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The economy of Eritrea has undergone extreme changes after the War of Independence. It experienced considerable growth in recent years,indicated by an improvement in gross domestic product in 2011 of 8.7 percent and in 2012 of 7.5% over 2011,and has a total of $8.090 billion as of 2020. However,worker remittances from abroad are estimated to account for 32 percent of gross domestic product.
The economy of Morocco is considered a relatively liberal economy,governed by the law of supply and demand. Since 1993,in line with many Western world changes,Morocco has followed a policy of privatisation of certain economic sectors which used to be in the hands of the government. Morocco has become a major player in African economic affairs,and is the 5th largest African economy by GDP (PPP). The World Economic Forum placed Morocco as the most competitive economy in North Africa,in its African Competitiveness Report 2014–2015.
The gross domestic product (GDP) of Niger was $16.617 billion US dollars in 2023,according to official data from the World Bank. This data is based largely on internal markets,subsistence agriculture,and the export of raw commodities:foodstuffs to neighbors and raw minerals to world markets. Niger,a landlocked West African nation that straddles the Sahel,has consistently been ranked on the bottom of the Human Development Index,at 0.394 as of 2019. It has a very low per capita income,and ranks among the least developed and most heavily indebted countries in the world,despite having large raw commodities and a relatively stable government and society not currently affected by civil war or terrorism. Economic activity centers on subsistence agriculture,animal husbandry,re-export trade,and export of uranium.
The economy of the Republic of the Congo is a mixture of subsistence hunting and agriculture,an industrial sector based largely on petroleum extraction and support services. Government spending is characterized by budget problems and overstaffing. Petroleum has supplanted forestry as the mainstay of the economy,providing a major share of government revenues and exports. Nowadays the Republic of the Congo is increasingly converting natural gas to electricity rather than burning it,greatly improving energy prospects.
A tax cut represents a decrease in the amount of money taken from taxpayers to go towards government revenue. Tax cuts decrease the revenue of the government and increase the disposable income of taxpayers. Tax cuts usually refer to reductions in the percentage of tax paid on income,goods and services. As they leave consumers with more disposable income,tax cuts are an example of an expansionary fiscal policy. Tax cuts also include reduction in tax in other ways,such as tax credit,deductions and loopholes.
Government spending or expenditure includes all government consumption,investment,and transfer payments. In national income accounting,the acquisition by governments of goods and services for current use,to directly satisfy the individual or collective needs of the community,is classed as government final consumption expenditure. Government acquisition of goods and services intended to create future benefits,such as infrastructure investment or research spending,is classed as government investment. These two types of government spending,on final consumption and on gross capital formation,together constitute one of the major components of gross domestic product.
Chifeng is a prefecture-level city in Southeastern Inner Mongolia,People's Republic of China. It borders Xilin Gol League to the north and west,Tongliao to the northeast,Chaoyang (Liaoning) to the southeast and Chengde (Hebei) to the south. The city has a total administrative area of 90,275 square kilometres (34,855 sq mi) and as of the 2020 census,had a population of 4,035,967 inhabitants. However,1,175,391 of those residents lived in the built-up area made of the 2 urban districts of Hongshan and Songshan,as Yuanbaoshan is not conurbated yet. However,a large part of Songshan is still rural and Yuanbaoshan is a de facto separate town 27 kilometers away from the core district of Chifeng. The city was the administrative center of the previous Ju Ud League.
Fiscal policy is any changes the government makes to the national budget to influence a nation's economy. "An essential purpose of this Financial Report is to help American citizens understand the current fiscal policy and the importance and magnitude of policy reforms essential to make it sustainable. A sustainable fiscal policy is explained as the debt held by the public to Gross Domestic Product which is either stable or declining over the long term". The approach to economic policy in the United States was rather laissez-faire until the Great Depression. The government tried to stay away from economic matters as much as possible and hoped that a balanced budget would be maintained. Prior to the Great Depression,the economy did have economic downturns and some were quite severe. However,the economy tended to self-correct so the laissez faire approach to the economy tended to work.
