Rhodochiton

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Rhodochiton
Rhodochiton atrosanguineus - PaxtonsMagazine 2-56.jpg
Rhodochiton atrosanguineus from Paxton's Magazine of Botany, vol. 2 (1836)
Scientific classification OOjs UI icon edit-ltr.svg
Kingdom: Plantae
Clade: Tracheophytes
Clade: Angiosperms
Clade: Eudicots
Clade: Asterids
Order: Lamiales
Family: Plantaginaceae
Tribe: Antirrhineae
Genus: Rhodochiton
Zucc. ex Otto & A.Dietr. [1]
Species

See text

Rhodochiton is a genus of flowering plants within the family Plantaginaceae, native to southern Mexico and neighbouring Guatemala. They climb by means of twining leaf stalks. One of the three species, Rhodochiton atrosanguineus , the purple bell vine, is grown as an ornamental plant. All three species are sometimes included in Lophospermum . [2]

Contents

Description

Rhodochiton species are herbaceous perennials. They have long climbing or sprawling stems, branching and becoming woody at the base with age. They cling by means of twining leaf stalks (petioles). Their leaves are more or less heart-shaped, with pointed ends. [2]

The solitary flowers are carried on relatively long stalks (peduncles) that are pendant, causing the flowers to hang downwards. The sepals, usually tinted rose or purple, are joined at the base and together form an expanded bell shape around the flower. The five petals are joined at the base to form a tube, light purple at the base and dark purple towards the tips. The free ends of the petals are either all bent backwards (R. atrosanguineus) or differentiated into two groups (the other two species): the upper two being bent backwards and the lower two facing forwards. There are four stamens, either all more or less the same length or in two pairs of different lengths. The fifth stamen is sterile and rudimentary. After fertilization a globe shaped capsule forms. [2]

Taxonomy

Wayne J. Elisens has outlined the somewhat confused taxonomic history of the genus name Rhodochiton. [3] In 1829, Joseph Gerhard Zuccarini sent seeds and a description to individuals and botanical gardens under the name "Rhodochiton volubile"; however this name was not published so no new genus name was established. In 1832, Zuccarini published the name Lophospermum atrosanguineum for the same species, writing that "I held it at first to be new genus and sent the seeds obtained in the summer of 1829 to several gardens under the name Rhodochiton volubile. The figure in the Botanical Register [of Lophospermum erubescens D.Don] has convinced me of the identity of the genus" (i.e. that it was Lophospermum rather than a new genus). [4] Not knowing of Zuccharini's change of name, in 1834 Christoph Friedrich Otto and Albert Gottfried Dietrich published and illustrated Rhodochiton volubilis. This is taken as the date for the publication of the generic name. [5] [Note 1]

The genus is placed in the tribe Antirrhineae; within this tribe, it is closely related to Lophospermum, Maurandya (including Maurandella) and Mabrya . [6] It has been included in Lophospermum as section Rhodochiton. [2] [7]

Phylogeny

A number of molecular phylogenetic studies have shown that subtribe Maurandyinae, defined by Elisens to consist of the five North American genera Holmgrenanthe, Lophospermum, Mabrya, Maurandya and Rhodochiton, forms a monophyletic group, which is related to the Old World genera Cymbalaria and Asarina . [6] [8] [9] Gehebrehiwet et al. suggested that the Maurandyinae could be expanded to include Cymbalaria and Asarina. [8] Vargas et al. presented the following cladogram in 2013, [9] in which Rhodochiton is sister to the combination of Lophospermum and Mabrya, so that including it in Lophospermum would make the latter paraphyletic.

Antirrhineae

other clades

Cymbalaria lineage
Maurandyinae sensu Elisens

Maurandya (including M. antirrhiniflora)

Old World
New World

Vargas et al. concluded that the Antirrhineae evolved in the Old World and subsequently colonized North America more than once, probably in the Miocene epoch ( 23 to 5 million years ago). One such colonization led to the evolution of the Maurandyinae (in Elisen's sense). [9]

Species

There are three species: [10] [11]

As noted above, Elisens places all three in Lophospermum section Rhodochiton.

