The Diocese of Verona (Latin: Dioecesis Veronensis) is a Latindiocese of the Catholic Church in northern Italy. The diocese belongs to the Ecclesiastical Province of Venice. The bishop of Verona has his seat in Verona, Veneto.[1][2] The episcopal throne is in the cathedral, which had originally been dedicated to S. Maria Matricolare and S. George.[3]
The Carmen Pipinianum (Pippin's Song) is a 9th-century heroic poem, which includes a description of Verona and its churches, and gives a list of the first eight bishops: St. Euprepius, Dimidrianus (Demetrianus), Simplicius, Proculus, Saturninus, Lucilius (Lucillus, Lucius), Gricinus[Wikidata], and Saint Zeno.[4]
Less important are the three fragments of the so-called Velo di Classe, now believed to be the altar cover from San Firmo e Rustico in Verona,[5] the pianeta (chasuble) of Classe in Ravenna, on which are represented not only the bishops of Verona, but also other saints and bishops of other dioceses venerated at Verona in the ninth century. These liturgical textiles, are not, of course, historical documents, but devotional aids.
Early bishops
It was once believed that S. Euprepius was a disciple of S. Peter the Apostle, a fact inscribed on the façade of the Church of S. Proculo in Verona.[6] The sixth bishop, Lucilius, attended the Council of Sardica in 347,[7] which indicates that there is a problem with the list of bishops, with the dates, or with both.[8] Since S. Zeno had been the eighth bishop, the episcopacy of Euprepius, and therefore of the erection of the see, must be placed not in the mid-third century, before the temporary peace given to the Church under Emperor Gallienus (260), but rather a generation later, under the first period of the reign of Diocletian, when the Church enjoyed peace. In the same "Carmen", mention is made of St. Firmus and St. Rusticus, martyred at Verona, probably under Maximian. Other evidence indicates that Firmus was killed at Carthage, c. 251–253, and that Rusticus was killed at Lambaesis (Africa) c. 259.[9]
Zeno is called a martyr in the "Carmen" and is placed in the time of Gallienus (c. 260). At any rate the existence of a distinguished S. Zeno, Bishop of Verona, a contemporary of St. Ambrose of Milan (c. 340–397), and author of a series of religious discourses, is historically attested, so as the ancient documents know but one bishop of that name, it must be concluded that, as early as the ninth century, the legend had corrupted chronology.
For the rest, we know from the sermons of Saint Zeno of Verona how deeply paganism was still rooted in Verona in his time, particularly in the country districts.
In the second half of the 6th century, other bishops, Solatius and Junior, following the other bishops of the province of Ravenna, joined the schism of the Three Chapters.[10]
Bishop Rotaldus imposed community life on the cathedral Canons (806) and reorganised the education of the clergy.[11] In 813, however, he surrendered control of the Canons of the cathedral of Verona to the jurisdiction of the Patriarch of Aquileia.[12] Among the masters of his school, the Archdeacon Pacificus (c. 776–c. 844) was known for his knowledge of the Greek language and Hebrew language,[13] although the Italian historian Cristina La Rocca demonstrates this claim to be a twelfth century fabrication. Pacificus apparently supported the revolt of Bernardus, son of Pippin, against the Emperor Louis the Pious in 817, and was confined to the monastery of Nonantola for the rest of his life.[14]
Nottingus (840) was the first Italian bishop to denounce the heretic Godescalcus de Orbais.[15]
In 876, Bishop Adelardus (c. 875–911) found himself in trouble with the pope. On 2 November, he was summoned to appear before a papal synod to answer charges of oppressing the monastery of Nonantula by 30 November, or if that proved impossible, by 25 December. By another letter Pope John VIII reminded Adelardus that he had warned him several times through missi and bishops not to harass the monastery. Then, in accordance with a decision of the synod, he ordered Adelardus not to employ the property of Nonantula for his own purposes. Finally, on 17 April 877, Pope John announced to the Emperor Charles the Bald that he had excommunicated Adelardus. Pope John then wrote to the clergy of Verona that he had excommunicated Adelardus until he should come to the Papal Court and give adequate explanations for his conduct.[16] He was restored to the papal good graces quickly, and was in attendance at Pope John VIII's council of Ravenna in November 877.[17]
Ratherius (932–968), a Benedictine and a distinguished author, was thrice driven from his see, in 952, 955, and 968, by usurpers, among whom was Manasses of Arles. After the third expulsion, he resigned and took refuge in the monastery of Lobbia, where he died in 974.[18] He also fostered learning in the cathedral school. Joannes (1027) was distinguished for sanctity and learning. Bishop Bruno (1073), who wrote some interpretations of Scripture, was killed by one of his chaplains.[19]
Barbarossa, the popes, and Verona
