Ramaria flavosaponaria

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Ramaria flavosaponaria
Ramaria flavosaponaria.jpg
Ramaria flavosaponaria found in North Adams, Massachusetts
Scientific classification OOjs UI icon edit-ltr.svg
Domain: Eukaryota
Kingdom: Fungi
Division: Basidiomycota
Class: Agaricomycetes
Order: Gomphales
Family: Gomphaceae
Genus: Ramaria
Subgenus: Laeticolora
Species:
R. flavosaponaria
Binomial name
Ramaria flavosaponaria
Synonyms [1]
Ramaria flavosaponaria
Information icon.svg
Smooth icon.pngSmooth hymenium
No cap icon.svgNo distinct cap
NA cap icon.svg Hymenium attachment is not applicable
Bare stipe icon.svg Stipe is bare
Transparent spore print icon.svg
Transparent spore print icon.svg
 Spore print is ochre to buff
Mycorrhizal fungus.svgEcology is mycorrhizal
Mycomorphbox Question.pngEdibility is unknown

Ramaria flavosaponaria is a species of coral fungus in the family Gomphaceae. It is found in the mountains of eastern North America from Georgia and Tennessee to Nova Scotia. [1] [2]

Contents

Names

The specific epithet is from the flavo ('yellow') [3] and saponaria ('soapy'), [4] both of which are distinguishing features of the mushroom. [1] The name was originally published as Ramaria flavo-saponaria, including a hyphen. [1] However, this is considered erroneous by the International Code of Nomenclature for algae, fungi, and plants, so the proper orthography is Ramaria flavosaponaria. [5]

Before being formally described in 1986 by Ron Petersen, the species was labelled in scientific collections under various names. [1] Ramaria aurea sensu mihi was used for its resemblance to the European Ramaria aurea . [1] It was also sometimes labeled Ramaria aquafaba, [1] at least as early as 1969, [6] predating the 2015 coinage of the term aquafaba in an unrelated culinary usage. [7] This term possibly relates to the use of some yellow species of Ramaria (possibly including R. flavosaponaria) to make flavorful broth. [8] cooked R. flavosaponaria has a beany flavor, [1] [2] so this 'bean water' (Latin aqua + faba [7] ) likely led to the early R. aquafaba name.

Description

Ramaria flavosaponaria is easily distinguished from related mushrooms by the brilliant gold color, the large number of aborted branchlets, a surface that feels slippery, a lack of clamp connections, and a complex spore ornamentation. [1] It is sometimes confused with Ramaria aurea , which only grows in Europe. [1] Ramaria stuntzii also lacks clamps, has small spores, and aborted branchlets, but is a bright red color and not slippery to the touch. [1] There is also a similar Ramaria species in Nova Scotia that is bronze-colored and also not slippery. [1] Macroscopically Ramaria primulina closely resembles R. flavosaponaria, but the former produces larger spores, has clamps, and flesh that is more gelatinous than soapy. [2]

Ramaria flavosaponaria has fruiting bodies up to 8 by 12 centimetres (3.1 in × 4.7 in) in size [2] that are broadly obovate to circular in shape and cespitose or scattered. [1] The irregularly shaped stipe grows up to 3 by 1.5 centimetres (1.18 in × 0.59 in) with much aborted branching, giving an appearance like cauliflower. [1] [2] The flesh is white to yellow, does not bruise, but has a soapy texture without being gelatinous. [1] [2] The above-ground parts are weakly vinescent (turning to a red wine color [9] ) around particles of soil. [1] [2] The flesh is brittle whether dried or fresh. [1]

The odor of fresh specimens is fabaceous (bean-like), which becomes like fenugreek upon drying. [1] [2] The taste is described as moderately fabaceous, [1] [2] but it is not known if the species is edible. A Colorado couple suffered gastrointestinal distress and cramps from a mushroom similar to the European R. aurea, but if this was R. flavosaponaria or another species is uncertain. [10]

