S Persei

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S Persei
Double Cluster.jpg
GoldF39400 circle.svg
Location of S Persei (circled) near the Double Cluster (north is left)
Observation data
Epoch J2000       Equinox J2000
Constellation Perseus
Right ascension 2h 22m 51.70928s [1]
Declination 58° 31′ 11.4476″ [1]
Apparent magnitude  (V)+9.23 [2] (7.9 - 12.0 [3] )
Characteristics
Spectral type M3 Iae–M7 [3]
B−V color index +2.65 [2]
Variable type SRc [3]
Astrometry
Radial velocity (Rv)-39.71 [4]  km/s
Proper motion (μ)RA: –0.49 ± 0.23 [5]   mas/yr
Dec.: −1.19 ± 0.20 [5]   mas/yr
Parallax (π)0.413 ± 0.017  mas [5]
Distance 7,900 ± 300  ly
(2,420 ± 100  pc)
Absolute magnitude  (MV)–6.36 (at mV 9.23) [2]
Details
Mass 20 [6]   M☉
Radius 1,212 [7] – 1,364 [8]   R☉
Luminosity 123,000 [9] – 186,000 [10]   L☉
Surface gravity (log g)0.0 [11]   cgs
Temperature 3,500 [12] (3,000 [13] – 3,600 [10] )  K
Other designations
S Per, HD 14528, HIP 11093, BD+57°552, SAO 23261, WDS J02229+5835, AAVSO 0215+58
Database references
SIMBAD data

S Persei is a red supergiant or hypergiant located near the Double Cluster in Perseus, north of the cluster NGC 869. It is a member of the Perseus OB1 association and one of the largest known stars. If placed in the Solar System, its photosphere would engulf the orbit of Jupiter. It is also a semiregular variable, a star whose variations are less regular than those of Mira variables.

Contents

Discovery

S Persei was named by German astronomer Adalbert Krueger in 1874 after observing that it varied in brightness. [14] It was subsequently listed in major stellar catalogues of that era as HD  14528 and BD+57°552.

Variability

A visual band light curve for S Persei, plotted from AAVSO data SPerLightCurve.png
A visual band light curve for S Persei, plotted from AAVSO data

S Persei varies slowly by several magnitudes, a factor of over 40 in brightness. It has a main period of somewhat over two years, but shows significant unpredictability. There is a strong variation in the amplitude from around one magnitude to about four magnitudes, and these have been interpreted as beats due to a second period of about 940 days. [16] Other analyses find only the primary period of 813 ± 60 days. [17]

S Persei is classified as a semiregular variable star of type SRc, indicating that it is a supergiant, and it has one of the largest visual amplitudes of any variable of this type. [3] While the General Catalogue of Variable Stars lists it as varying between magnitudes 7.9 and 12.0, it has since been seen fainter. [17]

The spectral type of S Persei also varies. Typically it is a red supergiant of spectral class M3 or M4, but particularly at deep visual minima it may show a much cooler spectral type of M7 or M8, highly unusual for a supergiant. [18]

Properties

Many of the visually bright variable stars belong to this class of semiregulars, as these stars are extremely large and luminous, and hence visible across long distances. S Persei has been described as a hypergiant [19] and has a radius over 700 times the sun's radius (R☉). [2] Its angular diameter has been measured directly and found to be somewhat elliptical. Modelled as a uniform disk, the radius corresponds to 1,212 ± 124 R☉. [7]

The temperature has been calculated from the spectrum using a DUSTY model, [20] giving an effective photospheric temperature of 3,500 K and a temperature of 1,000 K for the surrounding dust torus. [12] This is consistent with previous studies, but the derived luminosity from different authors varies from 86,000 L☉ to 186,000 L☉. [10] [21] [22] Older studies frequently calculated higher luminosities, lower temperatures, and consequently larger values for the radius. [23]

The mass of S Persei is also uncertain, but expected to be around 20 M☉. [6] Mass is being lost at 2.4 to 2.6×10−5 M☉ per year, [12] leading to an extensive and complex circumstellar environment of gas and dust. [10]

Location

S Persei is surrounded by clouds containing water molecules which produce maser emission. This allows the distance to be measured very accurately using very long baseline interferometry, giving an annual parallax of 0.413 ± 0.017 milliarcseconds. For comparison the Gaia Data Release 2 parallax is 0.2217±0.1214  mas . [24] It lies somewhat further away than the centres of the Double Cluster open clusters, but definitely within the Per OB1 association and the Perseus Arm of the galaxy. [5]

S Persei is a double star. The red supergiant has an A0 11th magnitude companion at 69". [25] There are also several other 8th to 10th magnitude stars within half a degree of S Persei. [26]

Related Research Articles

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Red supergiant</span> Stars with a supergiant luminosity class with a spectral type of K or M

