Donegal in Midland Railway service | |
History | |
---|---|
United Kingdom | |
Name |
|
Namesake | County Donegal, Ireland |
Owner | Midland Railway [1] [2] |
Port of registry | Belfast [1] [2] |
Route | Heysham – Belfast |
Builder | Caird & Company, Greenock [1] [2] |
Yard number | 303 [1] |
Launched | 30 April 1904 |
Completed | 1904 [1] |
Fate | Torpedoed and sunk by UC-21, 17 April 1917 [1] |
General characteristics | |
Type |
|
Tonnage | 1,885 GRT [1] [2] |
Length | 331 ft (101 m) [1] |
Beam | 42.1 ft (12.8 m) [1] |
Draught | 17.2 ft (5.2 m) [1] |
Installed power | 386 NHP [1] [2] |
Propulsion | triple-expansion steam engine; [1] screw |
Speed | 13 knots (24 km/h) [1] |
Capacity | 610 (as ambulance ship) [3] |
Crew | 70 (as ambulance ship) [3] |
Notes | sister ship: SS Antrim |
SS Donegal was a Midland Railway passenger ferry that served in the First World War as an ambulance ship. She was completed in 1904 and sunk by enemy action in April 1917.
In 1897–1903 the Midland Railway of England had Heysham Port on the coast of Lancashire built as a terminal for ferries to and from Ireland. In 1903 the Midland established its interest in Ireland by buying the Belfast and Northern Counties Railway.
In 1904 the Midland took delivery of a pair of new passenger ferries from Clydeside shipyards in Glasgow and Greenock to work between Heysham Port and Belfast Harbour. They came from different builders but they were sister ships: Antrim built by John Brown & Company of Clydebank, and Donegal built by Caird & Company of Greenock. [1]
Donegal had a triple-expansion steam engine rated at 386 NHP, giving her a speed of 13 knots (24 km/h). [1] She and Antrim worked between Heysham and Belfast from 1904 until they were requisitioned for UK Government service in the First World War.
Donegal was one of numerous ferries, many of them requisitioned from railway companies, that were converted into ambulance ships to carry wounded personnel from France back to Great Britain. Ambulance ships were classified as hospital ships under Hague Convention X of 1907 and as such were to be clearly marked and lit to make them easy to identify. Nevertheless, in the First World War the Imperial German Navy attacked and sank a number of British hospital ships. The UK Government then announced it would cease marking hospital ships, alleging that German vessels had used their markings and lighting to target them, so Donegal was unmarked. [3]
On 1 March 1917 a German submarine tried to attack Donegal but the steamer managed to outrun her. Then on 17 April 1917 both Donegal and a larger ship, HMHS Lanfranc, were sunk by U-boats when carrying British wounded across the English Channel. [4]
Donegal had sailed from Le Havre bound for Southampton [4] carrying 610 lightly wounded soldiers and 70 crew. [3] She had a Royal Navy escort. [3] [4] She was about 19 nautical miles (35 km) south of the Dean light vessel when the German Type UC II submarine SM UC-21 torpedoed her. She sank with the loss of 29 wounded British soldiers and 12 of her crew. [4]
A Royal Naval Reserve Lieutenant, H Holehouse, jumped from his ship into the sea to recover one of Donegal's wounded soldiers from the water. The man did not recover, but the Royal Humane Society awarded Lieut. Holehouse its bronze medal. [5]
Two of Donegal's crew, Archie Jewell [6] and Arthur John Priest, [7] had served on RMS Titanic and survived her sinking in April 1912. Jewell had been one of Titanic's lookouts (although not on watch when she struck the iceberg) [6] and Priest had been one of her stokers. [7] Priest had also been on the liner RMS Asturias when she foundered on her maiden voyage in 1907, and on RMS Olympic when she was damaged in a collision with HMS Hawke in 1911. [7]
Priest then served on the armed merchant cruiser Alcantara when she and the German armed merchant cruiser SMS Greif sank each other in February 1916. [7] Both Jewell [6] and Priest [7] then served on Titanic's White Star Line sister ship HMHS Britannic, and survived when she was sunk in November 1916. When Donegal sank, Priest survived yet again [7] but Jewell was killed. [6] In 1917 Priest was awarded the Mercantile Marine Ribbon for his service in the war. [7]
Donegal's wreck lies intact on her port side in about 45 to 50 metres (148 to 164 ft) of water. [8]
HMHSBritannic was the third and final vessel of the White Star Line's Olympic class of steamships and the second White Star ship to bear the name Britannic. She was the youngest sister of the RMS Olympic and the RMS Titanic and was intended to enter service as a transatlantic passenger liner. She was operated as a hospital ship from 1915 until her sinking near the Greek island of Kea, in the Aegean Sea, in November 1916. At the time she was the largest hospital ship in the world.