The species tests positive with pyrogallol. [1] [2] It is moderately positive in response to ferric chloride. [1] [2] Tincture of guaiac is negative on the branch sections but weakly positive on the surface of the stipe. [1] [2] Ammonium hydroxide and potassium hydroxide cause bleaching. [1] [2] Testing with melzer's reagent is negative. [2]

The trama hyphae of the upper branches are no bigger than 7 μm in diameter and appear glassy, are hyaline, and lack clamp connections. [1] [2] The areas near the septa are inflated up to 15 μm and are ornamented delicately. [1] [2] Gloeoplerous hyphae are not present. [2] [1] The hymenium is thickening, with clavate basidia that also lack clamp connections. [1] [2]

The subcylindrical or narrowly ovate spores are 3.6-5.4 × 7.2-11.2 μm with roughened profiles. [1] The spores have walls up to 0.3 μm thick, with ornamentation of low warts and meandering, reticulate, and complex cyanophilous ridges. [1] [2] Spore prints are cinnamon buff. [1] [11]

Ecology

R. flavosaponaria forms ectomycorrhizal relationships with Fagus sylvatica (European beech). [12] It has been found growing under Tsuga canadensis (eastern hemlock) and Quercus (oak) trees. [1] [13]

Related Research Articles

<i>Ramaria formosa</i> Species of fungus

Ramaria formosa, commonly known as the salmon coral, beautiful clavaria, handsome clavaria, yellow-tipped- or pink coral fungus, is a coral fungus found in Europe. It is widely held to be mildly poisonous if consumed, giving rise to acute gastrointestinal symptoms of nausea, vomiting, diarrhea and colicky pain. It is a pinkish, much-branched coral-shape reaching some 20 cm (8 in) high. Similar forms collected in North America are now considered to represent a different species than the European Ramaria formosa.

<i>Ramaria</i> Genus of fungi

The genus Ramaria comprises approximately 200 species of coral fungi. Several, such as Ramaria flava, are edible and picked in Europe, though they are easily confused with several mildly poisonous species capable of causing nausea, vomiting, and diarrhea; these include R. formosa and R. pallida. Three Ramaria species have been demonstrated to contain a very unusual organoarsenic compound homoarsenocholine.

<i>Suillus brevipes</i> Species of edible fungus in the family Suillaceae found throughout North America

Suillus brevipes is a species of fungus in the family Suillaceae. First described by American mycologists in the late 19th century, it is commonly known as the stubby-stalk or the short-stemmed slippery Jack. The fruit bodies (mushrooms) produced by the fungus are characterized by a chocolate to reddish-brown cap covered with a sticky layer of slime, and a short whitish stipe that has neither a partial veil nor prominent, colored glandular dots. The cap can reach a diameter of about 10 cm, while the stipe is up to 6 cm long and 2 cm thick. Like other bolete mushrooms, S. brevipes produces spores in a vertically arranged layer of spongy tubes with openings that form a layer of small yellowish pores on the underside of the cap.

<i>Ramaria botrytis</i> Species of coral fungus in the family Gomphaceae

Ramaria botrytis, commonly known as the clustered coral, the pink-tipped coral mushroom, or the cauliflower coral, is an edible species of coral fungus in the family Gomphaceae. Its robust fruit body can grow up to 15 cm (6 in) in diameter and 20 cm (8 in) tall, and resembles some marine coral. Its dense branches, which originate from a stout, massive base, are swollen at the tips and divided into several small branchlets. The branches are initially whitish but age to buff or tan, with tips that are pink to reddish. The flesh is thick and white. The spores, yellowish in deposit, are ellipsoid, feature longitudinal striations, and measure about 13.8 by 4.7 micrometers.

<i>Amanita daucipes</i> Species of fungus

Amanita daucipes is a species of fungus in the family Amanitaceae of the mushroom order Agaricales. Found exclusively in North America, the mushroom may be recognized in the field by the medium to large white caps with pale orange tints, and the dense covering of pale orange or reddish-brown powdery conical warts on the cap surface. The mushroom also has a characteristic large bulb at the base of its stem with a blunt short rooting base, whose shape is suggestive of the common names carrot-footed lepidella, carrot-foot amanita, or turnip-foot amanita. The mushroom has a strong odor that has been described variously as "sweet and nauseous", or compared to an old ham bone, or soap. Edibility is unknown for the species, but consumption is generally not recommended due its position in the Amanita subgroup Lepidella, which contains some poisonous members.

