Sistotrema brinkmannii

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Sistotrema brinkmannii
Sistotrema.brinkmannii.-.lindsey.jpg
Scientific classification OOjs UI icon edit-ltr.svg
Domain: Eukaryota
Kingdom: Fungi
Division: Basidiomycota
Class: Agaricomycetes
Order: Cantharellales
Family: Hydnaceae
Genus: Sistotrema
Species:
S. brinkmannii
Binomial name
Sistotrema brinkmannii
(Bres.) J. Erikss. (1948)
Synonyms
  • Odontia brinkmanniiG. Bresadola (1903)
  • Grandinia brinkmanniiBourdot & Galzin (1914)
  • Trechispora brinkmanniiD.P. Rogers & H.S. Jacks. (1943)

Sistotrema brinkmannii, a resupinate wood-rotting basidiomycete, is a fungus found in soil, moss, debris, rotten woods as well as woods including seedling roots of Pinus banksiana Lamb. and ectomycorrhizae. [1] [2] [3] No health issues caused by this fungus in human and animals have been reported although it is causative of brown rot. [4] This fungus grows rapidly on malt extract agar (MEA), forming white mats with a faint sweet odour. [5] [4] It is commonly called "chain chlamydospore fungus" because bulbils are formed by chains of its cells that resemble chlamydospores. [4] The basidia of this fungus are urniform and usually possess 6-8 sterigmata, and the spores are smooth and slightly curved. [6] [7]

Contents

History and taxonomy

Sistotrema brinkmannii possessed several synonyms in the early twentieth century including Corticium coronilla and Corticium octosporum, named by v. Höhnel & Litschauer and Schroeter ex v. Hohnel & Litschauer in 1906 respectively, and (Bres.) J. Erikss. named it Sistotrema brinkmannii in 1948. [7] This fungus has been known as a cotton root rot pathogen, and it was thought to be an outdoor airborne fungus as there had been no reports suggesting its presence in indoor air. [8] However, studies in Scotland found that 56% of indoor air samples from 51% of homes contained Sistotrema brinkmannii, indicating that wood rot observed in houses can be caused by this fungus. [9]

The basidia of Sistotrema brinkmannii usually range 10-20 × 5-8 μm and spores are 4-5 × 2-2.5 μm in size. [6] This fungus was believed to be one of the different life stages of Phymatotrichum omnivorum . However, they are distinguished from each other based on the feature of their hyphae; hyphae of Sistotrema brinkmannii have dolipore septum while Phymatotrichum omnivorum possesses the simple type. [10] Phylogenetic analyses sequencing genes such as mtSSU and RPB2 can strongly support the monophyly of this fungus, sorting it into the same monophyletic group as Clavulina - Membranomyces . [11]

Growth and morphology

In 1994, Adan found that about 30% of the fungi floating in the air is Sistotrema brinkmannii in England, and the proportion increases to near 60% in winter. [12] On the other hand, the presence of this fungus in the air significantly decreases in summer and autumn. His study indicates that Sistotrema brinkmannii is not a dominant fungus in the air throughout the year, compared to other airborne fungi such as Penicillium , Cladosporium , and mycelia sterilia. [12]

The membrane of this fungus is white and has waxy and soft texture when it is fresh. When it gets dry, it becomes pale cream and its texture gets ashy and brittle. [6] It is oxidase negative and the hyphae containing numerous clamps are oil-rich, contributing to its coarse granular appearance. [4] [7] The mycelium of this fungus can cultivate on trama of Trametes hirsuta fruit bodies, as well as on wood-inhabiting basidiomycetes, with the help of a technique called "moisture gradient technique". [13]

Physiology

Sistotrema brinkmannii produces β-1,3/1,4-glucanase which has a great catalytic efficiency towards a variety of specific substrates. For instance, it converts Avicel containing microcrystalline cellulose to glucose at pH 4.0 and 65°C. [14] It also forms white thin mycelial mats by microfiltration to protect itself from chemicals and microorganisms in soil and water. [4] It decays window joinery in the house although it does not produce many spores, indicating that it is more widespread in indoor air compared to other fungi, such as Serpula lacrymans , which are associated with indoor wood decay. [9]

