis causes failure of stand establishment because of seedling death. Phytophthora medicaginis is part of a species complex with Phytophthora megasperma.

Phytophthora nicotianae or black shank is an oomycete belonging to the order Peronosporales and family Peronosporaceae.

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Pythium ultimum is a plant pathogen. It causes damping off and root rot diseases of hundreds of diverse plant hosts including corn, soybean, potato, wheat, fir, and many ornamental species. P. ultimum belongs to the peronosporalean lineage of oomycetes, along with other important plant pathogens such as Phytophthora spp. and many genera of downy mildews. P. ultimum is a frequent inhabitant of fields, freshwater ponds, and decomposing vegetation in most areas of the world. Contributing to the widespread distribution and persistence of P. ultimum is its ability to grow saprotrophically in soil and plant residue. This trait is also exhibited by most Pythium spp. but not by the related Phytophthora spp., which can only colonize living plant hosts.

<i>Phytophthora erythroseptica</i> Species of single-celled organism

Phytophthora erythroseptica—also known as pink rot along with several other species of Phytophthora—is a plant pathogen. It infects potatoes causing their tubers to turn pink and damages leaves. It also infects tulips (Tulipa) damaging their leaves and shoots.

Pythium aphanidermatum is a soil borne plant pathogen. Pythium is a genus in the class Oomycetes, which are also known as water molds. Oomycetes are not true fungi, as their cell walls are made of cellulose instead of chitin, they are diploid in their vegetative state, and they form coenocytic hyphae. Also, they reproduce asexually with motile biflagelette zoospores that require water to move towards and infect a host. Sexually, they reproduce with structures called antheridia, oogonia, and oospores.

Pythium graminicola is a plant pathogen infecting cereals.

Pythium myriotylum is a soil-borne oomycete necrotroph that has a broad host range, this means that it can infect a wide range of plants.

Pythium volutum is a plant pathogen infecting wheat, barley, and turfgrass. It is known to be sensitive to some of the compounds typically present in selective media commonly used for isolating Pythium spp., so isolation may require alternative methods.

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<i>Phytophthora capsici</i> Species of single-celled organism

Phytophthora capsici is an oomycete plant pathogen that causes blight and fruit rot of peppers and other important commercial crops. It was first described by L. Leonian at the New Mexico State University Agricultural Experiment Station in Las Cruces in 1922 on a crop of chili peppers. In 1967, a study by M. M. Satour and E. E. Butler found 45 species of cultivated plants and weeds susceptible to P. capsici In Greek, Phytophthora capsici means "plant destroyer of capsicums". P. capsici has a wide range of hosts including members of the families Solanaceae and Cucurbitaceae as well as Fabaceae.

<i>Pythium sulcatum</i> Species of single-celled organism

Pythium sulcatum is a chromalveolate plant pathogen infecting carrots. Because this organism was once thought to be a type of fungus, it is still often treated as such.

Globisporangium sylvaticum is a plant pathogen, an oomycete known to cause root rot and damping off in a multitude of species. These species include apples, carrot, cherry laurel, cress, cucumber, garlic, lettuce, pea, rhododendron, and spinach. Symptoms of infection include stunting, wilt, chlorosis, and browning and eventual necrosis of roots. The pathogen can by identified by the presence of thick, microscopic, round spores within the cells of the root.

Phytophthora hydropathica is an oomycete plant pathogen that is found in aquatic environments such as irrigation and river water. The pathogen was previously classified as P. drechsleri Dre II before being categorized as its own distinct species. P. hydropathica has been primarily found in association with ornamental plant nurseries. The pathogen has been isolated throughout the Southern United States, as well as internationally in Mexico, Italy, and Spain.

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References

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