In the time of Bishop Ognibene (1157–1185), a distinguished canonist, Pope Lucius III visited Verona. During his stay, and the stay of his successor, the episcopal palace was used as the papal residence, and the bishop of Verona had to find quarters at the church of S. Giorgio.[20] Pope Lucius had been driven out of Rome by his own Romans, because he had opposed the Romans in their war against Tusculum. He was searching for heretics in the north, by which he meant those who denied the temporal or spiritual sovereignty of the pope, and was eager for a meeting with the Emperor Frederick I Barbarossa. The pope arrived in Verona on 22 July 1184, but Frederick was detained in Germany by festivities surrounding the coronation of his son Henry as king. They finally met in late October, and held a series of acrimonious meetings.[21] Finally they held a synod in Verona on 4 November 1184,[22] denouncing various heresies, including the Paterini, the Cathari, the Humiliati of Lyon, the Passagini, the Josephini, and the Arnaldisti (by which he meant the Romans who rejected papal temporal power), and ordering their uprooting.[23] Lucius III issued the papal bullAd Abolendam on the same day.[24] Pope Lucius died, still in residence in Verona, on 25 November 1185, and was buried in the cathedral.[25]
The cardinals met immediately after the burial of Lucius III, and unanimously selected as his successor Cardinal Umberto Crivelli, the Archbishop of Milan, "a violent and unyielding spirit, and a strong opponent of Frederick." He chose the name Urban III, and he spent nearly all of his brief pontificate with the Papal Court at Verona, besieged by Frederick with unbelievable fury. Anyone heading for Verona to appeal to the pope was subject to imprisonment, torture, and execution. Urban finally escaped from Verona at the end of September 1187, but died at Ferrara on 20 October 1187.[26]
Frederick II, Ezzelino da Romano, and Verona
In 1229, the cities of the Marches, as well as Verona, revolted against the authority of Pope Gregory IX in favor of the Emperor Frederick II. The result was an intensified struggle between the Ghibellines (supporters of the Empire) and the Guelphs (supporters of the Papacy). In 1232, Frederick visited Verona, and, seeing that some cities of the Marche of Vicentino were collaborating with the Lombard League, the Ezzolino family entered into a firm alliance with Frederick, and obtained control over most of the lower Po valley. When Frederick died in 1250, Ezzolino[27] became the leader of the entire Ghibelline party in the Po valley. Bishops Jacopo da Breganza (1225–1254) and Gerardo Cossadocca (1255–1259), who stood with the Papacy, were exiled by the Imperial Vicar, Ezzelino III da Romano. In February 1258, Ezzolino rounded up and executed a dozen and more citizens and nobles of Verona, who had been conspiring against him. In the summer, Archbishop Philip of Ravenna, who was also papal Legate, and bishop-elect Cossadoca, organized an expedition of Brescians, Modenese, and Veronese exiles, against Ezzolino's force of 300 soldiers, which was in Cremona; they expected to keep it from returning to Verona. Ezzolino met them at Torcella and soundly defeated them. The archbishop and the bishop-elect were among those captured and imprisoned, on 28 August 1258. The next day Ezzolino entered Brescia. During military operations in September 1259, however, Ezzolino was wounded, captured, and imprisoned, where he died on 27 September 1259. In September 1260, Mastino della Scala (Scaliger) was elected Podestà of Verona, but when he was not reelected, he had himself elected Captain of the People in 1262, and from that point, following the example of Ezzolino, he was Lord of Verona.[28]
Bishop-elect Cossadoca died shortly thereafter. His successor, Manfred Roberti, a Canon of Padua, was appointed by Pope Alexander IV on 15 January 1260. He fell into the hands of the Ghibellines in 1264, and was imprisoned for two years, only being liberated because of the intervention of Pope Clement IV and the King of Aragon. He died in Reggo Emilia on 5 December 1268, less than a week after Pope Clement himself. Clement's death brought on the longest papal vacancy in history, two years and nine months, during which Verona suffered a schism between two would-be bishops.[29]
Bishop Bartolommeo della Scala (1336–1338), a Benedictine who had been Abbot of S. Zeno, was the victim of malicious reports by Azzo da Corregio to the bishop's own nephew Mastino, Lord of Verona, which induced Mastino, who saw treason, to slay the bishop with his own hand on 27 August 1338. The news was immediately brought to Avignon to Pope Benedict XII, who promptly excommunicated Mastino and all the people of Verona. The people begged Mastino to seek forgiveness from the pope, and, upon receiving a report from Patriarch Bertrandus of Aquileia, Pope Benedict relented. However, severe penances were imposed by the pope, as he detailed in a letter of 25 September 1338 to Bishop Gottifredus of Mantua, who was charged with seeing that the penances were carried out. These began with a humiliating procession of the bareheaded Mastino to the cathedral, hearing Mass, and then solemnly begging the Canons to pardon his outrage. He was also required to endow six chaplaincies in the cathedral, for priests to say daily masses for the dead bishop. Each year, on the anniversary of the murder, he was to give new clothes to twenty-four poor persons. On every Friday of the year, and on the vigil of every festival of the Virgin Mary, he was to feed two poor people. At the next levy of soldiers for the crusade, he was to provide and supply twenty-four armed men.[30] As far as the city of Verona was concerned, Pope Benedict XII removed permanently the right of the Canons and clergy to elect the bishop, a right they had enjoyed for two and a half centuries,[31] reserving that right to the Holy See.[32]