Violet Constance Jessop was an Argentine ocean liner stewardess and nurse in the early 20th century. Jessop is most well known for having survived the sinking of both the RMS Titanic in 1912 and her sister ship the HMHS Britannic in 1916, as well as having been onboard the eldest of the three sister ships, the RMS Olympic, when it collided with the British warship HMS Hawke in 1911.
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The Olympic-class ocean liners were a trio of British ocean liners built by the Harland & Wolff shipyard for the White Star Line during the early 20th century. They were Olympic (1911), Titanic (1912) and Britannic (1914). All three were designed to be the largest and most luxurious passenger ships at that time, designed to give White Star an advantage in the transatlantic passenger trade.
HMHS Rewa was a steamship originally built for the British-India Steam Navigation Company for their mail and passenger service but requisitioned in August 1914 and fitted out for use as a British hospital ship during the First World War. On 4 January 1918, she was hit and sunk by a torpedo from the German U-boat U-55.
HMHS Glenart Castle was a steamship originally built as Galician in 1900 for the Union-Castle Line. She was renamed Glenart Castle in 1914, but was requisitioned for use as a British hospital ship during the First World War. On 26 February 1918, she was hit and sunk by a torpedo fired from the German U-boat UC-56.
The Atlantic U-boat campaign of World War I was the prolonged naval conflict between German submarines and the Allied navies in Atlantic waters—the seas around the British Isles, the North Sea and the coast of France.
HMHS Dover Castle was a steam ship originally built for the Union-Castle Line and launched in 1904. In 1914 she was requisitioned for use as a British hospital ship during the First World War. On 26 May 1917 she was torpedoed 50 nautical miles North of Bône, Algeria by UC-67 of the Imperial German Navy.
HMHS Gloucester Castle was a steam ship originally built for the Union-Castle Line, but requisitioned for use as a British hospital ship during the First World War. On 30 March 1917 she was torpedoed by German U-boat UB-32. She was, however, salvaged, and returned to civilian service after the war. She was sunk by the German commerce raider Michel in 1942 off Ascension Island in the South Atlantic.
The SS Portugal was a steam ship originally built by a French shipping company, but requisitioned for use as a Russian hospital ship during the First World War. On March 30 [O.S. March 17] 1916 she was sunk by a torpedo from the German U-boat U-33.
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TSS Duke of Albany was a passenger vessel operated by the London and North Western Railway and the Lancashire and Yorkshire Railway from 1907 to 1914. and also as HMS Duke of Albany from 1914 to 1916.
HMHS Letitia was a British hospital ship that ran aground at Portuguese Cove in Halifax Harbour, Canada on 1 August 1917 while carrying 546 wounded Canadian soldiers from Liverpool, United Kingdom to Halifax, Nova Scotia, Canada.
Arthur John Priest was an English fireman and stoker who was notable for surviving four ship sinkings, including the RMS Titanic, HMS Alcantara, HMHS Britannic and the SS Donegal. Due to these incidents, Priest gained the moniker "the unsinkable stoker".
Archie Jewell was a sailor who was on the crew of the Titanic. He survived the sinking of the Titanic and Britannic, but died during the sinking of the SS Donegal when it was torpedoed without warning by German forces during the course of World War I.
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