R-Type

Last updated

R-Type
R-Type arcade flyer.jpg
Japanese arcade flyer
Developer(s) Irem
Publisher(s)
Producer(s) Kinte
Designer(s) Abiko
Programmer(s)
  • Sum
  • Misachin
Artist(s)
  • Akio Oyabu
  • Yoshige
Composer(s) Masato Ishizaki
Series R-Type
Platform(s)
Release
May 15, 1987
  • Arcade
    Turbografx 16
    • JP: March 25, 1988 (part 1)
    • JP: June 3, 1988 (part 2)
    • JP: December 20, 1991 (CD complete)
    • NA: 1989
    Master System
    • JP: October 1, 1988
    • NA: December 1988 [5]
    • EU: March 1989
    PC-88
    • JP: October 1988
    MSX2
    • JP: December 9, 1988
    Atari ST
    Commodore 64
    ZX Spectrum
    X68000
    • JP: June 9, 1989
    Amiga
    Amstrad CPC
    Game Boy
    • JP: March 19, 1991
    • NA: May 1991
    • EU: 1991
    Java ME
    Xbox Live Arcade
    • WW: February 4, 2009
    iOS Devices
    • WW: August 26, 2010
    Android
    • WW: September 12, 2011
Genre(s) Scrolling shooter
Mode(s) Single-player, multiplayer
Arcade system Irem M72

R-Type [lower-alpha 1] is a horizontally scrolling shooter arcade video game developed and released by Irem in 1987 and the first game in the R-Type series. The player controls a star ship, the R-9 "Arrowhead", in its efforts to destroy the Bydo, a powerful alien race bent on wiping out all of mankind. The R-9 can acquire a glowing orbicular device called a "Force", protecting it from enemy fire and providing additional firepower. The arcade version was distributed by Nintendo in North America; it is the last arcade title Nintendo distributed.

Contents

R-Type was the first game to run on Irem's 16-bit M72 arcade system. The development team drew inspiration from Gradius , Aliens and works by H.R. Giger. The music was composed by Masato Ishizaki, while character designs were by Akio Oyabu. [6] [7] The game's title stems from the word "ray", as in a ray of light, in reference to the player's raylike weapons used throughout the game.

R-Type was commercially successful and celebrated by critics for its graphics and addictive gameplay, but was criticized for its difficulty. It is commonly cited as one of the best shoot 'em up video games, and one of the greatest video games of all time. Its success inspired several sequel and spinoff games, and home ports and releases for digital distribution services. A remake of the game was released as R-Type DX for the Game Boy Color in 2000. A 3D remake, R-Type Dimensions , was released for the Xbox 360 in 2009; for the PlayStation 3 in 2014; for the Nintendo Switch, PlayStation 4, and Windows in 2018; and for iOS in 2019.

Gameplay

Fighting Dobkeratops, the game's first boss, in the arcade version ARC R-Type.png
Fighting Dobkeratops, the game's first boss, in the arcade version

The game has a generally slower pace than similar shooting games of the time and emphasizes enemy pattern memorization as much as player speed. It is composed of eight levels, with a boss enemy at the end of each. The player controls a small spacecraft and must navigate terrain and fight enemies using the various ship weapons. The player's spacecraft has, by default, a weak but rapid-firing main gun; and a more powerful gun called a Wave Cannon, which requires the player to hold their fire to build up power for the cannon.

During the game, the player can obtain an auxiliary device called a Force. This resembles a glowing orange ball. The Force can be attached to the front or back of the player's spacecraft, or detached to fly freely. When attached, the Force provides one of three different powerful weapons, in addition to the main gun and the Wave Cannon.

