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The economy of Eritrea has undergone extreme changes after the War of Independence. It experienced considerable growth in recent years,indicated by an improvement in gross domestic product in 2011 of 8.7 percent and in 2012 of 7.5% over 2011,and has a total of $8.090 billion as of 2020. However,worker remittances from abroad are estimated to account for 32 percent of gross domestic product.
The economy of Morocco is considered relatively liberal,governed by the law of supply and demand. Since 1993,in line with many Western world changes,Morocco has followed a policy of privatisation. Morocco has become a major player in African economic affairs,and is the 6th largest African economy by GDP (PPP). The World Economic Forum placed Morocco as the most competitive economy in North Africa,in its African Competitiveness Report 2014–2015.
The economy of the Republic of the Congo is a mixture of subsistence hunting and agriculture,an industrial sector based largely on petroleum extraction and support services. Government spending is characterized by budget problems and overstaffing. Petroleum has supplanted forestry as the mainstay of the economy,providing a major share of government revenues and exports. Nowadays the Republic of the Congo is increasingly converting natural gas to electricity rather than burning it,greatly improving energy prospects.
Government spending or expenditure includes all government consumption,investment,and transfer payments. In national income accounting,the acquisition by governments of goods and services for current use,to directly satisfy the individual or collective needs of the community,is classed as government final consumption expenditure. Government acquisition of goods and services intended to create future benefits,such as infrastructure investment or research spending,is classed as government investment. These two types of government spending,on final consumption and on gross capital formation,together constitute one of the major components of gross domestic product.
Chifeng,also known as Ulankhad in Mongolian,is a prefecture-level city in Southeastern Inner Mongolia,People's Republic of China. It borders Xilin Gol League to the north and west,Tongliao to the northeast,Chaoyang (Liaoning) to the southeast and Chengde (Hebei) to the south. The city has a total administrative area of 90,275 km2 (34,855 sq mi) and as of the 2020 census,had a population of 4,035,967 inhabitants. However,1,175,391 of those residents lived in the built-up area made of the 2 urban districts of Hongshan and Songshan,as Yuanbaoshan is not conurbated yet. However,a large part of Songshan district is still rural and Yuanbaoshan district a de facto separate town 27 kilometers away from the core district of Chifeng. The city was the administrative center of the previous Ju Ud League.
Fiscal policy is any changes the government makes to the national budget to influence a nation's economy. "An essential purpose of this Financial Report is to help American citizens understand the current fiscal policy and the importance and magnitude of policy reforms essential to make it sustainable. A sustainable fiscal policy is explained as the debt held by the public to Gross Domestic Product which is either stable or declining over the long term". The approach to economic policy in the United States was rather laissez-faire until the Great Depression. The government tried to stay away from economic matters as much as possible and hoped that a balanced budget would be maintained. Prior to the Great Depression,the economy did have economic downturns and some were quite severe. However,the economy tended to self-correct so the laissez faire approach to the economy tended to work.
A government budget is a projection of the government's revenues and expenditure for a particular period,often referred to as a financial or fiscal year,which may or may not correspond with the calendar year. Government revenues mostly include taxes while expenditures consist of government spending. A government budget is prepared by the Central government or other political entity. In most parliamentary systems,the budget is presented to the legislature and often requires approval of the legislature. The government implements economic policy through this budget and realizes its program priorities. Once the budget is approved,the use of funds from individual chapters is in the hands of government ministries and other institutions. Revenues of the state budget consist mainly of taxes,customs duties,fees,and other revenues. State budget expenditures cover the activities of the state,which are either given by law or the constitution. The budget in itself does not appropriate funds for government programs,hence the need for additional legislative measures. The word budget comes from the Old French brunette.
On the eve of the Mongolian Revolution of 1921,Mongolia had an underdeveloped,stagnant economy based on nomadic animal husbandry. Farming and industry were almost nonexistent;transportation and communications were primitive;banking,services,and trade were almost exclusively in the hands of Chinese or other foreigners. Most of the people were illiterate nomadic herders,and a large part of the male labour force lived in the monasteries,contributing little to the economy. Property in the form of livestock was owned primarily by aristocrats and monasteries;ownership of the remaining sectors of the economy was dominated by Chinese or other foreigners. Mongolia's new rulers thus were faced with a daunting task in building a modern,socialist economy.
