Sistotrema

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Sistotrema
Sistotrema confluens 25462.jpg
Sistotrema confluens
Sistotrema schultheisii basidia.png
Sistotrema schultheisii: Urniform basidia with basidiospores.
Scientific classification OOjs UI icon edit-ltr.svg
Domain: Eukaryota
Kingdom: Fungi
Division: Basidiomycota
Class: Agaricomycetes
Order: Cantharellales
Family: Hydnaceae
Genus: Sistotrema
Fr. (1821)
Type species
Sistotrema confluens
Pers. (1794)
Synonyms [1]

Sistotrema is a genus of fungi in the family Hydnaceae. The genus contains at least 55 species and has a worldwide distribution. [2] [3] The type species is Sistotrema confluens Pers. (1794). [4]

Contents

Ecology

The genus includes both terricolous and lignicolous species. [5] Most species of Sistotrema are white rotting saprotrophs which often occur on highly decayed wood and on bark of attached, dead branches, but endophytic and ectomycorrhizal nutritional modes also exist in some species. [6] [7] [8] [9] [10] [11] Sistotrema confluens is ectomycorrhizal [8] and S. alboluteum, S. muscicola and S. albopallescens are suspected of being so. [12] [13] In the genus only S. confluens and S. subconfluens are known to grow on soil. [14] [11]

Basidiocarps of Sistotrema generally start spore production very early. [6]

Morphology

Only the type species S. confluens, and S. subconfluens, form stipitate basidiocarps while all other species in the genus form resupinate, corticioid basidiocarps. [2] [11] There is large variation in the configuration of the hymenophore, which can range from strictly hydnoid to poroid, but the dominating type of hymenophore is smooth. [15] Basidiocarps are soft and membranaceous or ceraceous, and can be pelliculose or waxy. [5] [16]

The hyphal system is monomitic and consist of generative hyphae with clamps, which are often ampullate. The subicular hyphae have characteristically oily contents [16] [5] [15] and the septa have perforate parenthesomes. [17]

Basidia are urniform and usually have 6-8 sterigmata, but some species are known to mainly have 2-4 sterigmata. [15] Basidiospores are small, smooth, hyaline and ranging between globose, ellipsoid, oblong or allantoid in shape. They are thin-walled and non-cyanophilous, non-amyloid and non-dextrinoid. [6] [16]

Cystidia are mostly absent but some species have enclosed gloeocystidia or projecting leptocystidia. [6]

Phylogenetics

Sistotrema has been considered a well delimited genus by the urniform basidia, the number of sterigmata and the oily contents of the hyphae. [5] [6] Phylogenetic analyses during the 21st century have, however, shown that Sistotrema is a polyphyletic genus. [18] [15] [12] It is closely related to the genera Hydnum , Clavulina , and Membranomyces. [13] The mycorrhizal species of Sistotrema form a monophyletic group with the mycorrhizal genus Hydnum, [12] [13] [2] while the remaining saprophytic species in the genus have been suggested by Larsson (2007) [19] to be distributed over several other genera.

Species of Sistotrema have stichic basidia which means that the spindle has a longitudinal orientation during meiosis. This character is unique to the Cantharellales, while all other Agaricomycetes have chiastic basidia with a transversely oriented spindle. [17]

Eriksson et al. (1984) [6] mentions that S. heteronemum differs the most from other species in the genus and that its placement in Sistotrema is not certain. It differs from other species in having cyanophilous hyphal walls and basal hyphae which are partly pigmented brown, which according to the authors shows affinity with Botryobasidium .

Taxonomy

The genus was originally designated to a single species by Fries, but microscopical studies has since added many more species to Sistotrema. [6]

