| Salvia elegans | |
|---|---|
 | |
Scientific classification  | |
| Kingdom: | Plantae |
| Clade: | Tracheophytes |
| Clade: | Angiosperms |
| Clade: | Eudicots |
| Clade: | Asterids |
| Order: | Lamiales |
| Family: | Lamiaceae |
| Genus: | Salvia |
| Species: | S. elegans |
| Binomial name | |
| Salvia elegans | |
| Synonyms | |
Salvia rutilans Carrière | |
Salvia elegans, a species with several varieties including pineapple sage and tangerine sage, [1] is a perennial shrub native to Mexico.
Salvia elegans Pineapple Sage has tubular red flowers and an attractive scent to the leaves that is similar to pineapple. It produces numerous erect leafy stems up to 150 centimetres (59 in) and flowers in the late autumn. [2] It is a short-day plant. The flowering season in Mexico is August onward; further north it may not flower till later autumn, and if there is no frost, it may flower until spring.
The variety "Honey Melon", which has the same pineapple fragrance in the leaves, blooms early in the summer, rather than in autumn. [3]
Salvia elegans Tangerine Sage grows to about 60–90 cm (24–35 in) tall, has bronze edged leaves and a citrus scent. It is summer flowering. [4]
The essential oil of S. elegans consists primarily of caffeic acid and its derivatives, such as rosmarinic acid and salvianolic acid, and flavones. [5]
Native to Mexico, the shrub inhabits Madrean and Mesoamerican pine–oak forests between 6,000 and 9,000 ft (1,800 and 2,700 m). [3]
The red tubular flowers are attractive to different species of hummingbirds, butterflies, bees, beetles, and flies, with hummingbirds being the primary pollinator. [6] In a highland temperate forest in central Mexico, pineapple sage was found to be one of the three most-visited species by hummingbirds. [7] The plant's pollination syndrome, having longer upper lips compared to the lower lips, is associated with other ornithophilous species, believed to have been shaped over time by their primary pollinators. [6] Pineapple sage has a close relationship with hummingbirds due to their similar elevational distribution and constraints. [8] [9] The numerous amount of flowers each plant produces makes pineapple sage a great food source for hummingbirds, as they require large amounts of nectar to sustain themselves. However, this morphological trait may promote a type of fertilization called geitonogamy, as hummingbirds visit multiple flowers of the same plant. [10] [11]
S. elegans displays incomplete dichogamy, where there is a slight temporal overlap between when the anthers release pollen and when the stigmas are receptive for pollen. In this species' case, the anthers develop pollen before their stigmas are receptive. While this strategy may allow for self pollination and possibly inbreeding depression, it mainly selects for allogamy. Inbreeding depression was not shown to occur for this species in one study in pre-germination stages. The display of incomplete dichogamy behavior may ensure for fruit and seed production when conditions are less ideal or when individuals are spread far apart from one another. The act of selfing is reduced by the flower's herkogamy, where the stigma is located above the pollen filled anthers. [12]
Pineapple sage was introduced into horticulture about 1870. [3] In cultivation, it typically reaches a height of 1.2 to 1.5 metres (4 to 5 ft), with its roots spreading underground to form a large clump. The pale yellow-green leaves are veined and covered with fine hairs. Six to twelve scarlet flowers grow in whorls, featuring a long inflorescence that blooms gradually and lasts for an extended period. With a hard frost, the plant will die down to the ground and grow back the following spring. [3]
The leaves and flowers are edible. [13] The plant is used in Mexican traditional medicine, especially for anxiety and hypertension. [14]
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