Distribution and habitat

Distribution of Rhodochiton species Rhodochiton Distribution.svg
Distribution of Rhodochiton species

The three species of Rhodochiton have very local distributions: in the Sierra Madre del Sur mountains, Mexico; northern Oaxaca, Mexico; and Chiapas, Mexico and neighbouring Guatemala. All grow in montane cloud forests, at altitudes of between 1,300 and 3,500 metres (4,300 and 11,500 ft). Elisens described their habitats as "relatively inaccessible". [2]

Cultivation

Rhodochiton atrosanguineus was in cultivation before 1828, when seeds were given to Zuccarini by Baron Karwinski. [4] In 1836, Joseph Paxton included it in a "select list of ornamental creepers". [13] In frost-free areas it is perennial; in areas prone to winter frosts it can either be grown under glass as a perennial or outside as an annual, propagated from seed. In such conditions, it reaches a height of about 1.5–2.5 m (5–8 ft). [14]

Notes

  1. ↑ The name published originally was Rhodochiton volubile. However, chiton in Greek is masculine, so the epithet should be volubilis. [5] The International Code of Nomenclature for algae, fungi, and plants requires incorrect genders to be corrected.

Related Research Articles

<i>Lophospermum</i> Genus of flowering plants

Lophospermum is a genus of herbaceous perennial climbers or scramblers, native to mountainous regions of Mexico and Guatemala. Those that climb use twining leaf stalks. Their flowers are tubular, in shades of red, violet and purple, the larger flowers being pollinated by hummingbirds. Now placed in the greatly expanded family Plantaginaceae, the genus was traditionally placed in the Scrophulariaceae. The close relationship with some other genera, particularly Maurandya and Rhodochiton, has led to confusion over the names of some species.

<i>Asarina</i> Genus of flowering plants

Asarina is a flowering plant genus of only one species, Asarina procumbens Mill. the trailing snapdragon, which is native to France and Spain and introduced in Germany, Switzerland, Austria and Hungary. Originally placed in the Scrophulariaceae, the genus has more recently been moved to the Plantaginaceae. Species from North America formerly placed in the genus Asarina are now placed in Holmgrenanthe, Lophospermum, Mabrya and Maurandya, as well as Neogaerrhinum. Asarina is now regarded as exclusively an Old World genus.

<i>Maurandya</i> Genus of flowering plants

Maurandya is a genus of flowering plants in the family Plantaginaceae, native to Mexico and the south west United States. They sprawl or climb by means of twining leaf stalks. One of the four species, Maurandya barclayana, is widely cultivated as an ornamental plant.

<i>Holmgrenanthe</i> Genus of flowering plants

Holmgrenanthe petrophila is a rare perennial desert plant in the plantain family (Plantaginaceae), and the sole species of the genus Holmgrenanthe. It forms low mats of branched stems growing from a woody base. The leaves have small spines along their edges. The solitary yellow flowers are tubular with five free lobes at the end, the upper two pointing backwards, the lower three projecting forwards. The species is known only from about ten locations, most in the Titus Canyon and the adjacent Fall Canyon, all within the Californian section of Death Valley National Park. It grows in limestone crevices on the canyon walls, often on the north face.

<i>Lophospermum erubescens</i> Species of flowering plant

Lophospermum erubescens, known as Mexican twist or creeping gloxinia, is a climbing or sprawling herbaceous perennial plant, native to the Sierra Madre Oriental mountains of Mexico, where it is found along forest margins or canyon walls. It climbs by means of twining leaf stalks. Wild plants have pink and white tubular flowers, although other colours are found in cultivation. It has been cultivated as an ornamental plant since at least 1830. Although not frost-hardy, it will survive if its base and roots are protected from freezing in the winter. It has escaped from cultivation and become naturalized in tropical and subtropical areas of the world.

<i>Lophospermum scandens</i> Species of flowering plant

Lophospermum scandens is a scambling or climbing herbaceous perennial native to south central Mexico, with red-violet and white tubular flowers and toothed heart-shaped leaves. It grows at elevations between 1,400 and 2,400 m in dry habitats, including deciduous oak forests and recent lava flows. The long-tubed flowers are pollinated by hummingbirds. It has been used in gardens as an ornamental plant since the mid-19th century. Its roots require protection from frost in regions where this occurs in the winter. Hybrids of L. scandens are also grown.

<i>Rhodochiton atrosanguineus</i> Species of flowering plant

Rhodochiton atrosanguineus is a herbaceous perennial vine native to Mexico. It has been cultivated as an ornamental plant since at least 1836.

