Rhynchostegium

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Rhynchostegium
Rhynchostegium murale.jpeg
Rhynchostegium murale
Scientific classification OOjs UI icon edit-ltr.svg
Kingdom: Plantae
Division: Bryophyta
Class: Bryopsida
Subclass: Bryidae
Order: Hypnales
Family: Brachytheciaceae
Genus: Rhynchostegium
Bruch & Schimp. 1852 [1]
Rhynchostegium confertum peristome Rhynchostegium confertum 166122502.jpg
Rhynchostegium confertum peristome

Rhynchostegium is a genus of pleurocarpous mosses belonging to the family Brachytheciaceae. [2] The genus has a cosmopolitan distribution across different climatological regions except the polar regions, mostly in tropic to north temperate regions. [2] [1] The genus contains both aquatic and terrestrial species. [1] [3] The genus was named for their rostrate opercula. [1] The type species of this genus is Rhynchostegium confertum (Dicks.) Schimp. [1]

Contents

Etymology

The genus name comes from the Greek rhyncho- (beaked) and stegos (a lid), which refers to the rostrate operculum of the sporophyte. [1]

History

The genus was first described by Bruch and Wilhelm Philippe Schimper in 1852. [2] [1]

Habitats

Terrestrial species of Rhynchostegium live in moist to wet or shaded habitats, on rock, soil, tree base, tree stem, and logs. [1] [4] [5]

Aquatic species live by or in running water, including streams, springs, rivers, beds of waterfalls, and seepy cliffs. [3] [6]

Morphology

Gametophyte

Lamina of Rhynchostegium murale. Rhynchostegium murale lamina.jpeg
Lamina of Rhynchostegium murale.
A Close view of Rhynchostegium murale sporangium. Rostrate operculum can be seen. Rhynchostegium murale (d, 144728-474759) 2696.JPG
A Close view of Rhynchostegium murale sporangium. Rostrate operculum can be seen.

Rhynchostegium are small to large mosses that form either loose tuft or extensive mats on the substrate, with irregular or regular branching. [1] [3] The younger plants are generally deep green or light green; aging plants could become whitish, brownish, or paler green. [1] [3] Stems are creeping and lack hyaloderm, with acute to acuminate pseudoparaphyllia. [3] Stem leaves are erectopatent or erect. [1] [3] Branch leaves are similar in morphology to stem leaves but smaller and sometimes narrower. [3] Leaves are commonly straightly to homomallously arranged; subimbricate, subcomplanate, or complanate arrangement are sometimes seen, especially in branch leaves. [1] Leaf base, decurrent or not, varies from ovate to ovate-cordate, occasionally lanceolate, and the narrowing from gradual to abrupt, towards a short- or long-acuminate apex, where sometimes a differentiated long acumen or apiculus is present. [1] The leaves have a single costa that generally smoothly ends 35-75% up the leaf, and more often in branch leaves in an abaxial spine. [1] Leaf surfaces vary from flat to slightly concave and not to strongly longitudinally plicate, with little to some pores and linear laminal cells. [1] [3] Leaf margins are serrate to serrulate. [1] [3] Axillary hairs constitute of 3-7 cells, [3] with 1-3 upper cells. [1] Alar cells are slightly enlarged, and either undifferentiated or quadrate to elongate-rectangular. [1] [3]

Sporophyte

Rhynchostegium are autoicous. [3] Covered by a naked calyptra is a rostrate to long-rostrate operculum attached to a red-brown to brown, oblong-cylindric, weakly curved capsule, which is inclined or horizontal to a red-brown, smooth seta that has abruptly contracted perichaetial leaves at the base, with acumen straight to reflexed. [1] [3] An annulus separates the operculum. [3] The peristome is xerochastic and perfect, which the red to orange-red exostomes have reduced trabeculae and cross-striolae at the base of the teeth; in rare cases the exostomes are narrow and yellow. [1] [3] The broadly or narrowly perforated endostomes and developed to vestigial cilia are supported by a low or high basal membrane. [1] Spore diameters range between 9-16 µm. [3]

Biochemistry

Allelopathy

Allelopathy has been studied on Rhynchostegium pallidifolium, which usually form pure colonies in their natural habitat. [7] [8] Methanol extract of R.pallidifolium represses the seedling of cress, alfalfa, lettuce, ryegrass, timothy,and Digitaria sanguinalis in a concentration-dependent manner. [7] A combination of ESI-MS and 1H NMR analyses identified the inhibitory chemical as 3-hydroxy-β-ionone. [7] Further study showed a minimal 3-hydroxy-β-ionone concentration of 1 µM for the inhibition of cress hypocotyl growth, and 3 µM for cress root growth, while the endogenous concentration. [8] The presence of 3-hydroxy-β-ionone in their natural substrate and the growing medium suggested secretion to the environment, which may imply an important role of 3-hydroxy-β-ionone in competition with other plants and the forming of pure colonies. [8]

Antibacterial

Rhynchostegium riparioides Rhynchostegium riparioides.jpeg
Rhynchostegium riparioides

