Rhipicephalus annulatus

Rhipicephalus annulatus
Scanning electron micrograph of a partially engorged female from Ghana
Scientific classification
Domain:	Eukaryota
Kingdom:	Animalia
Phylum:	Arthropoda
Subphylum:	Chelicerata
Class:	Arachnida
Order:	Ixodida
Family:	Ixodidae
Genus:	Rhipicephalus
Species:	R. annulatus
Binomial name
Rhipicephalus annulatus (Say, 1821)
Synonyms
Boophilus annulatusStiles & Hassall, 1901 Boophilus annulatus affinisMinning, 1934 Boophilus annulatus calcaratusLahille, 1905 Boophilus balcanicusMinning, 1936 Boophilus bovisCurtice, 1891 Boophilus calcaratusLahille, 1905 Boophilus calcaratus balcanicusMinning, 1934 Boophilus calcaratus calcaratusMinning, 1934 Boophilus calcaratus hispanicusMinning, 1935 Boophilus calcaratus palestinensisMinning, 1934 Boophilus calcaratus persicusMinning, 1936 Boophilus decoloratus calcaratusAlessandrini, 1917 Boophilus margaropus annulatusGiroud et al., 1963 Boophilus palestinensisKishida, 1939 Boophilus persicusKishida, 1939 Boophilus schulzeiMinning, 1934 Boophilus (Boophilus) calcaratus balcanicusMinning, 1934 Boophilus (Boophilus) congolensisMinning, 1934 Haemaphysalis roseaKoch, 1844 Ixodes annulatusSay, 1821 Ixodes bovisRiley, 1869 Ixodes calcaratusBirula, 1894 Ixodes dugesiMégnin, 1880 (misapplied name) Ixodes identatusGamgee, 1897 Ixodes indentatusGamgee, 1869 Margaropus annulatusNeumann, 1907 Margaropus annulatus annulatusNeumann, 1911 Margaropus annulatus calcaratusNewstead, Dutton & Todd, 1907 Margaropus annulatus dugesiCastellani & Chalmers, 1919 Margaropus bovisManson, 1907 Margaropus calcaratusCastellani & Chalmers, 1910 Margaropus dugesiCastellani & Chalmers, 1910 Ornithodoros annulatusGrimaldi, 1934 (misapplied name) Rhipicephalus annulatusNeumann, 1897 Rhipicephalus annulatus calcarataNeumann, 1904 Rhipicephalus annulatus calcaratusNeumann, 1904 Rhipicephalus annulatus dugesiNeumann, 1901 Rhipicephalus bovisGalli-Valerio, 1901 Rhipicephalus calcaratusBirula, 1895 Rhipicephalus decoloratus calcaratusVelu, 1922 Rhipicephalus dugesiNeumann, 1896 Rhipicephalus roseaSalmon & Stiles, 1901 Rhipicephalus (Boophilus) annulatusNeumann, 1904

Rhipicephalus annulatus, the cattle tick, is a hard-bodied tick of the genus Rhipicephalus . It is also known as North American cattle tick, North American Texas fever tick, and Texas fever tick. ^[1]

Distribution

It shows a cosmopolitan distribution in tropical and subtropical regions of the world. It is found in Eritrea, Albania, Algeria, Benin, Bulgaria, Burkina Faso, Cameroon, Central African Republic, Chad, Colombia, Congo, Cote D'Ivoire, Egypt, Ethiopia, Ghana, Greece, Guam, Guinea, India, Israel, Jordan, Liberia, Libya, Madagascar, Mali, Mexico, Morocco, Nigeria, Portugal, Sierra Leone, South Africa, Spain, Sri Lanka, Sudan, Togo, Tunisia, and Turkey. ^[2]

Description

The adult has a hexagonally shaped scutum. The male has adanal shields and accessory shields. The anal groove is not distinguishable or absent entirely in the female, and minute in the male. ^[3]

Parasitism

It is an obligate ectoparasite of domestic mammals such as cattle, horse, sheep, dog. It is a potential vector of many babesiosis pathogens like Babesia bigemina , Babesia bovis , and Anaplasma marginale . ^[4] Its ability to be a vector of babesiosis pathogens was discovered by Theobald Smith and Frederick L. Kilbourne. ^[5]

Lifecycle

It shows a one-host lifecycle, where all larva, nymphs and adults live in one host. After eggs hatch, larva crawl up vegetation and may be blown away by wind. After they stick on to a host, larvae are found on softer parts of the host's body. They become nymphs and then adults after successive molts on the body of the host. After attaining sexual maturity and copulating, the female detaches from the host and lays eggs on vegetation. The female dies after ovipositing. ^[3]

Control

Babesiasis is one of the major cattle devastating diseases throughout the world. It reduce the meat production, and dairy products as well. Quarantine is the major method of controlling ticks. Sanitation and frequent check for ticks also taken place. Preparations of Nigella sativa are a good method to control ticks. ^[6]

Rhipicephalus annulatus annulatus male

References

1. "Species Details : Haemaphysalis minuta Kohls, 1950". Catalogue of Life. Retrieved 11 February 2017.
2. "Species Details : Rhipicephalus annulatus Say, 1821". Catalogue of Life. Retrieved 11 February 2017.
3. Spickler, Anna Rovid (June 2022). "Rhipicephalus (Boophilus) annulatus" (PDF). Institute for International Corporation In Animal Biologics. Retrieved 20 March 2024– via The Center for Food Security & Public Health, Iowa State University College of Veterinary Medicine.
4. "Rhipicephalus (Boophilus) annulatus". University of Bristo. Retrieved 11 February 2017.
5. Mullen, Gary Richard; Durden, Lance A. (2019). Medical and veterinary entomology (3rd ed.). London: Academic press, an imprint of Elsevier. pp. 2–3. ISBN   978-0-12-814043-7.
6. Aboelhadid, S. M.; Mahran, H. A.; El-Hariri, H. M.; Shokier, K. M. (2016). "Rhipicephalus annulatus (Acari: Ixodidae) Control by Nigella sativa, Thyme and Spinosad Preparations". Journal of Arthropod-Borne Diseases. 10 (2): 148–158. PMC   4906754 . PMID   27308273.

External links

• Rhipicephalus annulatus Overview - Texas Fever Tick
• BOOPHILUS CATTLE TICKS: biology, prevention and control. Boophilus microplus, Rhipicephalus microplus
• Histoarchitecture of the Ovary of Rhipicephalus (Boophilus) annulatus during Pre- and Postengorgement Period
• Identification and characterization of Rhipicephalus (Boophilus) microplus candidate protective antigens for the control of cattle tick infestations
• Identification of four novel Rhipicephalus annulatus upregulated salivary gland proteins as candidate vaccines.
• Distribution of Rhipicephalus (Boophilus) microplus and Rhipicephalus (Boophilus) annulatus (Acari: Ixodidae) infestations detected in the United States along the Texas/Mexico border.