Pietro della Scala reformed the lives of the clergy and tried unsuccessfully to bring the Canons under his own jurisdiction instead of that of the Patriarch of Aquileia; it was not until the death of the last Patriarch of Aquileia that the Bishop of Verona acquired rights over his own Canons. When the Visconti dynasty obtained possession of Verona, Pietro was banished. Francesco Condulmer (1439–1453), the nephew of Pope Eugenius IV, founded the college of acolytes to add to the beauty of public worship and to form a learned and pious clergy;[33] the school still exists. This institution was necessary because, with the establishment of the University of Verona, the cathedral school had been suppressed, and the young clerics who attended the university were at that time dispensed from officiating in church functions: the acolytes of the new college were obliged both to study and to attend ecclesiastical functions. Ermolao Barbaro also did much for the reform of the diocese.
Cardinal Giovanni Michiel (1471) restored the cathedral and the episcopal palace. Agostino Valier (1565) was a cardinal. During the episcopate of Giovanni Bragadin, on 6 July 1751, the Patriarchate of Aquileia was suppressed, and the cathedral Chapter of Verona, which had been under the jurisdiction of the Patriarchate since 813, was returned by Pope Benedict XIV to the jurisdiction of the bishops of Verona; he also laid down rules for the government of the diocese.[34]
Giovanni Andrea Avogadro (1790–1805), who had been a Jesuit before the suppression of the Society of Jesus in 1773 by Pope Clement XIV, abdicated the see of Verona in 1805, to return to the Society of Jesus.
A series of portraits by Domenico Riccio of the bishops of Verona, from Euprepius to Cardinal Agostino Valerio. Palazzo del Vescovado di Verona.
Councils and Synods
On 23 November 995, a provincial council was held by the Patriarch John of Aquileia to decide the ownership of several churches which were claimed by Bishop Obertus of Verona.[35] In 1014, Pope Benedict VIII and the Emperor Henry I held a synod at Verona to decide issues which were being litigated between the Patriarch of Grado and the Patriarch of Aquileia.[36]
Councils of Verona worthy of note are those of 4 November 1184, at which pope Lucius III presided, in the presence of the Emperor Frederick Barbarossa,[37] and 1276, against the BogomilianPatarenes, who were somewhat numerous in the Veronese territory, even among the clergy.
Bishop Giovanni Matteo Giberti (1524–1543) held a diocesan synod, the enactments of which were published in 1589, under the direction of Cardinal Augustino Valerio.[38]
Bishop Marco Giustiniani (1631–1649) held two diocesan synods, one in 1633 and the other in 1636.[39] Bishop Sebastiano Pisani (seniore) (1653–1668) held a diocesan synod in Verona in 1655.[40] Bishop Sebastiano Pisani (iuniore) (1668–1690) held two diocesan synods, in 1675 and 1685.[41]
A diocesan synod was held in November 1782 by Bishop Giovanni Morosini[it], O.S.B. (1772–1789)[42]
The violent expansionist military policies of the French Revolutionary Republic brought confusion and dislocation to the Po Valley. From 1797 to 1802, Napoleon Bonaparte's Cisalpine Republic and its successor from 1802 to 1805, the so-called Italian Republic, brought the French occupation right up to the western bank of the Adige River, bringing the loss to Verona of everything to the west. Their successor, the Napoleonic Kingdom of Italy (1805–1814) gobbled up Verona itself, and transformed its territory into a French-style "department", called the Adige, with Verona as its capital. Following the redistribution of European territories at the Congress of Vienna, the Papacy faced the difficult task of restoring and restructuring the Church in various territories, according to the wishes of their rulers. Verona was in the territory which had been handed over to Austria, and therefore a Concordat had to be negotiated with the government of the Emperor Francis. One of the requirements of the Austrian government was the elimination of several metropolitanates and the suppression of a number of bishoprics which were no longer viable due to the bad climate (malaria and cholera) and the impoverishment of the dioceses due to migration and industrialization; it was expected that this would be done to the benefit of the Patriarchate of Venice.