<i>Mabrya</i> Genus of flowering plants

Mabrya is a genus of flowering plants in the plantain family, Plantaginaceae. It consists of herbaceous perennials with brittle upright or drooping stems, found in dry areas of Mexico and the southern United States.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Antirrhineae</span> Tribe of flowering plants

The Antirrhineae are one of the 12 tribes of the family Plantaginaceae. It contains the toadflax relatives, such as snapdragons.

<i>Maurandella</i> Species of flowering plant

Maurandella antirrhiniflora, known as roving sailor or climbing snapdragon, is a species of flowering plant in the family Plantaginaceae. It is the sole species in genus Maurandella. It is a scrambling or climbing herbaceous perennial subshrub native to Mexico, the southwestern United States, Cuba, and the Turks and Caicos Islands, where it grows in a variety of relatively dry subtropical habitats.

<i>Lophospermum purpusii</i> Species of flowering plant

Lophospermum purpusii is a scambling or climbing herbaceous perennial native to Mexico. It has tubular flowers, white at the base and red to violet elsewhere.

Rhodochiton hintonii is a climbing or sprawling herbaceous perennial native to the state of Guerrero in Mexico. It has dangling flowers, with a bell-shaped calyx and dark purple petals forming a tube. Unlike the better known Rhodochiton atrosanguineus, the petal tube is asymmetrical with two "lips".

Rhodochiton nubicola is a climbing or sprawling herbaceous perennial native to the state of Chiapas in Mexico and to Guatemala, where it grows in cloud forests at between 1,300 and 3,000 m. It has dangling flowers, with a bell-shaped calyx and dark purple petals forming a tube. Unlike the better known Rhodochiton atrosanguineus, the petal tube is asymmetrical with two "lips".

Lophospermum purpurascens is a climbing or scrambling herbaceous perennial native to Mexico, occurring in the states of Oaxaca, Veracruz and possibly Puebla. It has tubular flowers, white at the base and dark purple elsewhere. It was first described by Wayne J. Elisens in 1985. The epithet purpurascens means purplish or becoming purple.

<i>Mabrya acerifolia</i> Species of flowering plant

Mabrya acerifolia, or brittlestem, is a mat-forming herbaceous perennial native to south-central Arizona. It has pale yellow tubular flowers. It was first described by Francis W. Pennell in 1924 in the genus Maurandya and transferred to Mabrya by Wayne J. Elisens in 1985. The epithet acerifolia refers to the somewhat maple-like shape of its leaves.

Mabrya geniculata is a mat-forming herbaceous perennial native to the Mexican states of Sonora and Chihuahua. It has pale yellow tubular flowers. It was first described in 1894 by Benjamin L. Robinson and Merritt L. Fernald in the genus Maurandya and transferred to Mabrya by Wayne J. Elisens in 1985.

Mabrya flaviflora is a mat-forming herbaceous perennial native to a small area in Baja California Norte, Mexico. It has pale yellow tubular flowers. It was first described by Ivan M. Johnston in 1924 in the genus Maurandya and transferred to Mabrya by Wayne J. Elisens in 1985 as Mabrya geniculata subsp. flaviflora. It was restored to a full species within Mabrya by David A. Sutton in 1988. The epithet flaviflora means yellow-flowered.

Mabrya coccinea is a mat-forming herbaceous perennial native to the Mexican state of Coahuila. It has red tubular flowers. It was first described by Ivan M. Johnston in 1950 in the genus Maurandya and transferred to Mabrya by Wayne J. Elisens in 1985. The epithet coccinea means red.

Mabrya rosei is a mat-forming herbaceous perennial native to the Mexican states of Jalisco and Zacatecas. It has tubular flowers, whitish at the base and red to red-violet at the apex. It was first described by Philip A. Munz in 1926 in the genus Maurandya and transferred to Mabrya by Wayne J. Elisens in 1985. Munz did not explain the origin of the epithet rosei but listed the collector of the type specimen as Joseph Nelson Rose.

Mabrya erecta is an upright herbaceous perennial native to Mexico – the states of Chihuahua, Coahuila, Durango, Nuevo León and possibly México. Unlike other members of the genus Mabrya, it does not form mats. It has tubular flowers, whitish at the base and pink to red-violet at the apex. It was first described by William B. Hemsley in 1882 in the genus Maurandya and transferred to Mabrya by Wayne J. Elisens in 1985. The epithet erecta means erect or upright.