When detached, these weapons cannot be used, but the Force will instead resort to a secondary set of guns, which can be fired by the player even if the Force is at a distance from the spacecraft. The Force has a secondary use as a shield; it is completely indestructible and can block most things fired at it, as well as damage or destroy enemies on contact. Game designer AKIBO mentioned the behavior of dung beetles as an inspiration for the Force. [8] [9]

The R- in the series title stands for "ray", as in a ray of light, in reference to the many different types of rayed weapons that players use in the series. [8]

Development

Development on the Commodore 64 version began when Activision's Electric Dreams Software subsidiary obtained the rights. David Jolliff was planning on to program the game with James Smart assisting in program help. The original version was shelved, and as a result of the settlement between the creators of Katakis and Activision, Manfred Trenz of Rainbow Arts had the right to do a port, which was made in six weeks. [10]

Release

Hudson Soft developed [11] a fairly accurate port of R-Type that was released for the TurboGrafx-16 (a.k.a. PC Engine) console, although it suffered from a slightly lower resolution, reduced colour palette, sprite flickering and slowdown. Due to the slightly reduced resolution, the playfield also scrolls slightly in the vertical axis whenever the player's ship approaches the top or bottom of the screen. The Japanese release was split across two game cards (HuCards) titled R-Type I (アール・タイプI, Āru Taipu Wan) and R-Type II (アール・タイプII, Āru Taipu Tsū) [12] and the later North American release contained the entire game on a single card. [13] The TurboGrafx-16 version of R-Type has a boss at the end of Stage 6, rather than a prolonged wave of enemies as in all other versions.

The Xbox Live Arcade game R-Type Dimensions was released on February 4, 2009, by Tozai Games. It is a port of the original R-Type and the sequel R-Type II. It can be played either with the original 2D graphics or with new 3D graphics, and has added co-op gameplay functionality. An analogous version for PS3 has been released in May, 2014. [14]

The TurboGrafx-16 version of R-Type was one of the first games confirmed for Nintendo's Virtual Console.[ citation needed ] The Japanese release for the Wii is split between two downloads, mirroring the original format of the game. [15] [16] The Japanese releases for the Nintendo 3DS and Wii U use the North American version instead of the Japanese one, presenting the game as a single download; however, the game was removed from the Nintendo 3DS and Wii U stores on July 30, 2020. [17] [18]

The Master System version became available as well on the Virtual Console for Japan on May 19, 2009, for North America on November 2, 2009, and for Europe on September 25, 2009; [19] however, due to licensing issues, this version was delisted on September 30, 2011, in North America and Europe [20] and October 18, 2011, in Japan.

In 2010, DotEmu developed an iOS port of R-Type, published by Electronic Arts, released also for Android in September 2011.

Tozai Games returned in 2018 and re-issued an updated digital-only release of "R-Type Dimensions", now carrying the title "R-Type Dimensions EX", now landing on Steam, PlayStation 4 and Nintendo Switch. [21] Strictly Limited Games released physical copies of the PlayStation 4 and Nintendo Switch versions in February 2019. These were limited to 2,000 and 3,000 copies respectively. [22] Collector's Edition variants were also issued which contained a hardcover artbook, dog tags, stickers and cards, once again limited to 1,000 on the PlayStation 4 and 2,000 on the Nintendo Switch. [23] [24]

Reception

Arcade

In Japan, Game Machine listed R-Type on their August 1, 1987 issue as being the most-successful table arcade cabinet of the month. [41] It went on to be Japan's highest-grossing table arcade game of 1987. [42] Later in 1988, it was the year's third highest-grossing arcade conversion kit [43] and sixth highest overall arcade game. [44]

The original R-Type was well received by most gaming critics. However, it was also infamous for its relentless difficulty. [45] Clare Edgeley of Computer and Video Games selected R-Type as the "game of the month" in July 1987. [3] The following month, Commodore User magazine gave it a highly positive review and noted that it drew large crowds queuing up at arcades. [37]

Consoles

According to Mega Guide in 1992, R-Type had sold "squillions on hand-held". [46]

A successful 1988 port to the Master System was immediately recognized as one of the best games available in the Sega library. A Mean Machines magazine review praised in particular the graphics and the high quality of the challenge offered by the game, awarding it an overall rating of 92%. [38] In 1989, ACE listed it as one of the top five best games available for both the PC Engine and Master System. [25]