<i>Amanita onusta</i> Species of fungus

Amanita onusta, commonly known as the loaded Lepidella, the gunpowder Lepidella or the gunpowder amanita, is a species of fungus in the mushroom family Amanitaceae. It is characterized by its small to medium-sized fruit bodies that have white to pale gray caps crowded with roughly conical, pyramidal, or irregular gray warts. The stipe is whitish-gray with woolly or wart-like veil remnants, and at the base is a spindle- or turnip-shaped base that is rooted somewhat deeply in the soil.

<i>Lactarius alnicola</i> Species of fungus

Lactarius alnicola, commonly known as the golden milkcap, is a species of fungus in the family Russulaceae. The fruit bodies produced by the fungus are characterized by a sticky, vanilla-colored cap up to 20 cm (7.9 in) wide with a mixture of yellow tones arranged in faint concentric bands. The stem is up to 5 cm (2.0 in) long and has yellow-brown spots. When it is cut or injured, the mushroom oozes a white latex, which has an intensely peppery taste. The acrid taste of the fruit bodies renders them unpalatable. The fungus is found in the western United States and Mexico, where it grows in mycorrhizal associations with various coniferous trees species, such as spruce, pine and fir, and deciduous species such as oak and alder. It has also been collected in India. Two varieties have been named: var. pitkinensis, known from Colorado, and var. pungens, from Michigan.

<i>Suillus pungens</i> Species of fungus in the family Suillaceae found in California

Suillus pungens, commonly known as the pungent slippery jack or the pungent suillus, is a species of fungus in the genus Suillus. The fruit bodies of the fungus have slimy convex caps up to 14 cm (5.5 in) wide. The mushroom is characterized by the very distinct color changes that occur in the cap throughout development. Typically, the young cap is whitish, later becoming grayish-olive to reddish-brown or a mottled combination of these colors. The mushroom has a dotted stem (stipe) up to 7 cm (2.8 in) long, and 2 cm (0.8 in) thick. On the underside on the cap is the spore-bearing tissue consisting of minute vertically arranged tubes that appear as a surface of angular, yellowish pores. The presence of milky droplets on the pore surface of young individuals, especially in humid environments, is a characteristic feature of this species. S. pungens can usually be distinguished from other similar Suillus species by differences in distribution, odor and taste. The mushroom is considered edible, but not highly regarded.

<i>Cortinarius vanduzerensis</i> Species of fungus

Cortinarius vanduzerensis is a species of mushroom in the family Cortinariaceae. Described as new to science in 1972, it is known only from the Pacific Northwest region of North America, where it grows under conifers such as spruce, hemlock, and Douglas-fir. The fruit bodies of the fungus, or mushrooms, have a slimy dark chestnut-brown cap that becomes deeply radially grooved or corrugated in maturity, and reaches diameters of up to 8 cm. The gills on the underside of the cap are initially pinkish-buff before becoming pale brown when the spores mature. The stem is lavender, measuring 10–18 cm (4–7 in) long and 1–2 cm thick. The mushroom produces a rusty-brown spore print, with individual spores measuring 12–14 by 7–8 micrometers. The edibility of the mushroom has not been determined, and it has been described as "much too slippery to be of value".

<i>Entoloma murrayi</i> Species of fungus

Entoloma murrayi, commonly known as the yellow unicorn Entoloma or the unicorn pinkgill, is a species of fungus in the Entolomataceae family. First described from New England (USA) in 1859, the species is found in eastern North America, Central and South America, and southeast Asia, where it grows on the ground in wet coniferous and deciduous forests. The fungus produces yellow mushrooms that have a characteristic sharp umbo on the top of a conical cap. The mushroom is inedible and may be poisonous. Other similar species can be distinguished from E. murrayi by differences in color, morphology, or microscopic characteristics.

