| Santa Marta parakeet | |
|---|---|
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Scientific classification  | |
| Domain: | Eukaryota |
| Kingdom: | Animalia |
| Phylum: | Chordata |
| Clade: | Dinosauria |
| Class: | Aves |
| Order: | Psittaciformes |
| Family: | Psittacidae |
| Genus: | Pyrrhura |
| Species: | P. viridicata |
| Binomial name | |
| Pyrrhura viridicata Todd, 1913 | |
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The Santa Marta parakeet (Pyrrhura viridicata) is an Endangered species of bird in subfamily Arinae of the family Psittacidae, the African and New World parrots. It is endemic to Colombia. [2] [1]
The Santa Marta parakeet's exact placement within genus Pyrrhura is unsure. [3] The species is monotypic. [2]
The Santa Marta parakeet is 23 to 25 cm (9.1 to 9.8 in) long. The sexes are the same. Adults have a mostly green head with a red forehead and brownish ear coverts. Their upperparts are green. Their breast and upper belly have a scarlet "belt" and the rest of their underparts are green. Their wing is mostly green with yellow to orange upperwing and underwing coverts; their primaries are blue. Their tail is dull reddish. Immature birds are similar to adults but without the red belt on their underside. [3]
The Santa Marta parakeet is found only in the Sierra Nevada de Santa Marta, an isolated mountain range in northern Colombia. Though it apparently was previously found on all sides of the range, it now appears to occur only along the north and northwestern slopes. It primarily inhabits humid pre-montane and montane forest, mostly in areas that receive at least 2,000 mm (79 in) of annual rainfall. It also less frequently occurs in secondary forest and cultivated areas. In elevation it ranges between 2,000 and 3,500 m (6,600 and 11,500 ft). [3] [4]
The Santa Marta parakeet does not migrate, but it is somewhat nomadic in response to the availability of its food sources. [3]
The Santa Marta parakeet feeds on a variety of fruits and seeds, with the fruit of Croton bogotanus providing a major part of its diet. It also feeds on flowers, leaves, and lichens. It forages in flocks of up to about 20 individuals. Its diet varies over time with the changing abundance of its food, and it appears to use a wider variety of resources when its preferred food is not available. This behavior is interpreted to indicate some ecological flexibility. [3] [5] [6]
In a completely natural setting, the Santa Marta parakeet nests only in dead wax palms ( Ceroxylon ceriferum ); it also uses nest boxes placed in or near the forest. Most of the data on its breeding biology comes from monitoring nest boxes. The species has two breeding season peaks, between December and May and between June and October. The second season is thought to be a response to competition for nest cavities from larger parrot species. The clutch ranges from three to seven eggs with a mean of 4.5. The incubation period is 22 to 28 days and fledging occurs up to 45 days after hatch. The Santa Marta parakeet exhibits cooperative breeding. [3] [6]
The Santa Marta parakeet "uses screeching calls during flight". [3]
The IUCN originally assessed the Santa Marta parakeet as Near Threatened, then in 1994 as Vulnerable, and since 2000 as Endangered. It has a limited range and its estimated population of between 1800 and 3200 mature individuals is believed to be decreasing. About half of its original habitat has been lost to plantations of non-native trees such as pine and Eucalyptus , and clearing for pasture continues. The species is hunted in some areas but that and the pet trade appear to be only minor influences on its decline. [1] About 80% of the species' population appears to be in Sierra Nevada de Santa Marta National Natural Park though some occur in two private preserves. The protection of habitat in the national park is not fully effective. [3]
The green-cheeked parakeet, known as the green-cheeked conure in aviculture, is a species of bird in subfamily Arinae of the family Psittacidae, the African and New World parrots. It is found in Argentina, Bolivia, Brazil, and Paraguay.
The Sierra Nevada de Santa Marta is an isolated mountain range in northern Colombia, separate from the Andes range that runs through the north of the country. Reaching an elevation of 5,700 m (18,700 ft) just 42 km (26 mi) from the Caribbean coast, the Sierra Nevada is the highest coastal range in the tropics, and one of the highest coastal ranges in the world, being 250 metres (820 ft) shorter than the Saint Elias Mountains in Canada. The Sierra Nevada encompasses about 17,000 km2 (6,600 sq mi) and serves as the source of 36 rivers. The range is in the Departments of Magdalena, Cesar and La Guajira.
The sulphur-winged parakeet, also known as Hoffmann's conure in aviculture, is a species of bird in subfamily Arinae of the family Psittacidae, the African and New World parrots. It is found in Costa Rica and Panama.