Pope Pius VII, therefore, issued the bull "De Salute Dominici Gregis" on 1 May 1818, embodying the conclusions of arduous negotiations. Caprularum (Caorle) and Torcella were suppressed and their territories assigned to the Patriarchate of Venice; Belluno and Feltre were united under a single bishop, aeque personaliter, and assigned to Venice; the metropolitan archbishopric of Udine was abolished and its bishop made suffragan to Venice. Padua and Verona became suffragans of Venice, and in a complex rearrangement of diocesan boundaries, Verona lost the parish of Santa Maria de Cinto to the diocese of Padua.[46]
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↑ Raffaele Bagatta (1576). Sanctorum Episcoporum Veronensium antiqua Monumenta ... (in Latin). Venice: A. Bocchini. p.3. Lanzoni (p, 932) points out that the only bishop venerated in Verona as a saint for centuries was Zeno, which casts doubt on the status of "Saint" Euprepius: "S. Zenone fu per molti secoli l'unico vescovo venerato in Verona come santo...."
↑ J. D. Mansi (ed.), Sacrorum Conciliorum nova et amplissima collectio, editio novissima, Tomus III (Florence: A. Zatta 1759), p. 47.
↑ Cappelletti X, p. 782, where he mistakenly prints "MCCCXIII" for "DCCCXIII".
↑ A.M. Allen, A History of Verona (New York: Putnam 1910), p. 8.
↑ Cristina La Rocca, "A man for all seasons: Pacificus of Verona and the creation of a local Carolingian past," in: Yitzhak Hen and Matthew Innes (editors), The Uses of the Past in the Early Middle Ages (Cambridge University Press 2000), pp. 250- .
↑ Frederick wanted himself and his son crowned emperors by the pope, as well as the en banc pardon of all his clergy who had supported his schism against Pope Alexander III. Lucius wanted help in rescuing Tusculum and returning to power in Rome. Ferdinand Gregorovius (1896). History of the City of Rome in the Middle Ages. Vol.IV, part 2. London: G. Bell & sons. pp.609–612.
↑ Council of Verona, 1184: J. D. Mansi (ed.), Sacrorum Conciliorum nova et amplissima collectio, editio novissima, Tomus XXII (Venice: A. Zatta 1778), pp. 487-494.
↑ Constitutiones synodales dioecesis Veronensis, editae a Joanne Matthaeo Giberto, Episcopo Veronensis, ex SS. Patrum dictis, et canonicis institutis collectae et in unum redactae, ab Augustino Valerio Cardinale et Veronae Episcopo, recognitae notationibus illustratae... (Veronae: Hieronymi discipulus 1589). (in Latin)
↑ Decreta et edicta a Marco Justiniano, Episcopo Veronensi, in duabus dioecesanis synodis, prima anno MDCXXXIII, altera MDCXXXVI celebratis... Veronae: Bartholomeus Merli 1636. (in Latin)
↑ Synodus dioecesana Veronensis, seu Constitutiones et decreta a Sebastiano Pisano, Episcopo Veronae, promulgata in prima eius generali Synodo, celebrata anno MDCLV (Verona: J.B. Meruli et Fratres 1665). (in Latin)
↑ Pius VII (1853). Andreas Barberi and Rinaldo Secreti (ed.). Bullarii Romani continuatio (in Latin). Vol.Tomus decimus quintus continens pontificatus Pii 7. annum decimum nonum ad vicesimum quartum. Roma. pp.36–40.{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (link) Cappelletti X, p. 808.
↑ Euprepius is placed in the 1st century, or the mid-3rd century. Ughelli, pp. 677-678. Lanzoni, p. 931.
↑ Lucilius, or Lucillus, or Lucius, was present at the Council of Serdica in 347, and is mentioned several times in the works of S. Athanasius. Lanzoni, p. 932, no. 6.
↑ Lanzoni, p. 932, no. 8: "I termini dell'episcopato di s. Zenone sono ignoti. Si possono con larga approssimazione collocare tra il 356 e il 380."
↑ Lanzoni, p. 932, no. 11. Bishop Syagrius appears to have been a suffragan of the archbishop of Milan: Lanzoni, p. 934. Verona became a suffragan of the Patriarchate of Aquileia in the 5th century.
↑ Two sermons are attributed to him. Cappelletti X, p. 746. Lanzoni, p. 933, no. 13.
↑ Bishop Servusdei was present at the third Roman synod held during the administration of Pope Symmachus in 502. J.-D. Mansi (ed.), Sacrorum Conciliorum nova et amplissima collectio, editio novissima, Tomus VIII (Florence: A. Zatta 1762), p. 253. Biancolini, Notizie I, p. 168 (with the date 512 rather than the correct 502).
