Rarotonga monarch | |
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Left: Grey Rarotonga monarch, at least 4 years old. Right: Orange Rarotonga monarch with yellow in its beak, under 1 year old. The plumage colouration is age dependant, not sexually dimorphic. | |
Scientific classification | |
Domain: | Eukaryota |
Kingdom: | Animalia |
Phylum: | Chordata |
Class: | Aves |
Order: | Passeriformes |
Family: | Monarchidae |
Genus: | Pomarea |
Species: | P. dimidiata |
Binomial name | |
Pomarea dimidiata | |
The resident range within Rarotonga. An introduced range also exists on Atiu island. Resident range Introduced range | |
Synonyms | |
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The Rarotonga monarch (Pomarea dimidiata), also known as the Rarotonga flycatcher or Kākerōri, is a species of bird in the monarch flycatcher family Monarchidae. [2] It is endemic to Rarotonga, Cook Islands, and has been introduced to Atiu, Cook Islands.
The Rarotonga monarch was originally described in the genus Monarcha . Alternate names include Cook Island flycatcher, Cook Islands monarch, Kakerori, and Rarotonga monarch-flycatcher.
The Rarotonga monarch is an insectivorous passerine which is 10 cm tall, with an adult mass of 20 grams (0.7 oz) for female birds, and 25 grams (0.9 oz) for large male birds. [3] Hunting mainly consists of foraging for insects within foliage, and occasionally taking insects during flight. [3]
The Rarotonga monarch is an unusual with regard to its plumage colour, as it is the only bird known to undergo sequential changes in plumage as it grows. Initially, the grey and orange birds were attributed to different species. [5] Later, it was thought that grey plumage birds were male, while the orange birds were females or juveniles of the same species, but this was corrected to being age-based plumage in 1983. [3] The initial plumage of orange to orange-grey changes to pure grey when maturity is reached after four years. [6]
Owing to its tropical oceanic island location, the Rarotonga monarch is exceptionally long-lived [6] having an adult survival of between 85 and 89 percent, a life expectancy of seven to nine years, and a maximum known lifespan of around 24 years and 8 months. [7] These figures are comparable to large Australian passerines like the superb lyrebird or satin bowerbird [8] and more than ten times the life expectancies of similar sized Holarctic songbirds.
The extraordinary longevity of these birds may explain the evolution of helpers at the nest in a family where this feature is otherwise completely absent. [9] Males can breed at one year, but do not do so in practice until they are four years old. [10] Breeding season is between October to February, but most eggs are laid between October and Early November. [11] Nests are mossy deep cups which are built in the fork of a tree branch, often constructed above creeks, and take about 14 days to build. [3] Clutches are 1–2 eggs. In Rarotonga, many nest failures are attributed to predation by black rats or kiore, as birds sit on the nest. [12]
Since the introduction of the black rat and feral cat, adult mortality has more than doubled; a change sufficient to reduce what was previously a highly numerous bird [10] to one of the most endangered birds in the world by the middle 1980s, when the Rarotonga monarch was listed as one of the highest conservation priorities among all Pacific Island birds. [13] The annual pre-breeding removal of rats (starting in the late 1980s) from its principal breeding area on the south coast of Rarotonga (at the Takitumu Conservation Area) by staff and volunteers has made breeding significantly more successful: around two thirds of pairs assisted by a few helpers can now rear the normal clutch of two eggs, whereas in the 1980s breeding attempts had a success rate as low as eleven percent. [10] Despite the growth in population, a major tropical cyclone could destroy this population growth with extreme swiftness, so that conservation work is still very important. [12]
In the 1989, the total population was estimated at fewer than 29 birds in the wild, and was critically endangered [14] but has recovered since annual rat bait laying during the breeding season. [15] The Rarotonga monarch was limited to Rarotonga until a second population was established on Atiu Island by translocating 30 young birds in 2001, to establish an 'insurance population', should the Rarotongan bird population suffer a catastrophe. [16] [17]
In 2022 the total species population was assessed at 500 mature birds, and is now regarded as vulnerable. [18] This reversal in conservation status is regarded as a major success story for South Pacific bird conservation efforts, with the Takitumu Conservation Area project receiving a Conversation Award by Birdlife International in 2022. [15]
Aerodramus is a genus of small, dark, cave-nesting birds in the Collocaliini tribe of the swift family. Its members are confined to tropical and subtropical regions in southern Asia, Oceania and northeastern Australia. Many of its members were formerly classified in Collocalia, but were first placed in a separate genus by American ornithologist Harry Church Oberholser in 1906.