A 1995 article in Next Generation stated that the "PC Engine [TurboGrafx-16] conversion of Irem's arcade smash R-Type is still regarded as the system's definitive contribution to the shoot 'em up genre." [47] The following year they listed both it and the arcade original (but not any other ports of the game) at number 98 in their "Top 100 Games of All Time", praising its art direction, graphics, design innovations, and huge bosses. [48]

In a retrospective review, Allgame editor Shawn Sackenheim described the TurboGrafx-16 version of R-Type as "(the) most accurate home conversion (of the arcade version) of the game", furthermore stating that "it's the shooter that started it all and it's still a thrill ride from beginning to end". [30]

Computers

The ZX Spectrum version of R-Type was awarded 9/10 in the January 1989 issue of Your Sinclair [49] and was placed at number 6 in their official top 100. The Games Machine praised the "incredible use of colour" and that it "blows away almost every other shoot'em up on the Spectrum". Crash congratulated Electric Dreams for "retaining the frenetic arcade feel and producing such a brilliant game". Sinclair User praised the weapons system and difficulty curve. C+VG concluded their review by saying "an excellent shoot'em up that's both challenging and addictive. An absolute must for Spectrum blasting fanatics".

The game was runner-up in the category of Best 8-Bit Coin-Op Conversion of the Year at the Golden Joystick Awards, behind Operation Wolf . [40]

The implementation of the music in the C64 version was well received, however this port got average reviews due to performance issues and glitches.

Legacy

Irem has developed a number of sequels and related games, including R-Type II and Armed Police Unit Gallop . Their XMultiply , although not part of the series, has similar themes and gameplay, and was released around the same time as R-Type II. However, before any of these games was Katakis , a 1987 clone produced by Factor 5 for the Commodore 64 and the Amiga.

In 1991, Konami released Xexex , a game heavily influenced by R-Type and XMultiply. The game used similar weapons and concepts, such as the "Flint" being a combination of R-Type Force and X Multiply tentacle equipment.

Other games similar to R-Type are Rezon, released by Allumer in 1991, [50] Aicom's Pulstar and Blazing Star (the latter published under Yumekobo) for the Neo Geo, and Technosoft's 1992 title Thunder Force IV for the Sega Genesis.

On April 1, 2019, Granzella announced the development of R-Type Final 2, a sequel to R-Type Final.

A remake of the game has been announced for release exclusively for the Intellivision Amico. [51]

Chris Huelsbeck composed new title songs for Amiga and Commodore 64 versions which have remained as popular targets for game music remixers. Anthem-like Amiga theme is composed by Huelsbeck alone while C64's faster theme is composed by Huelsbeck with Ramiro Vaca.

Adaptations

Notes

  1. ↑ Japanese: アール・タイプ, Hepburn: Āru Taipu

Related Research Articles

<span class="mw-page-title-main">TurboGrafx-16</span> Fourth-generation home video game console

The TurboGrafx-16, known as the PC Engine outside North America, is a home video game console designed by Hudson Soft and sold by NEC Home Electronics. It was the first console marketed in the fourth generation, commonly known as the 16-bit era, though the console has an 8-bit central processing unit (CPU) coupled with a 16-bit graphics processor. It was released in Japan in 1987 and in North America in 1989. In Europe the Japanese model was unofficially imported and distributed in the United Kingdom and France from 1988. In Japan, the system was launched as a competitor to the Famicom, but the delayed United States release meant that it ended up competing with the Sega Genesis and later the Super NES.

<i>Chase H.Q.</i> 1987 video game

Chase H.Q. is a vehicular combat racing game, originally released as an arcade video game by Taito in 1988. It is sometimes seen as a spiritual successor to Taito's earlier Full Throttle. The player assumes the role of a police officer named Tony Gibson, member of the "Chase Special Investigation Department". Along with his partner, Raymond Broady, he must stop fleeing criminals in high-speed pursuits in a black Porsche 928.