↑ The epitaph of Valens is recorded by Ughelli V, p. 697. He died on 25 August 531, having governed for 7 years, 7 months, and 18 days, placing his accession on c. 8 January 524. Lanzoni, p. 934, no. 30, however, gives the date of his ordination as 5 November 522.
↑ Solacius was a schismatic follower of bishop John of Ravenna.: Ughelli V, pp. 697-698. Lanzoni, p. 933, no. 23. The foundation document of the monastery of S. Maria ad Organum, allegedly founded in 585, by Pope Pelagius II with the consent of Bishop Solacius, has been shown to be a forgery. Kehr VII. 1, p. 276, no. 1.
↑ Junior is mentioned in Paulus Diaconus, Historia Langobardorum III. 26; and in a letter of Pope Gregory I. Junior was a schismatic follower of bishop John of Ravenna. Ughelli V, p. 698. Lanzoni, p. 934, no. 24.
↑ Eginus (Aginone) was a German, and may have become bishop in the 780's. In 799, he resigned and retired to the monastery of Reichenau. He died there in 802. Cappelletti X, p. 752. Walter Berschin; Alfons Zettler (1999). Egino von Verona: der Gründer von Reichenau-Niederzell (799) (in German). Stuttgart: Thorbecke. ISBN978-3-7995-4408-5.
↑ Rotaldus (Rataldus): Ughelli V, pp. 704-718. Bishop Rotaldus was present at the synod of Mantua in 824 (Ughelli V, p. 711). Two documents attributed to "Audus" (Ughelli V, p. 714 with note 1) appear to be misdated or are forgeries, or perhaps are mistakes on the part of Ughelli for (Rot)aldus.
↑ Notting was still bishop-elect when he received a letter from Hrabanus Maurus, abbot of Fulda, in May 840. Notting was transferred to the diocese of Brescia in 844. Cappelletti X, pp, 755-756.
↑ Bishop Landericus was the beneficiary of a charter issued by the Emperors Louis the Pious and his son Lothair I on 24 August 847. Ughelli V, p. 718-720.
↑ On 9 February 876, Bishop Adelardus was present at the synod of Pavia, held by Archbishop Anspertus of Milan to elect the Emperor Charles the Bald as King of Italy. J.-D. Mansi (ed.), Sacrorum Conciliorum nova et amplissima collectio, editio novissima, Tomus XVII (Venice: A. Zatta 1772), p. 311. Cappelletti X, pp. 756-757. Gams, p. 805.
↑ Ratherius was a monk of Kloster Laubach. He came to Italy with Hilduin von Lüttich (Bishop of Liège). He was restored to his diocese by the Emperor Otto I. Schwartz, pp. 62-63.
↑ Milo was the nephew of Count Milo of Verona. Schwartz p. 63.
↑ Hiltprandus (Ildeprandus, Witprandus): Schwartz, p. 64.
↑ Joannes: Biancolini, Notizie II, p. 470. Schwartz, p. 65.
↑ Walter died at the end of 1055. Schwartz, p. 65.
↑ Dietpold was installed by the Emperor Henry III by 11 November 1955. He died between 1061 and 1063. Schwartz, p. 66.
↑ A document of Bishop Adalbero is dated 28 June 1063. His latest document is dated 15 March 1068. Schwartz, pp. 66-67.
↑ Huswardus died on 2 August 1072 or 1075, according to two different chronicles. Schwartz, p. 67.
↑ Brun had been Magister scholarum in the cathedral chapter of Hildesheim. He was an appointee of the Emperor Frederic Barbarossa in 1072. Pope Gregory VII wrote to him on 24 September 1073. He took part in the Synod of Worms on 24 January 1076. He was murdered by his chaplain on 15 February, of a year between 1076 and 1080. Schwartz, p. 67.
↑ Bertoldus consecrated an altar in S. Trinità in Verona in 1102. On 1 December 1107, he issued a document. Schwartz, p. 69.
↑ Zufetus is perhaps only a cognomen of Bishop Bertoldus or Bishop Ubertus. His name appears only in a legal pleading of the time of Pope Eugenius III (1145–1153). Schwartz, p. 69.
↑ Riprandus had been Archpriest of the Congregatio Clericorum of Verona, Archpriest of the collegiate church of S. Proculo, and then Archpriest of the cathedral of Verona. He was elected bishop by the Canons of the cathedral Chapter, and confirmed by the Emperor Frederick Barbarossa. He died on 23 June 1188. Ughelli V, pp. 805-809. Biancolini I, pp. 197-198. Kehr VII. 1, p. 245.