References

  1. ↑ "Rhodochiton Zucc. ex Otto & A.Dietr.", Tropicos, Missouri Botanical Garden, retrieved 2014-07-22
  2. 1 2 3 4 5 Elisens, Wayne J. (1985), "Monograph of the Maurandyinae (Scrophulariaceae-Antirrhineae)", Systematic Botany Monographs, 5: 1–97, doi:10.2307/25027602, JSTOR   25027602 ; all Rhodochiton species are placed in Lophospermum section Rhodochiton.
  3. ↑ Elisens 1985, p. 4
  4. 1 2 Zuccarini, J.G. (1832), "Plantarum novarum vel minus cognitarum, quae in horto botanico herbarioque regio monacensi servantur", Abhandlungen der Mathematisch-Physikalischen Classe der Königlich Bayerischen Akademie der Wissenschaften, 1: 289–396, doi: 10.5962/bhl.title.9506 , retrieved 2014-07-22, pp. 306–307 – "Der hiesige Garten erhielt im Jahr 1828 durch Hrn. Baron Karwinski Samen einer dritten Art dieser schönen Gattung, welche im wärmeren Europa eine bedeutende Stelle unter den feineren Zierpflanzen einzunehmen verspricht. Ich hielt sie anfangs, da Don's Gattungscharakter in einigen Dingen abweicht, für ein neues Genus und versendete die im Sommer 1829 gewonnenen Samen unter dem Namen Rhodochiton volubile an mehrere Gärten. Die Abbildung im Botanical Register hat mich von der Identität der Gattung überzeugt." (The local garden received in 1828 from Baron Karwinski seeds of a third species of this beautiful genus, which, in the warmer parts of Europe, promises to take a significant place among the finer ornamental plants. Because Don's generic character differs in some ways, I held it at first to be new genus and sent the seeds obtained in the summer of 1829 to several gardens under the name Rhodochiton volubile. The figure in the Botanical Register has convinced me of the identity of the genus.)
  5. 1 2 Farr, E.R.; Zijlstra, G., eds. (n.d.) [1996 onwards], "ING Database Rhodochiton", Index Nominum Genericorum (Plantarum), retrieved 2014-07-23
  6. 1 2 Vargas, P; Rosselló, J.A.; Oyama, R. & Güemes, J. (2004), "Molecular evidence for naturalness of genera in the tribe Antirrhineae (Scrophulariaceae) and three independent evolutionary lineages from the New World and the Old", Plant Systematics and Evolution, 249 (3–4): 151–172, doi:10.1007/s00606-004-0216-1, S2CID   20328396
  7. ↑ "Rhodochiton Zucc. ex Otto & A. Dietr.", Tropicos.org, Missouri Botanical Garden, retrieved 2014-07-12
  8. 1 2 Ghebrehiwet, Medhanie; Bremer, Birgitta & Thulin, Mats Thulin (2000), "Phylogeny of the tribe Antirrhineae (Scrophulariaceae) based on morphological and ndhF sequence data", Plant Systematics and Evolution, 220 (3–4): 223–239, doi:10.1007/bf00985047, S2CID   36061550
  9. 1 2 3 Vargas, Pablo; Valente, Luis M.; Blanco-Pastor, José Luis; Liberal, Isabel; Guzmán, Beatriz; Cano, Emilio; Forrest, Alan & Fernández-Mazuecos, Mario (2013), "Testing the biogeographical congruence of palaeofloras using molecular phylogenetics: snapdragons and the Madrean–Tethyan flora", Journal of Biogeography, 41 (5): 932–943, doi:10.1111/jbi.12253
  10. ↑ "Rhodochiton Zucc. ex Otto & A. Dietr.: subordinate taxa", Tropicos.org, Missouri Botanical Garden, retrieved 2014-07-24
  11. ↑ "Search for Rhodochiton", The Plant List, retrieved 2014-07-24
  12. ↑ Elisens 1985, p. 83
  13. ↑ Paxton, J. (1836), "Select List of Ornamental Creepers", Paxton's Magazine of Botany, and Register of Flowering Plants, 2: 33–37, retrieved 2014-07-13
  14. ↑ Rhodochiton atrosanguineus, Royal Horticultural Society , retrieved 2014-07-27
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