<i>Salamander</i> (video game) 1986 video game

Salamander, retitled Life Force in North America and in the Japanese arcade re-release, is a scrolling shooter arcade video game developed and published by Konami. Released in 1986 as a spin-off of Gradius, Salamander introduced a simplified power-up system, two-player cooperative gameplay and both horizontally and vertically scrolling stages. Some of these later became normal for future Gradius games. In Japanese, the title is written using ateji, which are kanji used for spelling foreign words that has been supplanted in everyday use by katakana. Contra, another game by Konami was also given this treatment, with its title written in Japanese as 魂斗羅.

<i>Image Fight</i> 1988 video game

Image Fight is a 1988 vertically scrolling shooter arcade video game developed and published by Irem. It was ported to the Nintendo Entertainment System, PC Engine (Japan-only), Sharp X68000 (Japan-only), and FM Towns (Japan-only) in 1990.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">TurboDuo</span> Fourth-generation video game console

The TurboDuo is a fourth-generation video game console developed by NEC Home Electronics and Hudson Soft for the North American market. The TurboDuo was test-marketed in Los Angeles in October 1992, before a nationwide rollout in May 1993. It is the North American version of the Japanese PC Engine Duo game console which was released in September 1991.

<i>R-Type II</i> 1989 video game

R-Type II is a horizontally scrolling shooter developed and published by Irem. It was released in arcades in 1989. It is the sequel to R-Type, and the second game in the R-Type series.

<i>Galaga 88</i> 1987 video game

Galaga '88 is a 1987 fixed shooter arcade video game by Namco. It is the third sequel to Galaxian. It features significantly improved graphics over the previous games in the series, including detailed backgrounds, larger enemies and greater ship details. The game runs on Namco System 1 hardware.

The Virtual Console is a defunct line of downloadable video games for Nintendo's Wii and Wii U home video game consoles and the Nintendo 3DS family of systems.

<i>Dragon Spirit</i> 1987 video game

Dragon Spirit is a 1987 vertical-scrolling shooter arcade game developed and published by Namco. In North America, it was distributed by Atari Games. Controlling the dragon Amur, the player must complete each of the game's nine areas to rescue the princess Alicia from the demon Zawell. Similar to Namco's own Xevious, Amur has a projectile weapon for destroying air-based enemies and a bomb for destroying ground enemies. It ran on the Namco System 1 arcade board.

<i>Forgotten Worlds</i> 1988 video game

Forgotten Worlds, titled Lost Worlds in Japan, is a side-scrolling shooter video game by Capcom, originally released as a coin-operated arcade game in 1988. It is notable for being the first title released by Capcom for their CP System arcade game hardware.

<i>Bonks Adventure</i> 1989 video game

Bonk's Adventure, known as PC Genjin in Japan and BC Kid in Europe, is a scrolling platform game developed by Red Company and Atlus and released in 1989 in Japan and 1990 in North America for the PC Engine/TurboGrafx-16. The Japanese title PC Genjin is a play on the system's original name, PC Engine, with the European title PC Kid similarly referencing the system's name. The first game in the Bonk series, it was followed by two more games for the TurboGrafx-16 before branching out to other platforms.

<i>Wonder Boy III: Monster Lair</i> 1988 arcade video game

Wonder Boy III: Monster Lair is a side-scrolling action game developed by Westone Bit Entertainment that was originally released for the arcades by Sega in 1988. It is the third game in the Wonder Boy series and the last one released for the arcade. A console adaptation was made by Hudson Soft, released in 1989 in Japan for the PC Engine CD-ROM² System and the subsequent North American release on the TurboGrafx-CD dropped the 'Wonder Boy III' title. It was also converted and released by Sega for the Mega Drive in Japan in 1990 and Europe in 1991. Both, the TurboGrafx-CD and Mega Drive versions have been re-released for the Wii Virtual Console.

<i>Mr. Heli</i> 1987 video game

Mr. Heli, fully titled in Japan as Mr. HELI no Daibōken is a multidirectional scrolling shooter developed and published in arcades in 1987 by Irem. It was released in North America as Battle Chopper.