↑ Adelardus died in 1214. Eubel, Hierarchia catholica I, p. 522 with note 1.
↑ Norandinus was elected in 1214, before 13 October. He died on 22 September 1224. Ughelli V, pp. 822-836 (wrongly calculating the date of his election). Cappelletti X, p. 768. Eubel I, p. 522.
↑ Albertus had been Archpriest of the cathedral, and already had a successor in that office in November 1224. Albertus was deposed by Pope Honorius III on 1 March 1225. Cappelletti X, pp. 768-769. Eubel I, p. 522.
↑ Jacobus de Braganza was appointed by Pope Honorius III on the same day that he deposed Bishop Albertus, 1 March 1225. Jacobus died in 1254 in Brescia, where he was living in exile, driven out of Verona by Ezzolino III, Frederick II's imperial vicar for Lombardy. Ughelli V, pp. 838-839. Biancolini, Notizie I, p. 200-201. Cappelletti X, pp. 768-769. Eubel I, p. 522.
↑ On 4 August 1255, Pope Alexander IV provided (appointed) one of his chaplains, Gerardo Cossadoca, to be Bishop of Verona. He too suffered from the violence of Ezzolino, being captured in battle in 1258, and suffering imprisonment and exile in Brescia. Ezzolino died in September 1259. Ughelli V, pp. 841-842 (incorrect on dates and events). Biancolini, Notizie I, p. 202. Cappelletti X, pp. 768-769. Eubel I, p. 522.
↑ Manfredus was appointed bishop of Verona by Pope Alexander IV on 15 January 1260. In 1262 he was named Rector of the Patrimony of S. Peter. In 1263 he was named Rector of the Duchy of Spoleto and the March of Ancona. He was still bishop-elect on 8 September 1264, when he was captured by the Ghibelline forces of the illegitimate son of Frederick II, Manfred, King of Sicily, and imprisoned. After appeals by Pope Clement IV (1265–1268) and James I of Aragon, he was released and returned to his diocese. He died on 3 December 1268. Ughelli V, pp. 842-843. Eubel I, p. 522 with note 5.
↑ Aleardino is always called bishop-elect. Cappelletti conjectures that Aleardino was the candidate of the Roman Court, but, since there was no pope, the conjecture is tenuous. During a papal vacancy, powers were in abayence, and no one could appoint or ratify, or settle a contested election. Cappelletti X, pp. 769-770. Ughelli V, p. 843, does not mention him. Eubel I, p. 522, note 6, considers Guido the legitimate bishop, and mentions Aleardino only in the note.
↑ Guido Scaliger was the Archpriest of the cathedral, and was elected by the clergy of Verona. Guido died in 1270. Cappelletti X, p. 769. Eubel I, p. 522.
↑ The papal throne was vacant from November 1268 to January 1272, when Tedaldo Visconti accepted his election, and took the throne name Gregory X. He held an ecumenical council in Lyon beginning in May 1274. He never returned to Rome, dying in Arezzo in January 1276.
↑ Born in Verona, Buonincontro was the son of a doctor, Baldassare. He had been Archpriest of Verona. He was elected bishop on 13 December 1295. Ughelli (V, pp. 855-857) prints the official notice of his election, which indicates that Buonincontro was not the first choice of the electors. They chose Thebaldus, abbot of the monastery of S. Firmus in Verona, who, however, refused the dignity before the election was confirmed. The electors then unanimously appointed Canon Gregorius de Montelongo to choose the new bishop. He selected Buonincontro, who immediately appointed two proctors to obtain the confirmation of the Patriarch of Aquileia. Buonincontro was consecrated on 15 January 1296. He died on 14 June 1298. Giammaria Mazzuchelli (1763). Gli scrittori d'Italia cioè Notizie storiche, e critiche intorno alle vite (in Italian). Vol.2, parte 4. Brescia: G. Bossini. p.2392. Eubel I, p. 522.
↑ Bishop Bartolomeo was murdered by his nephew, Mastino, Lord of Verona, on 27 August 1338. Cappelletti X, pp. 770-772.
↑ Perhaps unaware of that Pope Benedict XII was about to revoke the right of the Canons and Clergy to elect a bishop, they proceeded to elect Fr. Pietro Spelta of Pavia, a member of the Humiliati. The pope annulled his nomination, which was followed by four years of litigation over the revocation of the electoral rights. In the meantime the diocese was governed by an Administrator, Martin, the Archpriest of S. Stefano. Cappelletti X, p. 772.