<i>Tricholoma vaccinum</i> Fungus of the agaric genus Tricholoma

Tricholoma vaccinum, commonly known as the russet scaly tricholoma, the scaly knight, or the fuzztop, is a fungus of the agaric genus Tricholoma. It produces medium-sized fruit bodies (mushrooms) that have a distinctive hairy reddish-brown cap with a shaggy margin when young. The cap, which can reach a diameter of up to 6.5 cm (2.6 in) wide, breaks up into flattened scales in maturity. It has cream-buff to pinkish gills with brown spots. Its fibrous, hollow stipe is white above and reddish brown below, and measures 4 to 7.5 cm long. Although young fruit bodies have a partial veil, it does not leave a ring on the stipe.

<i>Ramaria acrisiccescens</i> Species of fungus

Ramaria acrisiccescens, commonly known as the blah coral, is a coral fungus in the family Gomphaceae. It is found in the forests of northwestern North America.

<i>Ramaria fennica</i> Species of fungus

Ramaria fennica, commonly known as the bitter coral, is a coral mushroom in the family Gomphaceae. It is found in Australia, Europe and North America.

<i>Ramaria stricta</i> Species of fungus

Ramaria stricta, commonly known as the strict-branch coral is a coral fungus of the genus Ramaria. It has a cosmopolitan distribution, and grows on dead wood, stumps, trunks, and branches of both deciduous and coniferous trees. Its fruit body is up to 10 cm tall, made of multiple slender, compact, and vertical parallel branches. Its color is typically light tan to vinaceous-brown. All parts of the mushroom will bruise when handled. There are several lookalike corals that can usually be distinguished from R. stricta by differences in coloration, bruising reaction, or microscopic features. The fungus is inedible due to its unpleasant odor and bitter taste.

<i>Ramaria rasilispora</i> Species of fungus

Ramaria rasilispora, commonly known as the yellow coral, is a coral mushroom in the family Gomphaceae. Described as new to science in 1974, it is found in western North America south to Mexico, and in the eastern Himalaya.

<i>Ramaria araiospora</i> Species of fungus

Ramaria araiospora, commonly known as the red coral, is a coral mushroom in the family Gomphaceae. First described in 1974, it is found in North America, and the Himalaya. An edible species, it is sold in local markets in Mexico.

<i>Ramaria rubripermanens</i> Species of fungus

Ramaria rubripermanens is a species of coral fungus in the family Gomphaceae. Described as new to science in 1973, it is found in the western United States and Mexico. Its fruit bodies, which resemble sea coral, grow up to 16 cm (6.3 in) tall and feature whitish to light yellow branches with pinkish to reddish tips. It is edible.

<i>Ramaria subbotrytis</i> Species of fungus

Ramaria subbotrytis is a species of coral fungus in the family Gomphaceae. It was previously classified in the family Ramariaceae, and before that in the genus Clavaria, family Clavariaceae. It was originally described as Clavaria subbotrytis by William Chambers Coker in 1923 from collections made in North Carolina. E.J.H. Corner transferred it to the genus Ramaria in 1950.

<i>Rheubarbariboletus armeniacus</i> Species of fungus

Rheubarbariboletus armeniacus is a small mushroom in the family Boletaceae native to Europe. It was formerly placed in the genera Boletus, Xerocomus, and Xerocomellus. It acquired its current name when it was transferred to genus Rheubarbariboletus in 2015.

<i>Ramaria magnipes</i> Species of fungus

Ramaria magnipes is a coral fungus in the family Gomphaceae. It is found in western North America, where it fruits on the ground in mixed forests.