Red supergiants (RSGs) are stars with a supergiant luminosity class of spectral type K or M. They are the largest stars in the universe in terms of volume, although they are not the most massive or luminous. Betelgeuse and Antares are the brightest and best known red supergiants (RSGs), indeed the only first magnitude red supergiant stars.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Zeta Persei</span> Star in the constellation Perseus

Zeta Persei is a star in the northern constellation of Perseus. With an apparent visual magnitude of 2.9, it can be readily seen with the naked eye. Parallax measurements place it at a distance of about 750 light-years from Earth.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Yellow hypergiant</span> Class of massive star with a spectral type of A to K

A yellow hypergiant (YHG) is a massive star with an extended atmosphere, a spectral class from A to K, and, starting with an initial mass of about 20–60 solar masses, has lost as much as half that mass. They are amongst the most visually luminous stars, with absolute magnitude (MV) around −9, but also one of the rarest, with just 20 known in the Milky Way and six of those in just a single cluster. They are sometimes referred to as cool hypergiants in comparison with O- and B-type stars, and sometimes as warm hypergiants in comparison with red supergiants.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">V354 Cephei</span> Star in the constellation Cepheus

V354 Cephei is a red supergiant star located within the Milky Way. It is an irregular variable located over 8,900 light-years away from the Sun. It has an estimated radius of 685 solar radii. If it were placed in the center of the Solar System, it would extend to between the orbits of Mars and Jupiter.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Westerlund 1</span> Super star cluster in the Milky Way Galaxy

Westerlund 1 is a compact young super star cluster about 3.8 kpc away from Earth. It is thought to be the most massive young star cluster in the Milky Way, and was discovered by Bengt Westerlund in 1961 but remained largely unstudied for many years due to high interstellar absorption in its direction. In the future, it will probably evolve into a globular cluster.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">MY Cephei</span> Star in the constellation Cepheus

MY Cephei is a red supergiant located in open cluster NGC 7419 in the constellation of Cepheus. It is a semiregular variable star with a maximum brightness of magnitude 14.4 and a minimum of magnitude 15.5.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">6 Cassiopeiae</span> Star in the constellation Cassiopeia

6 Cassiopeiae is a white hypergiant in the constellation Cassiopeia, and a small-amplitude variable star.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">VX Sagittarii</span> Extreme asymptotic giant branch star in the constellation Sagittarius

VX Sagittarii is an extreme asymptotic giant branch star located more than 1.5 kiloparsec away from the Sun in the constellation of Sagittarius. It is a pulsating variable star with an unusually large magnitude range. It is also one of the largest stars discovered so far, with a radius varying between 1,350 and 1,940 solar radii (940,000,000 and 1.35×109 km; 6.3 and 9.0 au). It is the most luminous known AGB star, at bolometric magnitude –8.6, which is even brighter than the theoretical limit at –8.0.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">V4381 Sagittarii</span> Star in the constellation Sagittarius

V4381 Sagittarii is a variable star in the constellation Sagittarius. A white supergiant of spectral type A2/A3Iab, it is an Alpha Cygni variable that varies between apparent photographic magnitudes 6.57 and 6.62. Its visual apparent magnitude is about 6.54.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">HD 33579</span> Star in the constellation Dorado

HD 33579 is a white/yellow hypergiant and one of the brightest stars in the Large Magellanic Cloud (LMC). It is a suspected variable star.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">IRC +10420</span> Star in the constellation Aquila

IRC+10420, also known as V1302 Aql, is a yellow hypergiant star located in the constellation of Aquila at a distance of 4-6 kiloparsecs of the Sun.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">PZ Cassiopeiae</span> Star in the constellation Cassiopeia

PZ Cassiopeiae is a red supergiant star located in the Cassiopeia constellation, and a semi-regular variable star.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">V1073 Scorpii</span> Variable star in the constellation Scorpius

V1073 Scorpii is a variable star in the constellation Scorpius. It has a non-Greek Bayer designation of k Scorpii. The star has a blue-white hue and is visible to the naked eye with an apparent visual magnitude that fluctuates around +4.87. Parallax measurements yield a distance estimate of approximately 2,920 ly (896 pc) from the Sun, and it is drifting further away with a radial velocity of +7 km/s. It has an absolute magnitude of −6.8

<span class="mw-page-title-main">AH Scorpii</span> Star in the constellation Scorpius

AH Scorpii is a red supergiant variable star located in the constellation Scorpius. It is one of the largest stars known by radius and is also one of the most luminous red supergiant stars in the Milky Way.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">10 Persei</span> Blue-supergiant star in the constellation Perseus

10 Persei is a blue supergiant star in the constellation Perseus. Its apparent magnitude is 6.26 although it is slightly variable.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">RS Persei</span> Star in the constellation Perseus