The Indian government has,since war,subsidised many industries and products,from fuel to gas.
The economy of Tibet is dominated by subsistence agriculture. Due to limited arable land,livestock raising is the primary occupation mainly on the Tibetan Plateau,among them are sheep,cattle,goats,camels,yaks,donkeys and horses. The main crops grown are barley,wheat,buckwheat,rye,potatoes,oats,rapeseeds,cotton and assorted fruits and vegetables. In recent years the economy has begun evolving into a multiple structure with agriculture and tertiary industry developing side by side.
At the time of its founding,the People's Republic of China was one of the poorest countries in the world. In the early 1950s,its industry developed rapidly through a state-led process heavily influenced by the Soviet experience. Aiming to close the gap between its political ambitions and its phase of development,China began the Great Leap Forward,which sought to even more rapidly industrialize the country. The effort largely failed,and its policies contributed to famine.
Huangpu,alternately romanized as Whampoa,is one of 11 urban districts of the prefecture-level city of Guangzhou,the capital of Guangdong Province,China. Despite its name,it does not include Huangpu Island or its famous anchorage. Huangpu absorbed Guangzhou's former Luogang District in 2014. The district has been awarded the status of "Happiest District of China" in 2020.
The Five-Year Plans are a series of social and economic development initiatives issued by the Chinese Communist Party (CCP) since 1953 in the People's Republic of China. Since 1949,the CCP has shaped the Chinese economy through the plenums of its Central Committee and national party congresses. The plenums follow a customary pattern of themes;since the 14th Party Congress (1992–1997),the fifth plenum has evaluated the current five-year plan and outlined the next five-year plan.
After the dissolution of the Soviet Union in 1991 and the end of its centrally-planned economy,the Russian Federation succeeded it under president Boris Yeltsin. The Russian government used policies of shock therapy to liberalize the economy as part of the transition to a market economy,causing a sustained economic recession. GDP per capita levels returned to their 1991 levels by the mid-2000s. The economy of Russia is much more stable today than in the early 1990s,but inflation still remains an issue. Historically and currently,the Russian economy has differed sharply from major developed economies because of its weak legal system,underdevelopment of modern economic activities,technological backwardness,and lower living standards.
Science and technology in Kazakhstan –government policies to develop science,technology and innovation in Kazakhstan.
Changsha is one of the most developed cities and economic centres in China. Changsha's GDP was 932.37 billion RMB in 2016,a year-on-year growth of 9.4% from the previous year,which would rank it No.13 in the country. Its GDP per capita was 123,681 RMB,an increase of 7.0% from the previous year. Changsha's primarily,secondary,and tertiary industries were worth 37.95 billion RMB,451.323 billion RMB,and 443.952 billion RMB. In 2017,Changsha made its way into the 1-trillion-yuan GDP club with its GDP of 1.02 trillion RMB, becoming the 13th city in China with a GDP of one trillion yuan. Moreover,financial news portal Yicai.com released its 2017 ranking of China's new first-tier cities,and Changsha is a newcomer. In 2021,Changsha's GDP (nominal) was 1.32 trillion yuan with its per capita over $20,000 (nominal) and over $30,000 (PPP),which is considered as a high-income status by the World Bank and a primary developed city according to the international standard.
The 7th Five-Year Plan of China was a set of economic goals designed to strengthen the Chinese economy between 1986 and 1990.
The relationship between Brazil and the World Bank has been successful for many years,despite numerous challenges.
The Tenth five-year plan is a plan for China's national economic and social development for the 2001-2005 period. With economic development as its main goal,the plan establishes the strategic adjustment of the economic structure as its main line,while focusing on ecological construction,environmental protection,and sustainable economic and social development. Various social programs such as education,culture,healthcare and sports were also emphasized.
The Fourth five-year plan,is known as the China's national economic development strategy that China formulated from 1971 to 1975. The plan was formally issued in 1971,following the commencement of its preparation in 1970.
References
- 1 2 3 4 5 "The 6th Five-Year Plan (1981-1985) |Five-Year plans |chinadaily.com.cn". www.chinadaily.com.cn.
- 1 2 Lewis, Joanna I. (2023). Cooperating for the Climate: Learning from International Partnerships in China's Clean Energy Sector. Cambridge, Massachusetts: The MIT Press. ISBN 978-0-262-54482-5.