Habitat and reproduction

Both outdoor and indoor airs may contain Sistotrema brinkmannii. It was found that this fungus can contaminate washing machines in houses, but it is not a causative agent of human diseases or formation of malodour. [15] The number of spores in dwellings increases as a result of surface disturbance such as vacuum cleaning of floors. [16] This fungus may contaminate biofilms called endobronchial stents as well, which are used as an antibiotic treatment for airway complications such as lung transplantation. [17] However, this contamination does not cause any serious issues in human health while some other fungi, including Scedosporium , which possibly contaminate the biofilms are known to be opportunistic pathogens in human. [17]

This fungus can reproduce sexually by both breeding and self-breeding which systems are called heterothallism and homothallism, respectively. [18] There are three different incompatibility groups identified based on the reproductive mechanisms: bipolar heterothallic forms, tetrapolar heterothallic forms, and homothallic forms. [3] These reproductive forms are dependent on its genetics. [18] [2] It was believed that homothallic forms are intersterile while both bipolar and tetrapolar heterothallic forms are capable of mating. [18] In 1969, Lemke recognized that bipolar heterothallic forms and tetrapolar heterothallic forms also have intersterility as well as homothallic forms. [3] In the study, he defines intersterility as the inability to form a prototrophic heterokaryon through nutritional forcing. The study indicates that all groups are in fact intersterile with each other, meaning that the mating must be carried out within the same group for successful sexual reproduction. Among the three groups, homothallic and bipolar forms groups may occasionally be hybridized due to nutritional forces. [3]

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<span class="mw-page-title-main">Basidiomycota</span> Division of fungi

Basidiomycota is one of two large divisions that, together with the Ascomycota, constitute the subkingdom Dikarya within the kingdom Fungi. Members are known as basidiomycetes. More specifically, Basidiomycota includes these groups: agarics, puffballs, stinkhorns, bracket fungi, other polypores, jelly fungi, boletes, chanterelles, earth stars, smuts, bunts, rusts, mirror yeasts, and Cryptococcus, the human pathogenic yeast.

Heterothallic species have sexes that reside in different individuals. The term is applied particularly to distinguish heterothallic fungi, which require two compatible partners to produce sexual spores, from homothallic ones, which are capable of sexual reproduction from a single organism.

<i>Aspergillus</i> Genus of fungi

Aspergillus is a genus consisting of several hundred mould species found in various climates worldwide.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Mating in fungi</span> Combination of genetic material between compatible mating types

Fungi are a diverse group of organisms that employ a huge variety of reproductive strategies, ranging from fully asexual to almost exclusively sexual species. Most species can reproduce both sexually and asexually, alternating between haploid and diploid forms. This contrasts with most multicellular eukaryotes such as mammals, where the adults are usually diploid and produce haploid gametes which combine to form the next generation. In fungi, both haploid and diploid forms can reproduce – haploid individuals can undergo asexual reproduction while diploid forms can produce gametes that combine to give rise to the next generation.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Mucorales</span> Order of fungi

The Mucorales is the largest and best-studied order of zygomycete fungi. Members of this order are sometimes called pin molds. The term mucormycosis is now preferred for infections caused by molds belonging to the order Mucorales.

<i>Mortierella</i> Genus of fungi

Mortierella species are soil fungi belonging to the order Mortierellales within the subphylum Mortierellomycotina. The widespread genus contains about 85 species.

<i>Rhizoctonia solani</i> Species of fungus

Rhizoctonia solani is a species of fungus in the order Cantharellales. Basidiocarps are thin, effused, and web-like, but the fungus is more typically encountered in its anamorphic state, as hyphae and sclerotia. The name Rhizoctonia solani is currently applied to a complex of related species that await further research. In its wide sense, Rhizoctonia solani is a facultative plant pathogen with a wide host range and worldwide distribution. It causes various plant diseases such as root rot, damping off, and wire stem. It can also form mycorrhizal associations with orchids.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Mycelial cord</span> Structure produced by fungi

Mycelial cords are linear aggregations of parallel-oriented hyphae. The mature cords are composed of wide, empty vessel hyphae surrounded by narrower sheathing hyphae. Cords may look similar to plant roots, and also frequently have similar functions; hence they are also called rhizomorphs. As well as growing underground or on the surface of trees and other plants, some fungi make mycelial cords which hang in the air from vegetation.

