Scutaria

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Scutaria
Scientific classification OOjs UI icon edit-ltr.svg
Domain: Eukaryota
Kingdom: Fungi
Division: Ascomycota
Class: Lecanoromycetes
Order: Teloschistales
Family: Teloschistaceae
Genus: Scutaria
Søchting, Arup & Frödén (2013)
Species:
S. andina
Binomial name
Scutaria andina
(Räsänen) Søchting, Frödén & Arup (2013)
Synonyms [1]
  • Xanthoria andinaRäsänen (1939)
  • Caloplaca andina(Räsänen) Scutari, Søchting & Rosato (2002)

Scutaria is a single-species fungal genus in the family Teloschistaceae. [2] [3] It contains the species Scutaria andina, found in South America. The thallus of this lichen has a form that is intermediate between crustose and foliose.

Contents

Taxonomy

The genus was circumscribed in 2013 by the lichenologists Ulrik Søchting, Ulf Arup, and Patrick Frödén. The genus name honours the Argentinian lichenologist Nora Scutari. [4] Scutaria andina was first formally described by Veli Räsänen in 1939, who classified it as a species of Xanthoria . [5] Scutari and colleagues had proposed to transfer the taxon to the genus Caloplaca in 2002. [6]

Phylogenetically, Scutaria is sister to a clade containing the genera Josefpoeltia , Teloschistes , and Villophora ; the entire group forms a well-supported clade with Wetmoreana . Scutaria is in the subfamily Teloschistoideae of the family Teloschistaceae. [4]

Description

Scutaria forms an effigurate (irregularly branched or spread out) and almost lobate (having lobe -like structures) thallus. This thallus is often coated with a fine, powdery substance ( pruina ) and attaches to the substrate through individual hyphae (fungus filaments) and hyphal strands. The outer layer of the lichen, known as the cortex, is intricately structured with tightly interwoven cells ( prosoplectenchyma ). [4]

The apothecia (fruiting bodies) are common in Scutaria and are mostly zeorine type, where the margin is less distinct. These apothecia are typically pinkish and often have a pruinose coating. The spores produced by these apothecia are polar-diblastic , meaning they are divided into two components ( locules ) separated by a central septum with a perforation or isthmus . Pycnidia , which are small, flask-shaped asexual reproductive structures, are mostly present in Scutaria. The conidia (asexual spores), produced within these pycnidia are rod-shaped ( bacilliform ). [4]

In terms of chemistry, Scutaria is primarily characterised by the presence of fragilin, a secondary metabolite (lichen product), with occasional small amounts of other substances like parietin, emodin, and 7-chloroparietinic acid. [4]

Habitat and distribution

Scutaria andina is found in South America, where it typically grows on twigs. Originally described from specimens collected in Argentina, [4] molecular analysis was later used to confirm its presence in Bolivia. [7]

Related Research Articles

<i>Gyalolechia</i> Genus of lichen-forming fungi

Gyalolechia is a genus of lichen-forming fungi belonging to the family Teloschistaceae. It contains 18 species of crustose lichens.

<i>Athallia</i> Genus of lichens

Athallia is a genus of lichen-forming fungi in the family Teloschistaceae. It was circumscribed in 2013 by Ulf Arup, Patrik Frödén, and Ulrik Søchting, and the type species is Athallia holocarpa. The genus name means "without a thallus".

<i>Flavoplaca</i> Genus of lichen

Flavoplaca is a genus of crust-like or scaly lichens in the family Teloschistaceae. It has 28 species with a mostly Northern Hemisphere distribution.

<i>Xanthocarpia</i> Genus of lichen

Xanthocarpia is a genus of mostly crustose lichens in the family Teloschistaceae. It has 12 species with a largely Northern Hemisphere distribution.

Sirenophila is a genus of crustose lichens in the subfamily Teloschistoideae of the family Teloschistaceae. It has four species with an Australasian distribution.

Villophora is a genus of lichen-forming fungi in the subfamily Teloschistoideae of the family Teloschistaceae. It has 9 species. The genus was circumscribed in 2013 by Ulrik Søchting, Ulf Arup, and Patrik Frödén. They assigned Villophora isidioclada as the type, and at that time, only species in the genus. This lichen, previously classified in Caloplaca, is found in South America, Antarctica, and some subantarctic islands. Several additional species were added to the genus in 2021. The generic name Villophora means "carrying filaments".

<i>Wetmoreana</i> Genus of lichens

Wetmoreana is a genus of lichen-forming fungi in the family Teloschistaceae. It has two crustose, saxicolous (rock-dwelling) species.

<i>Stellarangia</i> Genus of lichens

Stellarangia is a genus of lichen-forming fungi in the family Teloschistaceae. It has three species of saxicolous (rock-dwelling), crustose lichens. Species of Stellarangia are found in dry, desert areas in Namibia and South Africa.

Follmannia is a genus of lichen-forming fungi in the family Teloschistaceae. It has three species. All three species are crustose lichens, and all occur in South America.