<i>Ninja Spirit</i> 1988 video game

Ninja Spirit, known in Japan as Saigo no Nindou, is a 1988 platform game developed and released in arcades by Irem. Although praised by gamers for detailed graphics, serious themes, solid controls and gameplay, the game also was criticized for its harsh difficulty.

<i>China Warrior</i> 1987 video game

China Warrior, known as The Kung Fu in Japan, is a beat 'em up video game created in 1987 by Hudson Soft for the PC Engine/TurboGrafx-16. The game received mixed reviews upon release, with praise for its large sprite graphics but criticism towards its gameplay.

<i>Blazing Lazers</i> 1989 Japanese-American video game

Gunhed, known as Blazing Lazers in North America, is a vertically scrolling shooter game by Hudson Soft and Compile, based on the Japanese film Gunhed. The title was released in 1989, for the PC Engine in Japan and re-skinned for the TurboGrafx-16 in North America, with Gunhed unofficially imported for the PC Engine in Europe. In the game, a fictional galaxy is under attack by an enemy space armada called the Dark Squadron, and this galaxy's only chance for survival is the Gunhed Advanced Star Fighter, who must destroy the Dark Squadron and its Super Weapons. The gameplay features fast vertical scrolling and a wide array of weapons for the player to use.

<i>Vigilante</i> (video game) 1988 video game

Vigilante (ビジランテ) is a 1988 beat 'em up arcade video game developed and published by Irem in Japan and Europe, and published in North America by Data East. It is considered as a spiritual sequel to Irem's earlier Kung-Fu Master (1984).

<i>Bonk 3: Bonks Big Adventure</i> 1993 video game

Bonk 3: Bonk's Big Adventure is an action video game released for the TurboGrafx-16 in 1993, the third game in the Bonk video game series.

<i>Legend of Hero Tonma</i> 1989 video game

Legend of Hero Tonma (レジェンド・オブ・ヒーロー・トンマ) is a side scrolling platform game released by Irem to arcades in 1989. The player controls a caped hero named Tommy in his quest to rescue a princess. Tommy can cast fireballs to dispatch enemies, and jump on their heads to temporarily stun them.

The 1980s was the second decade in the industry's history. It was a decade of highs and lows for video games. The decade began amidst a boom in the arcade business with giants like Atari still dominating the American market since the late-1970s. Another, the rising influence of the home computer, and a lack of quality in the games themselves led to an implosion of the video game market that nearly destroyed the industry in North America. It took home consoles years to recover from the crash, but Nintendo filled in the void with its Nintendo Entertainment System, reviving interest in consoles. Up until this point, most investors believed video games to be a fad that has since passed. In the remaining years of the decade, Sega ignites a console war with Nintendo, developers that had been affected by the crash experimented with the more advanced graphics of the PC, and Nintendo released the Game Boy, which would become the best-selling handheld gaming device for the next two-decades. Other consoles releases in the decade included the Intellivision, TurboGrafx-16 and Sega Genesis. Notable games of the 1980s included Super Mario Bros, Duck Hunt, Metroid, Elite, SimCity, Galaga,Pitfall!, Frogger, Mike Tyson's Punch-Out!!, Defender, Mega Man 2, The Legend of Zelda, Castlevania, Ghosts 'n Goblins, Super Mario Bros. 2, Bubble Bobble, Double Dragon,Final Fight, Ninja Gaiden,Tetris, Adventure, Joust, Robotron: 2084, Pac-Man, Dig Dug, Arkanoid,Populous, R-Type, Contra, Donkey Kong, Centipede, Super Mario Bros. 3, Prince of Persia, Sid Meier's Pirates!, Where in the World Is Carmen Sandiego?,Gauntlet, Dragon's Lair, Golden Axe, Ms. Pac-Man, Out Run, Dungeon Master,Final Fantasy, Altered Beast, Shinobi, Lode Runner, Battlezone,Dragon Quest, Ultima IV: Quest of the Avatar, and Marble Madness.