<i>Ceratocystis fimbriata</i> Species of fungus

Ceratocystis fimbriata is a fungus and a plant pathogen, attacking such diverse plants as the sweet potato and the tapping panels of the Para rubber tree. It is a diverse species that attacks a wide variety of annual and perennial plants. There are several host-specialized strains, some of which, such as Ceratocystis platani that attacks plane trees, are now described as distinct species.

<i>Gibberella zeae</i> Species of fungus

Gibberella zeae, also known by the name of its anamorph Fusarium graminearum, is a fungal plant pathogen which causes fusarium head blight (FHB), a devastating disease on wheat and barley. The pathogen is responsible for billions of dollars in economic losses worldwide each year. Infection causes shifts in the amino acid composition of wheat, resulting in shriveled kernels and contaminating the remaining grain with mycotoxins, mainly deoxynivalenol (DON), which inhibits protein biosynthesis; and zearalenone, an estrogenic mycotoxin. These toxins cause vomiting, liver damage, and reproductive defects in livestock, and are harmful to humans through contaminated food. Despite great efforts to find resistance genes against F. graminearum, no completely resistant variety is currently available. Research on the biology of F. graminearum is directed towards gaining insight into more details about the infection process and reveal weak spots in the life cycle of this pathogen to develop fungicides that can protect wheat from scab infection.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Fungus</span> Biological kingdom, separate from plants and animals

A fungus is any member of the group of eukaryotic organisms that includes microorganisms such as yeasts and molds, as well as the more familiar mushrooms. These organisms are classified as one of the traditional eukaryotic kingdoms, along with Animalia, Plantae and either Protista or Protozoa and Chromista.

Homothallic refers to the possession, within a single organism, of the resources to reproduce sexually; i.e., having male and female reproductive structures on the same thallus. The opposite sexual functions are performed by different cells of a single mycelium.

<i>Cyathus stercoreus</i> Species of fungus

Cyathus stercoreus, commonly known as the dung-loving bird's nest or the dung bird's nest, is a species of fungus in the genus Cyathus, family Nidulariaceae. Like other species in the Nidulariaceae, the fruiting bodies of C. stercoreus resemble tiny bird's nests filled with eggs. The fruiting bodies are referred to as splash cups, because they are developed to use the force of falling drops of water to dislodge and disperse their spores. The species has a worldwide distribution, and prefers growing on dung, or soil containing dung; the specific epithet is derived from the Latin word stercorarius, meaning "of dung".

<i>Rhizoctonia</i> Genus of fungi

Rhizoctonia is a genus of fungi in the order Cantharellales. Species form thin, effused, corticioid basidiocarps, but are most frequently found in their sterile, anamorphic state. Rhizoctonia species are saprotrophic, but some are also facultative plant pathogens, causing commercially important crop diseases. Some are also endomycorrhizal associates of orchids. The genus name was formerly used to accommodate many superficially similar, but unrelated fungi.

<i>Serpula himantioides</i> Species of fungus

Serpula himantioides is a species of fungus that causes damage to timber referred to as dry rot. It is a basidiomycete in the order Boletales. It has been found on all continents except for Antarctica. Recent molecular work demonstrates that S. himantioides is a species complex including multiple cryptic lineages.

<i>Mucor plumbeus</i> Species of fungus

Mucor plumbeus is a fungus in the family Mucoraceae that is very common, abundant and distributed worldwide. Mucor plumbeus is not known to be a plant or animal pathogen; however it is able to elicit an immune response in humans by activating the complement system. This species is commonly found in various types of soils over a range of pH, although alkaline soils seem more conducive to its growth. It is also known from the roots of wheat, oat and barley. In addition, M. plumbeus is a common fungal contaminant of indoor built environments. This species shares many similarities with M. racemosus, another fungus that belongs to the family Mucoraceae which is known to cause mucormycosis. Mucor plumbeus is a common spoilage agent of cheese, apples, apple cider and yogurt.

<i>Cladosporium cladosporioides</i> Species of fungus

Cladosporium cladosporioides is a darkly pigmented mold that occurs world-wide on a wide range of materials both outdoors and indoors. It is one of the most common fungi in outdoor air where its spores are important in seasonal allergic disease. While this species rarely causes invasive disease in animals, it is an important agent of plant disease, attacking both the leaves and fruits of many plants. This species produces asexual spores in delicate, branched chains that break apart readily and drift in the air. It is able to grow under low water conditions and at very low temperatures.