On the eve of the 1921 revolution,Mongolia had an underdeveloped,stagnant economy based on nomadic animal husbandry. Farming and industry were almost nonexistent;transportation and communications were primitive;banking,services,and trade were almost exclusively in the hands of Chinese or other foreigners. Most of the people were illiterate nomadic herders,and a large part of the male labour force lived in the monasteries,contributing little to the economy. Property in the form of livestock was owned primarily by aristocrats and monasteries;ownership of the remaining sectors of the economy was dominated by Chinese or other foreigners. Mongolia's new rulers thus were faced with a daunting task in building a modern,socialist economy.
The Indian government has,since war,subsidised many industries and products,from fuel to gas.
The technological and industrial history of China is extremely varied,and extensive. China's industrial sector has shown great progress using most of its technology from the 1950s.
Taxes provide the most important revenue source for the Government of the People's Republic of China. Tax is a key component of macro-economic policy,and greatly affects China's economic and social development. With the changes made since the 1994 tax reform,China has sought to set up a streamlined tax system geared to a socialist market economy.
Industry is 39.4% of China's gross domestic product (GDP) in 2022. In 2007,industry contributed 46.7 percent of GDP in 2010 and occupied 27 percent of the workforce. In 2015,the manufacturing industrial sectors contributed to 40% of China's GDP. The manufacturing sector produced 44.1 percent of GDP in 2004 and accounted for 11.3 percent of total employment in 2006.
Algeria's economy continued to recover in the first half of 2022,led by a return of oil production to pre-pandemic levels and a continued recovery of the service sector along with a more vigorous agricultural activity. The recovery should continue into 2023,supported by the nonhydrocarbon sector and public expenditure growth,according to the latest edition of the World Bank's Algeria Economic Update.
The Five-Year Plans are a series of social and economic development initiatives issued by the Chinese Communist Party (CCP) since 1953 in the People's Republic of China. Since 1949,the CCP has shaped the Chinese economy through the plenums of its Central Committee and national party congresses.
After the dissolution of the Soviet Union in 1991 and the end of its centrally-planned economy,the Russian Federation succeeded it under president Boris Yeltsin. The Russian government used policies of shock therapy to liberalize the economy as part of the transition to a market economy,causing a sustained economic recession. GDP per capita levels returned to their 1991 levels by the mid-2000s. The economy of Russia is much more stable today than in the early 1990s,but inflation still remains an issue. Historically and currently,the Russian economy has differed sharply from major developed economies because of its weak legal system,underdevelopment of modern economic activities,technological backwardness,and lower living standards.
Since independence in 1947,the economy of Pakistan has emerged as a semi-industrialized one,the on textiles,agriculture,and food production,though recent years have seen a push towards technological diversification. Pakistan's GDP growth has been gradually on the rise since 2012 and the country has made significant improvements in its provision of energy and security. However,decades of corruption and internal political conflict have usually led to low levels of foreign investment and underdevelopment.
The 7th Five-Year Plan of China was a set of economic goals designed to strengthen the Chinese economy between 1986 and 1990.
The Chinese government initiated a fiscal and taxation system reform in 1992,prepared and promulgated in 1993,and finally implemented in 1994. The reform was a large-scale adjustment of the tax distribution system and tax structure between the central and local governments,which was regarded as a milestone in the transition of China's fiscal system from planned economy to market economy. The main purpose of the tax-sharing reform is to alleviate the budget deficit since the end of the 1980s. As the reform achieved indeed remarkable results,it yet evoked problems like heavier financial burden of local governments. In order to make ends meet,governments started to let lands which eventually pushed up the land and housing price. Therefore,the tax-sharing reform is considered to be the reason of China's severe land finance.
The relationship between Brazil and the World Bank has been successful for many years,despite many challenges.
References
- 1 2 3 4 5 "The 6th Five-Year Plan (1981-1985) |Five-Year plans |chinadaily.com.cn". www.chinadaily.com.cn.
- 1 2 Lewis, Joanna I. (2023). Cooperating for the Climate: Learning from International Partnerships in China's Clean Energy Sector. Cambridge, Massachusetts: The MIT Press. ISBN 978-0-262-54482-5.