References

  1. ↑ "Video Game Flyers: Electrocoin Sales (UK)". The Arcade Flyer Archive. Retrieved June 10, 2021.
  2. ↑ "R-Type (Registration Number PA0000340908)". United States Copyright Office . Retrieved June 10, 2021.
  3. 1 2 3 4 Edgeley, Clare (July 15, 1987). "Arcade Action". Computer and Video Games . No. 70 (August 1987). pp. 110–2.
  4. ↑ "Nintendo's 'R-Type' Dedicated Game". Cashbox. October 24, 1987.
  5. ↑ "Availability Update" (PDF). Computer Entertainer . January 1989. p. 12.
  6. ↑ Tanaka, Haruhisa (March 25, 2014). "R-Type Creator Interview (クリエイターインタビュー): Masato Ishizaki (石崎正人)". Shooting Gameside (in Japanese). Vol. 9. Micro Magazine. pp. 50–57. ISBN   978-4896374551. (Translation by Shmuplations. Archived 2020-01-23 at the Wayback Machine ).
  7. ↑ "R-TYPE ORIGINAL SOUND BOX". Clarice Shop (in Japanese). City Connection. 2021. Archived from the original on February 11, 2021. Retrieved March 9, 2021.
  8. 1 2 Ishii, Zenji; Suzuki, GOD (December 1987). "R-TYPE開発座談会; R-TYPE Q&A". Gamest (in Japanese). No. 15. Shinseisha. pp. 10–12. (Translation by Shmuplations. Archived 2019-12-30 at the Wayback Machine ).
  9. ↑ "ゲームデザ イナー大全集". Famitsu (in Japanese). No. 151. ASCII Corporation. November 8, 1991. pp. 85–100. (Translation by Shmuplations. Archived 2020-05-20 at the Wayback Machine ).
  10. ↑ "R-Type V1 (C64) - 1988 Electric Dreams - GTW64". Games That Weren't. 1988. Retrieved December 11, 2021.
  11. ↑ blackoak. "shmuplations.com". shmuplations.com. Retrieved June 12, 2019.
  12. ↑ "Video Game Den". Video Game Den. Retrieved August 13, 2011.
  13. ↑ "R-Type". Hardcore Gaming 101. Archived from the original on February 2, 2016. Retrieved August 13, 2011.
  14. ↑ "R-Type Dimensions Out Today on PS3 – PlayStation.Blog". blog.us.playstation.com. May 20, 2014. Retrieved September 4, 2015.
  15. ↑ "Wii Virtual Console". Nintendo.co.jp (in Japanese). Retrieved March 30, 2020.
  16. ↑ "Wii Virtual Console". Nintendo.co.jp (in Japanese). Retrieved March 30, 2020.
  17. ↑ "R-TYPE | ニンテンドー3DS | 任天堂". 任天堂ホームページ. Nintendo. Retrieved January 31, 2021.
  18. ↑ "R-TYPE | Wii U | 任天堂". 任天堂ホームページ. Nintendo. Retrieved January 31, 2021.
  19. ↑ "This Week's Downloadable Lineup Truly Sparkles". Nintendo of America. November 2, 2009. Archived from the original on January 9, 2019. Retrieved November 3, 2009.
  20. ↑ Sahdev, Ishaan (September 28, 2011). "Last Chance to Grab R-Type Off the Wii Virtual Console". Siliconera . Retrieved March 30, 2020.
  21. ↑ "R-Type Dimensions EX | Tozai Games". R-Type Dimensions EX. Retrieved April 9, 2020.
  22. ↑ BenedictBraitsch. "R-Type Dimensions EX". Strictly Limited Games. Archived from the original on May 28, 2020. Retrieved April 9, 2020.
  23. ↑ "R-Type Dimensions EX Collector's Edition (PS4) - Preorder". Strictly Limited Games. Retrieved April 9, 2020.
  24. ↑ "R-Type Dimensions EX Collector's Edition (Nintendo Switch) - Preorder". Strictly Limited Games. Retrieved April 9, 2020.