Globisporangium sylvaticum is a plant pathogen, an oomycete known to cause root rot and damping off in a multitude of species. These species include apples, carrot, cherry laurel, cress, cucumber, garlic, lettuce, pea, rhododendron, and spinach. Symptoms of infection include stunting, wilt, chlorosis, and browning and eventual necrosis of roots. The pathogen can by identified by the presence of thick, microscopic, round spores within the cells of the root.

<i>Rhizopus stolonifer</i> Species of fungus

Rhizopus stolonifer is commonly known as black bread mold. It is a member of Zygomycota and considered the most important species in the genus Rhizopus. It is one of the most common fungi in the world and has a global distribution although it is most commonly found in tropical and subtropical regions. It is a common agent of decomposition of stored foods. Like other members of the genus Rhizopus, R. stolonifer grows rapidly, mostly in indoor environments.

Magnaporthe rhizophila is a fungus species in the family Magnaporthaceae. These dark mycelial fungi are common pathogens of cereal and grass roots. Rice blast is one disease known to be caused by M. rhizophila and presents with vascular discoloration in the host organism. The fungus lives best in drier humid conditions, explaining why it is most often found in the soils of Australia, South Africa, and the Southeastern United States.

References

  1. ↑ Dumroese, R.Kasten; Jurgensen, Martin F.; Potvin, Lynette R.; Richter, Dana L. (April 2012). "Association of Pinus banksiana Lamb. and Populus tremuloides Michx. seedling fine roots with Sistotrema brinkmannii (Bres.) J. Erikss. (Basidiomycotina)". Mycorrhiza. Heidelberg, Germany: Springer-Verlag. 22 (8): 631–638. doi:10.1007/s00572-012-0440-4. PMID   22476582. S2CID   2268598.
  2. 1 2 Raper, John R.; Ullrich, Robert C. (January 1975). "Primary Homothallism-relation to Heterothallism in the Regulation of Sexual Morphogenesis in Sistotrema". Genetics. Burlington, Vermont: Department of Botany, University of Vermont. 80 (2): 311–321. doi:10.1093/genetics/80.2.311. PMC   1213329 . PMID   17248683.{{cite journal}}: CS1 maint: date and year (link)
  3. 1 2 3 4 Ullrich, Robert C. (January 1973). "Sexuality, Incompatibility, and Intersterility in the Biology of the Sistotrema brinkmannii Aggregate". Mycologia. Oxfordshire, UK: Taylor & Francis, Ltd. 65 (6): 1234–1249. doi:10.1080/00275514.1973.12019546.{{cite journal}}: CS1 maint: date and year (link)
  4. 1 2 3 4 5 Wang, C.J.K.; Zabel, R.A. (1990). Identification Manual for Fungi from Utility Poles in the Eastern United States . Virginia: Amer Type Culture Collection. ISBN   978-0930009311.
  5. ↑ Alcorn, S.M.; Bloss, Sophie Dong.H.E. (1981). "Ultrastructure and Comparison of Phymatotrichum omnivorum and Sistotrema brinkmannii". Mycologia (2nd ed.). Oxfordshire, UK: Taylor & Francis, Ltd. ISSN   0027-5514.
  6. 1 2 3 Ellis, M.B.; Ellis, J.P. (1990). Fungi without Gills (Hymenomycetes and Gasteromycetes). London, UK: Champman and Hall. ISBN   0412369702.
  7. 1 2 3 Blanchette, R.A.; Chen, S.Y.; Hao, Y.; Liu, X.Z. (November 2010). "Sistotrema brinkmannii, a psychrotolerant fungus from Antarctic soil". Mycosystema. Beijing, China: Mycological Society of China. 29: 864–868. ISSN   1672-6472.{{cite journal}}: CS1 maint: date and year (link)