Pyrrhura is a genus of parrots in the Arini tribe. They occur in tropical and subtropical South America and southern Central America. Most are restricted to humid forest and adjacent habitats, but one species, the blaze-winged parakeet, prefers deciduous or gallery woodland, and another, the Pfrimer's parakeet, is restricted to dry regions. Some species are highly endangered.
The scarlet-fronted parakeet, known in aviculture as the scarlet-fronted conure,red-fronted conure, or Wagler's conure, is a Near Threatened species of bird in subfamily Arinae of the family Psittacidae, the African and New World parrots. It is found in Colombia and Venezuela.
The red-billed parrot, also known as coral-billed pionus or red-billed pionus, is a species of bird in subfamily Arinae of the family Psittacidae, the African and New World parrots. It is found in Bolivia, Colombia, Ecuador, Peru, and Venezuela.
The white-breasted parakeet or white-necked parakeet is a Vulnerable species of bird in subfamily Arinae of the family Psittacidae, the African and New World parrots. It is found in southern Ecuador and possibly in adjacent northern Peru.
The flame-winged parakeet, also known as the brown-breasted parakeet, is a species of parrot in the family Psittacidae. It is endemic to forest edge and shrub at altitudes of 1,700–3,400 m (5,600–11,200 ft) above sea level on the east Andean slope in Colombia. It is threatened by habitat loss.
The fiery-shouldered parakeet, also known as the fiery-shouldered conure, is a species of parrot in the family Psittacidae. It is found in Brazil, Guyana, and Venezuela. Its natural habitat is subtropical or tropical moist montane forests. There are two subspecies, P. e. egregia and P. e. obscura.
The blood-eared parakeet, also known as the red-eared parakeet and in aviculture as the red-eared conure, is a species of bird in subfamily Arinae of the family Psittacidae, the African and New World parrots. It is endemic to Venezuela.
The maroon-tailed parakeet is a species of bird in subfamily Arinae of the family Psittacidae, the African and New World parrots. It is found in Brazil, Colombia, Ecuador, Peru, and Venezuela.
The El Oro parakeet is an Endangered species of bird in subfamily Arinae of the family Psittacidae, the African and New World parrots. It is endemic to Ecuador.
The painted parakeet, known as the painted conure in aviculture, is a species of bird in subfamily Arinae of the family Psittacidae, the African and New World parrots. It is found in Brazil, Colombia, French Guiana, Guyana, Panama, Suriname, and Venezuela.
The rose-crowned parakeet, also known as the rose-headed parakeet, rose-crowned conure or rose-headed conure, is a species of parrot in the family Psittacidae and genus Pyrrhura. It is endemic to Venezuela.
The lilac-tailed parrotlet is a species of bird in subfamily Arinae of the family Psittacidae, the African and New World parrots. It is found in Colombia, French Guiana, Guyana, Suriname, Trinidad, and Venezuela.
The montane foliage-gleaner is a species of bird in the Furnariinae subfamily of the ovenbird family Furnariidae. It is found in Bolivia, Colombia, Ecuador, Peru, and Venezuela.
Pfrimer's parakeet is a non-migratory species within the parrot family Psittacidae. It also is known as Pfrimer's conure, Goias parakeet, and maroon-faced conure. The Pfrimer's parakeet has been qualified as endangered by the IUCN and BirdLife International since 2007. It is endemic to the Goiás and Tocantins regions of Brazil. It is mainly found within a belt of dry deciduous and semi-deciduous areas of the Caatinga forest.
The following is a list of the 83 known endemic bird species in Colombia with notes about their general distribution. Twenty-three (28%) of the species are found only in the Sierra Nevada de Santa Marta, an isolated mountain range in northern Colombia with a very high degree of endemism.
The Venezuelan parakeet or Emma's conure is a species of bird in subfamily Arinae of the family Psittacidae, the African and New World parrots. It is endemic to Venezuela.
The Santa Marta montane forests (NT0159) is an ecoregion in the Sierra Nevada de Santa Marta, a massif on the Caribbean coast of northern Colombia. The ecoregion covers altitudes from near sea level up to around 3,300 metres (10,827 ft), where it gives way to Santa Marta páramo. The isolation of the massif and the range of elevations and climates has resulted in a wide variety of species including many endemics. The lower levels contained tropical rainforest, which has largely been cleared. Higher up, this gives way to cloud forest. Much of this has also been cleared for coffee plantations, pasture for sheep and cattle, and farming.