RS Persei is a red supergiant variable star located in the Double Cluster in Perseus. The star's apparent magnitude varies from 7.82 to 10.0, meaning it is never visible to the naked eye.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">T Persei</span> Star in the constellation Perseus

T Persei is a red supergiant located in the constellation Perseus. It varies in brightness between magnitudes 8.3 and 9.7 and is considered to be a member of the Double Cluster.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">V520 Persei</span> Star in the constellation Perseus

V520 Persei is a blue supergiant member of NGC 869, one of the Perseus Double Cluster open clusters. It is an irregular variable star.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">XX Persei</span> Star in the constellation Perseus

XX Persei is a semiregular variable red supergiant star in the constellation Perseus, between the Double Cluster and the border with Andromeda.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">U Lacertae</span> Binary star in the constellation Lacerta

U Lacertae is a spectroscopic binary star in the constellation Lacerta.

References

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  2. 1 2 3 4 Emily M. Levesque; Philip Massey; K. A. G. Olsen; Bertrand Plez; et al. (August 2005). "The Effective Temperature Scale of Galactic Red Supergiants: Cool, but Not As Cool As We Thought". The Astrophysical Journal. 628 (2): 973–985. arXiv: astro-ph/0504337 . Bibcode:2005ApJ...628..973L. doi:10.1086/430901. S2CID   15109583.
  3. 1 2 3 4 Samus', N. N.; Goranskii, V. P.; Durlevich, O. V.; Zharova, A. V.; Kazarovets, E. V.; Kireeva, N. N.; Pastukhova, E. N.; Williams, D. B.; Hazen, M. L. (2003). "An Electronic Version of the Second Volume of the General Catalogue of Variable Stars with Improved Coordinates". Astronomy Letters. 29 (7): 468. Bibcode:2003AstL...29..468S. doi:10.1134/1.1589864. S2CID   16299532.
  4. ↑ Famaey, B.; Jorissen, A.; Luri, X.; Mayor, M.; Udry, S.; Dejonghe, H.; Turon, C. (2005). "Local kinematics of K and M giants from CORAVEL/Hipparcos/Tycho-2 data". Astronomy and Astrophysics. 430 (1): 165–186. arXiv: astro-ph/0409579 . Bibcode:2005A&A...430..165F. doi:10.1051/0004-6361:20041272. ISSN   0004-6361. S2CID   17804304.
  5. 1 2 3 4 Asaki, Y.; Deguchi, S.; Imai, H.; Hachisuka, K.; Miyoshi, M.; Honma, M. (2010). "Distance and Proper Motion Measurement of the Red Supergiant, S Persei, with Vlbi H2O Maser Astrometry". The Astrophysical Journal. 721 (1): 267–277. arXiv: 1007.4874 . Bibcode:2010ApJ...721..267A. doi:10.1088/0004-637X/721/1/267. ISSN   0004-637X. S2CID   119183897.
  6. 1 2 Yates, J. A.; Cohen, R. J. (1994). "Circumstellar Envelope Structure of Late Type Stars as Revealed by MERLIN Observations of 22-GHZ Water Masers". Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society. 270 (4): 958. Bibcode:1994MNRAS.270..958Y. doi:10.1093/mnras/270.4.958.
  7. 1 2 Thompson, R. R.; Creech-Eakman, M. J. (2003). "Interferometric observations of the supergiant S Persei: Evidence for axial symmetry and the warm molecular layer". American Astronomical Society Meeting 203. 203: 49.07. Bibcode:2003AAS...203.4907T.
  8. ↑ Norris, Ryan P. (2019). Seeing Stars Like Never Before: A Long-term Interferometric Imaging Survey of Red Supergiants (PDF) (PhD). Georgia State University.
  9. ↑ Davies, Ben; Beasor, Emma R. (March 2020). "The 'red supergiant problem': the upper luminosity boundary of Type II supernova progenitors". MNRAS . 493 (1): 468–476. arXiv: 2001.06020 . Bibcode:2020MNRAS.493..468D. doi:10.1093/mnras/staa174. S2CID   210714093.
  10. 1 2 3 4 Fok, Thomas K. T.; Nakashima, Jun-Ichi; Yung, Bosco H. K.; Hsia, Chih-Hao; Deguchi, Shuji (2012). "Maser Observations of Westerlund 1 and Comprehensive Considerations on Maser Properties of Red Supergiants Associated with Massive Clusters". The Astrophysical Journal. 760 (1): 65. arXiv: 1209.6427 . Bibcode:2012ApJ...760...65F. doi:10.1088/0004-637X/760/1/65. S2CID   53393926.