  25. 1 2 3 "Console Wars" (PDF). ACE . No. 26 (November 1989). October 1989. p. 144.
  26. ↑ ACE
  27. ↑ "R-Type (Arcade) - Overview". AllGame . Archived from the original on November 14, 2014. Retrieved August 5, 2021.
  28. ↑ "R-Type (Game Boy) Review". Archived from the original on November 15, 2014.
  29. ↑ "R-Type (Sega Master System) - Overview". AllGame . Archived from the original on November 14, 2014. Retrieved August 5, 2021.
  30. 1 2 Sackenheim, Shawn. "R-Type - Review (TurboGrafx-16)". AllGame. Archived from the original on November 15, 2014. Retrieved March 18, 2019.
  31. ↑ Crash
  32. 1 2 Computer & Video Games
  33. ↑ "Group Test: Aiieee! Aliens! Head-to-Head – The Best Shoot-'Em-Ups Ever!" (PDF). Computer and Video Games . No. 151 (June 1994). May 15, 1994. pp. 106–11.
  34. 1 2 "Complete Games Guide" (PDF). Computer and Video Games (Complete Guide to Consoles): 46–77. October 16, 1989.
  35. ↑ Sinclair User
  36. 1 2 The Games Machine
  37. 1 2 "Arcades". Commodore User . No. 48 (September 1987). August 16, 1987. pp. 76, 81.
  38. 1 2 Mean Machines, R-Type Review, Issue 7, April 1991, pp.88-90
  39. ↑ "Readers top 10 – Master System". Sega Power . No. 18. May 1991. p. 7.
  40. 1 2 "Golden Joysticks 1989". Computer + Video Games . No. 92. June 1989. p. 63. Retrieved March 30, 2020.
  41. ↑ "Game Machine's Best Hit Games 25 - テーブル型TVゲーム機 (Table Videos)". Game Machine (in Japanese). No. 313. Amusement Press. August 1, 1987. p. 21.
  42. ↑ "87' ゲーメスト大賞 〜 ベストインカム" [87' Gamest Awards – Best Income]. Gamest (in Japanese). Vol. 17 (February 1988). December 28, 1987. pp. 25-38 (36-7). alternate url
  43. ↑ "Game Machine's Best Hit Games 25: '88 / "Game of the Year '88" By Game Machine" (PDF). Game Machine (in Japanese). No. 348. Amusement Press, Inc. January 15, 1989. pp. 10–1, 26.
  44. ↑ "第２回ゲーメスト大賞 〜 年間ヒットゲームベスト100" [2nd Gamest Awards – Best 100 Hit Games of the Year]. Gamest (in Japanese). Vol. 29 (February 1989). December 27, 1988. pp. 25–41 (41). alternate url
  45. ↑ "Top 10 Tuesday: Toughest Games to Beat - IGN". ign.com. March 21, 2007. Retrieved September 4, 2015.
  46. ↑ Gregory, Mark, ed. (November 28, 1992). "The Buzz: It's All the Rage 2". Mega Guide. pp. 2–3.
  47. ↑ "Hudson Soft". Next Generation . No. 3. Imagine Media. March 1995. p. 78.
  48. ↑ "Top 100 Games of All Time". Next Generation . No. 21. Imagine Media. September 1996. p. 38.
  49. ↑ "R-Type". ysrnry.co.uk. Archived from the original on June 26, 2015. Retrieved September 4, 2015.
  50. ↑ "Rezon Videogame by Taito/Allumer (1991) - The International Arcade Museum and the KLOV". klov.com. Retrieved September 4, 2015.
  51. ↑ "Intellivision Reveals Initial Details For The Upcoming Amico Home Video Game Console!". PR Newswire (Press release).
This page is based on this Wikipedia article
Text is available under the CC BY-SA 4.0 license; additional terms may apply.
Images, videos and audio are available under their respective licenses.