↑ Rossi was a native of Parma, and a privy councillor of Giangaleazzo Visconti, Duke of Milan. With Visconti's influence, he was appointed Bishop of Verona on 21 April 1388, by Pope Urban VI. Rossi obtained the confirmation of the possessions and jurisdiction of the bishop from the Duke. When the territory fell under the control of Venice, however, Rossi's allegiance became a matter of concern, and therefore Pope Innocent VII transferred him to the diocese of Luni (Liguria) Biancolini Notizie I, p. 214. Eubel I, pp. 318, 523.
↑ Barberigo was a Venetian patrician, and a nephew of Pope Gregory XII. He was named bishop of Kisamos (Cyprus) in 1385 by Urban VI. He was appointed Bishop of Verona on 21 September 1406. He resigned the diocese of Verona after his uncle named him a cardinal on 19 September 1408. He died on 16 August 1418. Biancolini Notizie I, p. 215. Eubel I, p. 31, no. 7; 186; 523.
↑ Francesco was the nephew of Pope Eugenius IV. He was a protonotary apostolic, and had been Bishop of Besançon (1437–1438). He was Vice-Chancellor of the Holy Roman Church from 1437 to 1453. He was appointed Bishop of Verona by Pope Eugenius IV (Condulmer) on 20 October 1438. In 1445, he was promoted to suburbicarian Bishop of Porto. He died on 30 October 1453. Eubel, Hierarchia catholica II, pp. 7, no. 1; 106; 265 with note 1.
↑ Barbaro was a Venetian, a protonotary apostolic, and had been Bishop of Treviso (1443-1453). He was transferred to the diocese of Verona on 16 November 1453 by Pope Nicholas V. He restored the cathedral, the episcopal palace, and the diocesan offices in Monteforte and Bovolone. He restored the office of diocesan treasurer, with a substantially increased salary. He died in Venice on 12 March 1471. Biancolini, Notizie I, pp. 218-219. Cappelletti X, p. 775. Eubel II, pp. 248, 265.
↑ Michiel was the nephew of Pope Paul II (Barbo, of Venice), who named him a cardinal on 21 November 1468. He was named Bishop of Verona on 18 March 1471, and actually lived there for a total of seven years. He was Bishop of Padua at the same time from 1485 to 1487. He became suburbicarian Bishop of Albano on 14 March 1491, then Bishop of Palestrina on 10 October 1491, then Bishop of Porto on 31 August 1492. He died on 10 April 1503. Biancolini, Notizie I, pp. 220-221. Cappelletti X, p. 775. Eubel II, pp. 15, no. 10; 210; 265.
↑ Cornaro (Cornelius) was the nephew of Catarina Cornaro, Queen of Cyprus. He was named a cardinal by Pope Alexander VI on 28 September 1500. He was appointed Bishop of Verona by Pope Julius II on 29 November 1503, at the age of 24, too young to be consecrated a bishop. He was not even ordained a priest until 1 April 1524. He died on 24 July 1524. Eubel, Hierarchia catholica III, pp. 7, no. 35; 331.
↑ Giberti had been a cleric of Palermo. He was a papal notary and the papal datary, as well as a personal friend of the pope. He was 29 years old when named Bishop of Verona, on 8 August 1524, by Pope Clement VII. He died on 30 December 1543. Eubel III, p. 351.
↑ Pietro Lippomano was the nephew of Bishop Nicolas Lippomano of Bergamo (1512–1516), who resigned in Pietro's favor. Pietro was Bishop of Bergamo from 1516 to 1538. He was transferred to the diocese of Verona by Pope Paul III on 18 February 1544. In his old age, from 1539, he had a coadjutor bishop, his nephew Luigi. He died on 9 August 1548. Eubel III, pp. 132, 331.
↑ Luigi Lippomano had been coadjutor bishop of Verona, and titular Bishop of Mothone (Greece) from 1539. He succeeded to the diocesan throne on 9 August 1548. On 20 July 1558, he was transferred to the diocese of Bergamo. He died on 15 August 1559. Eubel III, pp. 132, 331.
↑ A Venetian patrician, Navagero had married Istriana Lando, granddaughter of Doge Pietro Lando, and had two children. He was a professional diplomat for the Venetian Republic. Cardinal Navagero was only Apostolic Administrator, from 15 September 1562. There is no evidence that he was ever consecrated a bishop. In 1563, he was a papal Legate at the Council of Trent. He died in Verona on 13 April 1565. Cappelletti X, pp. 776-777. Eubel III, pp. 39, no. 20; 331.
↑ Giustiniani was a Venetian patrician, and held the degree of Doctor in utroque iure. He had previously been Bishop of Torcella (1625–1626), and Bishop of Ceneda (1626–1631). He was transferred to the diocese of Verona on 7 April 1631 by Pope Urban VIII. He died on 23 April 1649. "Bishop Marco Giustiniani"Catholic-Hierarchy.org. David M. Cheney. Retrieved March 21, 2016.[self-published source] Gauchat, Hierarchia catholica IV, pp. 144; 340 with note 3; 365 with note 2.