Acetone extract of Rhynchostegium riparioides showed antibiotic activity on some Gram-negative bacteria, including Escherichia coli , Proteus mirabilis , Entero-bacter cloacae and Pseudomonas aeruginosa . [9]

Ethanolic extract of Rhynchostegium vagans showed similar effect on some Gram-negative bacteria and fungi, with performance superior to chloramphenicol and fluconazole. [10]

Applications

Freshwater monitoring

Rhynchostegium riparioides is used in monitoring of heavy metals concentration in freshwater in multiple regions around the world, [11] [12] [13] such as copper, [14] [15] zinc. [16] R. riparioides as a neutrophilous species has been used in monitoring water acidification. [17]

List of species

The World Flora Online lists 221 species of Rhynchostegium. [18]

Related Research Articles

<i>Funaria</i> Genus of mosses

Funaria is a genus of approximately 210 species of moss. Funaria hygrometrica is the most common species. Funaria hygrometrica is called “cord moss” because of the twisted seta which is very hygroscopic and untwists when moist. The name is derived from the Latin word “funis”, meaning "a rope". In funaria root like structures called rhizoids are present.

<i>Dicranum</i> Genus of mosses

Dicranum is a genus of mosses, also called wind-blown mosses or fork mosses. These mosses form in densely packed clumps. Stems may fork, but do not branch. In general, upright stems will be single but packed together. Dicranum is distributed globally. In North America these are commonly found in Jack pine or Red pine stands.

Lepidopilum is a genus of moss in family Pilotrichaceae. There are over 200 species in the genus.

<i>Grimmia</i> Genus of moss in the family Grimmiaceae

Grimmia is a genus of mosses (Bryophyta), originally named by Jakob Friedrich Ehrhart in honour of Johann Friedrich Carl Grimm, a physician and botanist from Gotha, Germany.

<i>Barbula</i> Genus of mosses

Barbula is a genus of mosses in the family Pottiaceae.

<i>Ditrichum</i> Genus of haplolepideous mosses

Ditrichum is a genus of haplolepideous mosses (Dicranidae) in the family Ditrichaceae.

<i>Campylopus</i> Genus of haplolepideous mosses

Campylopus is a genus of 180 species of haplolepideous mosses (Dicranidae) in the family Leucobryaceae. The name comes from the Greek campylos, meaning curved, and pous, meaning foot, referring to the setae which curve downwards.

<i>Thuidium</i> Genus of mosses

Thuidium is a genus of moss in the family Thuidiaceae. The name comes from the genus Thuja and the Latin suffix -idium, meaning diminutive. This is due to its resemblance to small cedar trees.

<i>Didymodon</i> Genus of mosses

Didymodon is a genus of mosses belonging to the family Pottiaceae. The genus has a cosmopolitan distribution.

<i>Neckera</i> Genus of mosses

Neckera is a large genus of mosses belonging to the family Neckeraceae. The genus was first described by Johann Hedwig. The genus has a cosmopolitan distribution.

<i>Plagiothecium</i> Genus of mosses

Plagiothecium is a genus of moss belonging to the family Plagiotheciaceae. It has a cosmopolitan distribution.

Campylium is a genus of mosses belonging to the family Amblystegiaceae.

<i>Drepanocladus</i> Genus of mosses

Drepanocladus is a genus of mosses belonging to the family Amblystegiaceae. It has a cosmopolitan distribution

Vesicularia is a genus of mosses belonging to the family Hypnaceae.

<i>Trichostomum</i> Genus of mosses

Trichostomum is a genus of mosses belonging to the family Pottiaceae.

<i>Oxyrrhynchium</i> Genus of mosses

Oxyrrhynchium is a genus of mosses belonging to the family Brachytheciaceae. The genus has a cosmopolitan distribution.

<i>Rhodobryum</i> Genus of mosses

Rhodobryum is a genus of mosses belonging to the family Bryaceae.

Pylaisia is a genus of mosses belonging to the family Pylaisiaceae.

Platygyrium is a genus of mosses belonging to the family Hypnaceae.