  8. ↑ Hansen, K.; Marek, S.M.; Romanish, M.; Thorn, R.G. (March 2009). "Molecular systematics of the cotton root rot pathogen, Phymatotrichopsis omnivora". Persoonia. Leiden, Netherlands: Naturalis Biodiversity Center. 22: 63–74. doi:10.3767/003158509X430930. PMC   2789547 . PMID   20198139.{{cite journal}}: CS1 maint: date and year (link)
  9. 1 2 Singh, J. (2006). Building Mycology: Management of Decay and Health in Buildings. London, UK: Taylor & Francis. ISBN   9781135824617.
  10. ↑ Dong, S.; Bloss, H.E.; Alcorn, S.M. (August 1980). "Ultrastructure and Comparison of Phymatotrichum Omnivorum and Sistotrema Brinkmannii". Mycologia. London, UK: Taylor & Francis. 73 (2): 321–333. doi:10.1080/00275514.1981.12021348.
  11. ↑ Moncalvo, J.M.; Nisson, R.H.; Koster, B.; Dunham, S.M.; Bernauer, T.; Matheny, P.B.; et al. (December 2006). "The cantharelloid clade: dealing with incongruent gene trees and phylogenetic reconstruction methods". Mycologia. London, UK: Taylor & Francis. 98 (6): 937–948. doi:10.3852/mycologia.98.6.937. PMID   17486970. S2CID   4245494.{{cite journal}}: CS1 maint: date and year (link)
  12. 1 2 Adan, O.C.G. (1994). Health Implications of Fungi in Indoor Environments (AIr Quality Monographs). Edinburgh, UK: Elsevier Science Ltd. ISBN   978-0444818669.
  13. ↑ Messner, K.; Stachelberger, H. (June 1980). "Spore Bodies and a New Type of Conidium in Sistotrema brinkmannii". Trans. Br. Mycol. Soc. Edinburgh, UK: Elsevier Ltd. 74 (3): 551–556. doi:10.1016/S0007-1536(80)80055-6.{{cite journal}}: CS1 maint: date and year (link)
  14. ↑ Choi, Joon-Ho; Kim, In-Won; Lee, Jung-Kul; Ramachandran, Priyadharshini; Zhao, Zongpei (June 2013). "Purification and Characterization of a Novel β-1,3/ 1,4-glucanase from Sistotrema brinkmannii HQ717718". J Korean Soc Appl Biol Chem. New York, NY: Springer. 56 (3): 263–270. doi: 10.1007/s13765-013-3028-6 . S2CID   85321870.{{cite journal}}: CS1 maint: date and year (link)
  15. ↑ Babic, M.N.; Zalar, P.; Zenko, B.; Schroers, H.; Dzeroski, S.; Gunde-Cimerman, N. (January 2015). "Candida and Fusarium species known as opportunistic human pathogens from customer-accessible parts of residential washing machines". The British Mycological Society. Edinburgh, UK: Elsevier Ltd. 119 (2–3): 95–113. doi:10.1016/j.funbio.2014.10.007. PMID   25749362.{{cite journal}}: CS1 maint: date and year (link)
  16. ↑ Hunter, C.A.; Grant, C.; Flannigan, B.; Bravery, A.F. (February 1988). "Mould in buildings: the air spora of domestic dwellings". International Biodeterioration. Edinburgh, UK: Elsevier Ltd. 24 (2): 81–101. doi:10.1016/0265-3036(88)90052-8.{{cite journal}}: CS1 maint: date and year (link)
  17. 1 2 McGinniss, J.E.; Imai, I.; Simon-Soro, A.; Brown, M.C.; Knecht, V.R.; Frye, L.; et al. (May 2019). "Molecular analysis of the endobronchial stent microbial biofilm reveals bacterial communities that associate with stent material and frequent fungal constituents". PLOS ONE. 14 (5): e0217306. Bibcode:2019PLoSO..1417306M. doi: 10.1371/journal.pone.0217306 . PMC   6541290 . PMID   31141557.{{cite journal}}: CS1 maint: date and year (link)
  18. 1 2 3 Raper, John R.; Ullrich, Robert C. (August 1974). "Number and Distribution of Bipolar Incompatibility Factors in Sistotrema brinkmannii". The American Naturalist. Chicago: The University of Chicago Press for The American Society of Naturalists. 108 (962): 507–518. doi:10.1086/282930. S2CID   85418807.{{cite journal}}: CS1 maint: date and year (link)
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