Species

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References

  1. ↑ "Synonymy: Sistotrema Fr., Syst. mycol. (Lundae) 1: 426 (1821)". Species Fungorum . Retrieved 5 March 2022.
  2. 1 2 3 Cao T, Hu YP, Yu JR, Wei TZ, Yuan HS (June 2021). "A phylogenetic overview of the Hydnaceae (Cantharellales, Basidiomycota with new taxa from China". Studies in Mycology. 99: 100121. doi:10.1016/j.simyco.2021.100121. PMC   8717575 . PMID   35035603.
  3. ↑ Kirk PM, Cannon PF, Minter DW, Stalpers JA (2008). Dictionary of the Fungi (10th ed.). Wallingford, UK: CABI. p. 638. ISBN   978-0-85199-826-8.
  4. ↑ "Index Fungorum - Names Record". www.indexfungorum.org. Retrieved 2022-03-08.
  5. 1 2 3 4 Bernicchia, Annarosa; Pérez Gorjón, Sergio (2010). Corticiaceae s.l. Italy: Edizioni Candusso. ISBN   978-88-901057-9-1.
  6. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 Eriksson, John; Hjortstam, Kurt; Ryvarden, Leif (1984). The Corticiaceae of North Europe. Oslo: Fungiflora.
  7. ↑ McLaughlin DJ, Spatafora JW, eds. (2014). Systematics and Evolution (PDF). doi:10.1007/978-3-642-55318-9. ISBN   978-3-642-55317-2. S2CID   46141350.
  8. 1 2 Bubner B, Morgner C, Stark W, Münzenberger B (2014-03-14). "Proof of ectomycorrhizal status of Sistotrema confluens Pers., the type species of the polyphyletic genus Sistotrema". Mycological Progress. 13 (4): 973. doi:10.1007/s11557-014-0973-3. ISSN   1861-8952. S2CID   10913359.
  9. ↑ Di Marino E, Scattolin L, Bodensteiner P, Agerer R (2008-05-09). "Sistotrema is a genus with ectomycorrhizal species − confirmation of what sequence studies already suggested". Mycological Progress. 7 (3): 169–176. doi:10.1007/s11557-008-0562-4. ISSN   1861-8952. S2CID   27559720.
  10. ↑ Münzenberger B, Schneider B, Nilsson RH, Bubner B, Larsson KH, Hüttl RF (2012-08-01). "Morphology, anatomy, and molecular studies of the ectomycorrhiza formed axenically by the fungus Sistotrema sp. (Basidiomycota)". Mycological Progress. 11 (3): 817–826. doi:10.1007/s11557-011-0797-3. ISSN   1861-8952. S2CID   13301460.
  11. 1 2 3 Kotiranta H, Larsson KH (2013-12-23). "Sistotrema luteoviride sp. nov. (Cantharellales, Basidiomycota) from Finland". Acta Mycologica. 48 (2): 219–225. doi: 10.5586/am.2013.023 . ISSN   2353-074X.
  12. 1 2 3 Nilsson RH, Larsson KH, Larsson E, Kõljalg U (December 2006). "Fruiting body-guided molecular identification of root-tip mantle mycelia provides strong indications of ectomycorrhizal associations in two species of Sistotrema (Basidiomycota)". Mycological Research. 110 (Pt 12): 1426–1432. doi:10.1016/j.mycres.2006.09.017. PMID   17123810.
  13. 1 2 3 Moncalvo JM, Nilsson RH, Koster B, Dunham SM, Bernauer T, Matheny PB, et al. (November 2006). "The cantharelloid clade: dealing with incongruent gene trees and phylogenetic reconstruction methods". Mycologia. 98 (6): 937–948. doi:10.1080/15572536.2006.11832623. PMID   17486970. S2CID   218590154.
  14. 1 2 Zhou, Li-Wei; Qin, Wen-Min (2013-05-01). "Sistotrema subconfluens sp. nov. (Cantharellales, Basidiomycota) from Changbaishan Nature Reserve, northeastern China" . Mycoscience. 54 (3): 178–182. doi:10.1016/j.myc.2012.08.005. ISSN   1340-3540.
  15. 1 2 3 4 Larsson, Karl-Henrik; Larsson, Ellen; Kõljalg, Urmas (2004-09-01). "High phylogenetic diversity among corticioid homobasidiomycetes" . Mycological Research. 108 (9): 983–1002. doi:10.1017/S0953756204000851. ISSN   0953-7562. PMID   15506012.
  16. 1 2 3 Ryvarden, Leif; Melo, Ireneia (2017). Poroid Fungi of Europe. Oslo: Fungiflora. ISBN   9788290724547.
  17. 1 2 McLaughlin, David J.; Spatafora, Joseph W. (2014). The Mycota, Systematics and Evolution : Part A. Berlin / Heidelberg: Springer. ISBN   978-3-642-55318-9.
  18. ↑ Cao T, Hu YP, Yu JR, Wei TZ, Yuan HS (June 2021). "A phylogenetic overview of the Hydnaceae (Cantharellales, Basidiomycota) with new taxa from China". Studies in Mycology. 99: 100121. doi:10.1016/j.simyco.2021.100121. PMC   8717575 . PMID   35035603.
  19. ↑ Larsson, Karl-Henrik (2007-09-01). "Re-thinking the classification of corticioid fungi". Mycological Research. New Bottles for Old Wine. 111 (9): 1040–1063. doi:10.1016/j.mycres.2007.08.001. ISSN   0953-7562. PMID   17981020.
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