References

  1. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 Hedenäs, Lars. "RHYNCHOSTEGIUM" (PDF). Australian Mosses Online. Retrieved 4 April 2022.
  2. 1 2 3 "Rhynchostegium Bruch & Schimp". www.gbif.org. Retrieved 12 February 2021.
  3. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 "Rhynchostegium in Flora of North America @ efloras.org". www.efloras.org. Retrieved 12 April 2022.
  4. 1 2 Cezón, Katia; Muñoz, Jesús; Hedenäs, Lars; Huttunen, Sanna (1 March 2010). "Rhynchostegium confusum, a new species from the Iberian Peninsula and its relation to R. confertum based on morphological and molecular data". Journal of Bryology. 32 (1): 1–8. doi:10.1179/037366810X12578498135832. ISSN   0373-6687. S2CID   86836787.
  5. 1 2 JUAN BERNARDO LARRAÍN; SANNA HUTTUNEN; ELENA IGNATOVA; MICHAEL IGNATOV (23 July 2020). "Rhynchostegium occultum (Brachytheciaceae), a new species from relict forests of central Chile". Phytotaxa. 453 (3): 199–217. doi:10.11646/phytotaxa.453.3.3. S2CID   225464571 . Retrieved 11 September 2023.
  6. ↑ Kelly, M. G.; Whitton, B. A. (December 1987). "Growth rate of the aquatic moss Rhynchostegium riparioidesin Northern England". Freshwater Biology. 18 (3): 461–468. doi:10.1111/j.1365-2427.1987.tb01331.x. ISSN   0046-5070.
  7. 1 2 3 Kato-Noguchi, Hisashi; Seki, Takahiro; Shigemori, Hideyuki (15 April 2010). "Allelopathy and allelopathic substance in the moss Rhynchostegium pallidifolium". Journal of Plant Physiology. 167 (6): 468–471. doi:10.1016/j.jplph.2009.10.018. ISSN   0176-1617. PMID   20018404.
  8. 1 2 3 Hisashi Kato-Noguchi; Takahiro Seki (1 June 2010). "Allelopathy of the moss Rhynchostegium pallidifolium and 3-hydroxy-β-ionone". Plant Signaling & Behavior. 5 (6): 702–704. doi:10.4161/psb.5.6.11642. PMC   3001564 . PMID   20400848 . Retrieved 11 September 2023.
  9. ↑ A. Basile; M. L. Vuotto; M. T. L. Ielpo; V. Moscatiello; L. Ricciardi; S. Giordano; R. Castaldo Cobianchi (1998). "Antibacterial Activity inRhynchostegiumriparioides(Hedw.) Card. Extract (Bryophyta)". Phytotherapy Research. 12 (S1): S146–S148. doi:10.1002/(SICI)1099-1573(1998)12:1+<S146::AID-PTR278>3.0.CO;2-4. S2CID   85109228 . Retrieved 11 September 2023– via Wiley Online Library.
  10. ↑ Negi, Kavita; Chaturvedi, Preeti (1 January 2016). "In vitro antimicrobial efficacy of Rhynchostegium vagans A. Jaeger (moss) against commonly occurring pathogenic microbes of Indian sub-tropics". Asian Pacific Journal of Tropical Disease. 6 (1): 10–14. doi: 10.1016/S2222-1808(15)60977-X . ISSN   2222-1808.
  11. ↑ García-Álvaro, M. Angélica; Martínez-Abaigar, Javier; Núñez-Olivera, Encarnación; Beaucourt, Nathalie (September 2000). "Element Concentrations and Enrichment Ratios in the Aquatic Moss Rhynchostegium riparioides along the River Iregua (La Rioja, Northern Spain)". The Bryologist. 103 (3): 518–533. doi:10.1639/0007-2745(2000)103[0518:ECAERI]2.0.CO;2. ISSN   0007-2745. S2CID   86302267.
  12. ↑ Wehr, J. D.; Whitton, B. A. (1 January 1983). "Accumulation of heavy metals by aquatic mosses. 2: Rhynchostegium riparioides". Hydrobiologia. 100 (1): 261–284. doi:10.1007/BF00027433. ISSN   1573-5117. S2CID   40247998.
  13. ↑ Mouvet, Christophe; Claveri, Bruno (1 February 1999). "Localization of copper accumulated in Rhynchostegium riparioides using sequential chemical extraction". Aquatic Botany. 63 (1): 1–10. doi:10.1016/S0304-3770(98)00110-7. ISSN   0304-3770.
  14. ↑ Claveri, B.; Morhain, E.; Mouvet, C. (1 June 1994). "A methodology for the assessment of accidental copper pollution using the aquatic moss Rhynchostegium riparioides". Chemosphere. 28 (11): 2001–2010. Bibcode:1994Chmsp..28.2001C. doi:10.1016/0045-6535(94)90150-3. ISSN   0045-6535.
  15. ↑ Claveri, B.; Mouvet, C. (1 April 1995). "Temperature effects on copper uptake and CO2 assimilation by the aquatic moss Rhynchostegium riparioides". Archives of Environmental Contamination and Toxicology. 28 (3): 314–320. doi:10.1007/BF00213108. ISSN   1432-0703. S2CID   94456028.
  16. ↑ Wehr, J. D.; Kelly, M. G.; Whitton, B. A. (1 December 1987). "Factors affecting accumulation and loss of zinc by the aquatic moss Rhynchostegium riparioides (Hedw.) C. Jens". Aquatic Botany. 29 (3): 261–274. doi:10.1016/0304-3770(87)90020-9. ISSN   0304-3770.
  17. ↑ Thiebaut, Gabrielle; Vanderpoorten, Alain; Guerold, François; Boudot, Jean-Pierre; Muller, Serge (1 March 1998). "Bryological patterns and streamwater acidification in the Vosges Mountains (N.E. France): An analysis tool for the survey of acidification processes" . Chemosphere. 36 (6): 1275–1289. Bibcode:1998Chmsp..36.1275T. doi:10.1016/S0045-6535(97)00373-1. ISSN   0045-6535.
  18. ↑ "Search". www.worldfloraonline.org. Retrieved 9 April 2022.
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