↑ Born in Venice, Pisani held the degree of Doctor in utroque iure from the University of Padua. He was appointed Bishop of Ceneda on 19 December 1639, by Pope Urban VIII. He was transferred to the diocese of Verona on 6 October 1653, by Pope Innocent X. He carried out formal visitations of the institutions in his diocese four times, and held a diocesan synod in 1653. He resigned on 9 December 1668, in favor of his nephew. Cappelletti X, p. 778. Gauchat, Hierarchia catholica IV, pp. 145 with note 6; 365 with note 3.
↑ Pisani junior was appointed on 10 December 1668, upon the resignation of his uncle of the same name. He held diocesan synods in 1675 and 1685. He died on 5 August 1690. Cappelletti X, pp. 778-780. Ritzler & Sefrin, Hierarchia catholica V, p. 441 with note 3.
↑ Barbarigo: 21 Jul 1698 – 9 Jul 1714 Appointed Bishop of Brescia. Ritzler & Sefrin V, p. 441 with note 5.
↑ Gradenigo: 19 Nov 1714 – 11 Jun 1725 Appointed Patriarch of Venice. Ritzler & Sefrin V, p. 441 with note 6.
↑ Trevisani: 23 Jul 1725 – 13 Dec 1732. Ritzler & Sefrin V, p. 441 with note 7.
↑ Bragadin was born in Venice in 1699. He obtained the degree of Doctor in utroque iure from the University of Padua in 1729. He was appointed Bishop of Verona on 2 March 1733, by Pope Clement XII. He was nominated Patriarch of Venice by the Doge and Venetian Republic, and, on 27 November 1758 he was appointed Patriarch of Venice by Pope Clement XIII. He died on 23 December 1775. Cappelletti X, pp. 781–802. Ritzler & Sefrin, Hierarchia catholica VI, pp. 436 with note 4; 439 with note 2.
↑ Born in Venice in 1712, Giustiniani held a doctorate in theology from the University of Padua. He became Prior of the monastery in Vicenza in 1748, having taught philosophy, theology, and canon law in houses of his Order. He was Bishop of Torcella from 1753 to 1759. He was nominated to the see of Verona by the Doge and Republic of Venice on 12 August 1759, and transferred to the diocese of Verona on 12 February 1759, by Pope Clement XIII. On 14 December 1772, he was appointed Bishop of Padua by Pope Clement XIV. He died on 12 November 1796. Ritzler & Sefrin, Hierarchia catholica VI, pp. 330 with note 5; 410 with note 3; 439 with note 3.
↑ Morosini had taught philosophy and theology in houses of his Order for 24 years. He was nominated bishop of Choggia by the Doge and Republic of Venice on 3 February 1769, and confirmed by Pope Clement XIV on 28 May 1770. He was transferred to the diocese of Verona on 14 December 1772. He died on 18 August 1789. Cappelletti X, p. 807. Ritzler & Sefrin, Hierarchia catholica VI, pp. 170 with note 7; 439 with note 4.
↑ Born in Venice in 1735, Avogadro had been a member of the Society of Jesus. When the Order was dissolved in 1773, he became a secular priest and had some success as a preacher. He obtained the degree of Doctor in utroque iure from the University of Padua (1789). On 29 March 1790 he was appointed Bishop of Verona by Pope Pius VI. He resigned on 14 November 1805, to return to the Society of Jesus. He died in Padua on 1 February 1815, at the age of eighty. Cappelletti X, p. 807. Ritzler & Sefrin, Hierarchia catholica VI, p. 439 with note 5.
↑ This was the period in which Napoleon was restructuring the political and ecclesiastical order of Lombardy and the western Veneto. Verona became a part of Napoleon's Kingdom of Italy, and the capital of a d"department". Cappelletti X, p. 807.
↑ Grasser was born at Glurns, in the south Tirol, northwest of Brixen, in 1782. He served as general director of all Tyrolese gymnasia. He was named (by the Emperor Francis) and confirmed as Bishop of Treviso (by Pope Pius VII) in 1822. As Bishop of Treviso he ordained Giuseppe Sarto (Pius X) to the priesthood. He was transferred to the diocese of Verona on 15 December 1828. He died on 22 November 1839. Giuseppe Venturi (1841). Orazione funebre letta nella Chiesa di santa Eufemia in lode di monsig. vescovo di Verona Giuseppe Grasser il giorno 26. novembre 1840 (in Italian). Verona: P. Libanti. Ritzler & Sefrin, Hierarchia catholica VII, pp. 360, 394.
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