The monarchs comprise a family of over 100 passerine birds which includes shrikebills, paradise flycatchers, and magpie-larks.
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The black-naped monarch or black-naped blue flycatcher is a slim and agile passerine bird belonging to the family of monarch flycatchers found in southern and south-eastern Asia. They are sexually dimorphic, with the male having a distinctive black patch on the back of the head and a narrow black half collar ("necklace"), while the female is duller with olive brown wings and lacking the black markings on the head. They have a call that is similar to that of the Asian paradise flycatcher, and in tropical forest habitats, pairs may join mixed-species foraging flocks. Populations differ slightly in plumage colour and sizes.
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Muscicapa is a genus of passerine birds belonging to the Old World flycatcher family Muscicapidae, and therein to the typical flycatchers of subfamily Muscicapinae. They are widespread across Europe, Africa and Asia with most species occurring in forest and woodland habitats. Several species are migratory, moving south from Europe and northern Asia for the winter.
Kuhl's lorikeet (Vini kuhlii), also called the Rimitara lorikeet, Kuhl's lory, Manu 'Ura (local appellation) or Kura (Cook Islands), is a species of lorikeet in the family Psittaculidae. It is one of several species of Vini lorikeets found in islands ranging across the South Pacific. The Kuhl for whom Nicholas Aylward Vigors named the bird in 1824 was Heinrich Kuhl, a German ornithologist whose survey of the parrots, Conspectus psittacorum, had appeared in 1819.
The satin flycatcher is a species of bird in the family Monarchidae. Males stand out with their blue-black feathers contrasting their white bellies, and the females with their bright orange throats. It breeds mostly in south-eastern Tasmania and Australia. It is declining throughout the eastern seaboard due to predation from the introduced Red Fox and habitat loss. It is a vagrant to New Zealand.
The leaden flycatcher is a species of passerine bird in the family Monarchidae. Around 15 cm (6 in) in length, the male is lustrous azure with white underparts, while the female possesses leaden head, mantle and back and rufous throat and breast. It is found in eastern and northern Australia, Indonesia, and Papua New Guinea. Its natural habitat is subtropical or tropical mangrove forests in the northern parts of its range, in the south and inland it is eucalypt woodland.
Pomarea is a genus of birds in the monarch flycatcher family Monarchidae. The genus is restricted to the islands of Polynesia. The monarchs of this genus are around 15–19 cm long and most have sexually dimorphic plumage.
The Marquesan monarch is a species of bird in the family Monarchidae. It is endemic to French Polynesia. Its natural habitats are subtropical or tropical dry forest, subtropical or tropical moist lowland forest, and subtropical or tropical moist montane forest. It is threatened by habitat loss.
The Tahiti monarch, or Tahiti flycatcher, is a rare species of bird in the monarch flycatcher family. It is endemic to Tahiti in French Polynesia. There are between 25 and 100 individuals remaining with an increasing population trend. Adults boast a striking black plumage with pale blue pills and feet. Recognized for its melodious flute-like song and distinctive "tick-tick-tick" call, it thrives in dense forest, primarily inhabiting canopy and understory amidst native mara trees. Despite facing threats from introduces predators such as ship rats and invasive bird species, conservation efforts have been implemented to safeguard its population.
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Dame Margaret Makea Karika Ariki, also known as Pauline Margaret Rakera George Karika and Pauline Margaret Rakera Taripo, was a Cook Islands ariki and holder of the Makea Karika Ariki title from 1949 to 2017. She was President of the House of Ariki from 1978 to 1980, and again from 1990 to 1992. She also served in the Legislative Assembly from 1958 to 1961.
The Cook Islands tropical moist forests is a tropical and subtropical moist broadleaf forests ecoregion that covers the Southern Cook Islands in the Cook Islands.