  11. ↑ Gonzalez, Guillermo; Wallerstein, George (2000). "Elemental Abundances in Evolved Supergiants. II. The Young Clusters H and χ Persei". The Astronomical Journal. 119 (4): 1839. Bibcode:2000AJ....119.1839G. doi: 10.1086/301319 .
  12. 1 2 3 Gordon, Michael S.; Humphreys, Roberta M.; Jones, Terry J.; Shenoy, Dinesh; Gehrz, Robert D.; Helton, L. Andrew; Marengo, Massimo; Hinz, Philip M.; Hoffmann, William F. (2018). "Searching for Cool Dust. II. Infrared Imaging of the OH/IR Supergiants, NML Cyg, VX SGR, S Per, and the Normal Red Supergiants RS per and T per". The Astronomical Journal. 155 (5): 212. arXiv: 1708.00018 . Bibcode:2018AJ....155..212G. doi:10.3847/1538-3881/aab961. S2CID   73650032.
  13. ↑ García-Hernández, D. A.; García-Lario, P.; Plez, B.; Manchado, A.; d'Antona, F.; Lub, J.; Habing, H. (2007). "Lithium and zirconium abundances in massive Galactic O-rich AGB stars". Astronomy and Astrophysics. 462 (2): 711. arXiv: astro-ph/0609106 . Bibcode:2007A&A...462..711G. doi:10.1051/0004-6361:20065785. S2CID   16016698.
  14. ↑ Krüger, A. (1874). "Anzeige eines neuen veränderlichen Sternes (S Persei)". Astronomische Nachrichten. 83 (10): 157–158. Bibcode:1874AN.....83..157K. doi:10.1002/asna.18740831005.
  15. ↑ "Download Data". aavso.org. AAVSO. Retrieved 1 October 2021.
  16. ↑ Smith, Horace A. (1974). "S Persei a Semi-Regular Variable with Two Periods". Journal of the American Association of Variable Star Observers. 3 (1): 20. Bibcode:1974JAVSO...3...20S.
  17. 1 2 Kiss, L. L.; Szabó, Gy. M.; Bedding, T. R. (2006). "Variability in red supergiant stars: Pulsations, long secondary periods and convection noise". Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society. 372 (4): 1721–1734. arXiv: astro-ph/0608438 . Bibcode:2006MNRAS.372.1721K. doi:10.1111/j.1365-2966.2006.10973.x. S2CID   5203133.
  18. ↑ Wing, R. F. (2009). "The Biggest Stars of All". The Biggest. 412: 113. Bibcode:2009ASPC..412..113W.
  19. ↑ Zhang, B.; Reid, M. J.; Menten, K. M.; Zheng, X. W.; Brunthaler, A. (2012). "The distance and size of the red hypergiant NML Cygni from VLBA and VLA astrometry". Astronomy & Astrophysics. 544: A42. arXiv: 1207.1850 . Bibcode:2012A&A...544A..42Z. doi:10.1051/0004-6361/201219587. ISSN   0004-6361. S2CID   55509287.
  20. ↑ Ivezic, Zeljko; Nenkova, Maia; Elitzur, Moshe (1999). "User Manual for DUSTY". arXiv: astro-ph/9910475 .
  21. ↑ Mauron, N.; Josselin, E. (2011). "The mass-loss rates of red supergiants and the de Jager prescription". Astronomy and Astrophysics. 526: A156. arXiv: 1010.5369 . Bibcode:2011A&A...526A.156M. doi:10.1051/0004-6361/201013993. S2CID   119276502.
  22. ↑ Verhoelst, T.; Van Der Zypen, N.; Hony, S.; Decin, L.; Cami, J.; Eriksson, K. (2009). "The dust condensation sequence in red supergiant stars". Astronomy and Astrophysics. 498 (1): 127–138. arXiv: 0901.1262 . Bibcode:2009A&A...498..127V. doi:10.1051/0004-6361/20079063. S2CID   18383796.
  23. ↑ De Jager, C.; Nieuwenhuijzen, H.; Van Der Hucht, K. A. (1988). "Mass loss rates in the Hertzsprung-Russell diagram". Astronomy and Astrophysics Supplement Series. 72: 259. Bibcode:1988A&AS...72..259D.
  24. ↑ Brown, A. G. A.; et al. (Gaia collaboration) (August 2018). "Gaia Data Release 2: Summary of the contents and survey properties". Astronomy & Astrophysics . 616. A1. arXiv: 1804.09365 . Bibcode: 2018A&A...616A...1G . doi: 10.1051/0004-6361/201833051 .
  25. ↑ Dommanget, J.; Nys, O. (1994). "Catalogue des composantes d'etoiles doubles et multiples (CCDM) premiere edition - Catalogue of the components of double and multiple stars (CCDM) first edition". Communications de l'Observatoire Royal de Belgique. 115: 1. Bibcode:1994CoORB.115....1D.
  26. ↑ Skiff, B. A. (1994). "Photometry of Stars in the Field of S Persei". Information Bulletin on Variable Stars. 4054: 1. Bibcode:1994IBVS.4054....1S.
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