References

  1. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 31 32 Petersen, Ronald H. (November 1985). "Notes on Clavarioid Fungi. XX. New Taxa and Distributional Records in Clavulina and Ramaria". Mycologia. 77 (6): 903–919. doi:10.2307/3793302. ISSN   0027-5514. JSTOR   3793302. OCLC   7377077277.
  2. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 Petersen, Ronald H. (August 1986). "Some Ramaria taxa from Nova Scotia". Canadian Journal of Botany. 64 (8): 1786–1811. doi:10.1139/b86-238. ISSN   0008-4026. OCLC   4636218425.
  3. ↑ Griffith, Chuck (2005). "Dictionary of Botanical Epithets". Dictionary of Botanical Epithets. Retrieved 16 July 2018. flavus flav adj golden yellow, reddish yellow, flaxen, blonde o o cnct connective vowel in botanical Latin, usually for Greek words but in some cases, such as color tingeing, for Latin words
  4. ↑ Griffith, Chuck (2005). "Dictionary of Botanical Epithets". Dictionary of Botanical Epithets. Retrieved 16 July 2018. saponarius saponaria saponarium soapy sapo sapon noun/m soap (from German) arius ari adj adjective suffix for nouns or numbers: connected to or possessed by
  5. ↑ Turland, N. J.; Wiersema, J. H.; Barrie, F. R.; Greuter, W.; Hawksworth, D. L.; Herendeen, P. S.; Knapp, S.; Kusber, W.-H.; Li, D.-Z.; Marhold, K.; May, T. W.; McNeill, J.; Monro, A. M.; Prado, J.; Price, M. J.; Smith, G. F., eds. (2018). "Chapter viii Orthography and gender of names Section 1 orthography Article 60". International Code of Nomenclature for algae, fungi, and plants (Shenzhen Code) adopted by the Nineteenth International Botanical Congress Shenzhen, China, July 2017. Regnum Vegetabile. Vol. 159. Glashütten: Koeltz Botanical Books. doi:10.12705/Code.2018. ISBN   9783946583165. OCLC   1043224136. S2CID   83550499 . Retrieved 19 July 2018. The use of a hyphen in a compound epithet is treated as an error to be corrected by deletion of the hyphen. A hyphen is permitted only when the epithet is formed of words that usually stand independently, or when the letters before and after the hyphen are the same
  6. ↑ "Ramaria aquafaba". Consortium of Pacific Northwest herbaria. WTU Herbarium, Burke Museum, University of Washington. Retrieved 19 July 2018.
  7. 1 2 "aquafaba : Definition of aquafaba in English by Oxford Dictionaries". Oxford Living Dictionaries. Oxford University Press. Archived from the original on May 8, 2017. Retrieved 19 July 2018. Coined in 2015 from Latin aqua 'water' + faba 'bean'.
  8. ↑ Arora, David; Bergo, Alan (January 2016). "Thoughts on Ramarias / Coral Mushrooms". Forager Chef. Retrieved 20 July 2018. As they give off water in the skillet, taste their broth – in some of the yellow species it is quite delicious!
  9. ↑ Bensch, K. (ed.). "vinescent". MycoBank. Utrecht, The Netherlands. Retrieved 17 July 2018.
  10. ↑ Beug, Michael W.; Shaw, Marilyn; Cochran, Kenneth W. (Fall 2006). "Thirty-Plus Years of Mushroom Poisoning: Summary of the Approximately 2,000 Reports in the NAMA Case Registry" (PDF). McIlvainea. 16 (2): 64. ISSN   0099-8400. OCLC   703596018 . Retrieved 20 July 2018. Ramaria cf. aurea CO 2 adult, 8 hr Gastrointestinal distress(2), cramp
  11. ↑ Ridgway, Robert (1912). Color standards and color nomenclature: With fifty-three colored plates and eleven hundred and fifteen named colors. Washington, DC: Robert Ridgway. p. Plate XXIX. ISBN   9781421261881. OCLC   191675138 . Retrieved 19 July 2018.
  12. ↑ Agerer, Reinhard, ed. (1987–2012). "Tables of identified ectomycorrhizae". Colour Atlas of Ectomycorrhizae. Schwäbisch Gmünd: Einhorn-Verlag. ISBN   9783921703779. OCLC   263940450 . Retrieved 19 July 2018. Ramaria flavo-saponaria + Fagus selvatica (Raidl, Scattolin)
  13. ↑ Nirschl, Rick. "Mushrooms of the Oak Openings" (PDF). Toledo Naturalists' Association. p. 4. Retrieved 19 July 2018.
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