Haloplaca is a genus of lichen-forming fungi in the subfamily Teloschistaceae of the family Teloschistaceae. It contains three species of crustose lichens. The genus was circumscribed by Ulf Arup and colleagues in 2013, with Haloplaca britannica assigned as the type species. The genus name alludes to the preference of its species for salt-rich environments. All three species occur in the United Kingdom, but H. suaedae also occurs in Greece, Morocco and Turkey. Haloplaca species occur near the sea, either on rocks or on plant debris.

<i>Obscuroplaca</i> Genus of lichen-forming fungi

Obscuroplaca is a genus of lichen-forming fungi in the family Teloschistaceae. It contains three species of corticolous (bark-dwelling), crustose lichens.

Solitaria is a fungal genus in the family Teloschistaceae. It contains a single species, the corticolous (bark-dwelling), crustose lichen Solitaria chrysophthalma.

Orientophila is a genus of lichen-forming fungi in the family Teloschistaceae. It has 15 species of mostly saxicolous (rock-dwelling), crustose lichens. All Orientophila species occur in Northeast Asia including China, Japan, South Korea, and the Russian Far East.

Usnochroma is a genus of lichen-forming fungi in the family Teloschistaceae. It has two species of crustose lichens. The genus was circumscribed in 2013 by lichenologists Ulrik Søchting, Ulf Arup, and Patrik Frödén, with Usnochroma carphineum assigned as the type species. The genus name refers to the yellowish-green colour of the thallus, which is caused by the substance usnic acid. Usnochroma species occur in Macaronesia, South Africa, the Mediterranean Basin, and Algeria.

<i>Flavoplaca austrocitrina</i> Species of lichen

Flavoplaca austrocitrina is a species of saxicolous (rock-dwelling), crustose lichen in the family Teloschistaceae. It is widely distributed in Europe, and has also been recorded in South America.

<i>Flavoplaca maritima</i> Species of lichen

Flavoplaca maritima is a species of crustose lichen in the family Teloschistaceae. It is found in costal areas of Northern, Western, and Southern Europe. It mostly occurs on rocks, but has also been recorded growing on wood.

<i>Flavoplaca oasis</i> Species of lichen

Flavoplaca oasis is a species of saxicolous (rock-dwelling), crustose lichen in the family Teloschistaceae. It is widely distributed across Europe, and has been reported in Western Asia, China, and North Africa.

Hanstrassia lenae is a species of saxicolous (rock-dwelling) in the family Teloschistaceae. Described as a new species in 2007, the lichen is found in Russian Far East, Mongolia, and Siberia. It closely resembles Elenkiniana ehrenbergii but distinguished by the presence of soralia on its thallus. This species has a thick, effigurate thallus with weak marginal lobes and developed marginal, labriform (lip-shaped) soralia.

Kuettlingeria neotaurica is a species of saxicolous (rock-dwelling), crustose lichen in the family Teloschistaceae.

<i>Sucioplaca</i> Species of lichen

Sucioplaca is a single-species fungal genus in the family Teloschistaceae. It contains Sucioplaca diplacia, a saxicolous (rock-dwelling) crustose lichen. It is common and widely distributed in the Caribbean, Central America, and the Galápagos Islands, where it grows on coastal rocks.

References

  1. ↑ "Synonymy. Current Name: Scutaria andina (Räsänen) Søchting, Frödén & Arup, in Arup, Søchting & Frödén, Nordic Jl Bot. 31(1): 63 (2013)". Species Fungorum . Retrieved 14 January 2024.
  2. ↑ "Scutaria". Catalogue of Life . Species 2000: Leiden, the Netherlands. Retrieved 14 January 2024.
  3. ↑ Wijayawardene, N.N.; Hyde, K.D.; Dai, D.Q.; Sánchez-García, M.; Goto, B.T.; Saxena, R.K.; et al. (2022). "Outline of Fungi and fungus-like taxa – 2021". Mycosphere. 13 (1): 53–453 [157]. doi:10.5943/mycosphere/13/1/2. hdl: 10481/76378 .
  4. 1 2 3 4 5 6 Arup, Ulf; Søchting, Ulrik; Frödén, Patrik (2013). "A new taxonomy of the family Teloschistaceae". Nordic Journal of Botany. 31 (1): 16–83 [62]. doi:10.1111/j.1756-1051.2013.00062.x.
  5. ↑ Räsänen, V. (1939). "Contribucion a la flora liquenologica Sudamericana 2". Anales de la Sociedad Científica Argentina. 128: 133–147 [140].
  6. ↑ Scutari, N.; Rosato, V.G.; Søchting, Ulrik (2002). "Caloplaca andina comb. nov. (Teloschistaceae, Ascomycota), a species close to the genus Fulgensia". Mitteilungen aus dem Staatsinstitut für Allgemeine Botanik Hamburg. 30–32: 213–224.
  7. ↑ Wilk, Karina; Pabijan, Maciej; Saługa, Marta; Gaya, Ester; Lücking, Robert (2021). "Phylogenetic revision of South American Teloschistaceae (lichenized Ascomycota, Teloschistales) reveals three new genera and species". Mycologia. 113 (2): 278–299. doi:10.1080/00275514.2020.1830672. PMID   33428561.
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