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Poaching is the illegal hunting or capturing of wild animals, usually associated with land use rights. Poaching was once performed by impoverished peasants for subsistence purposes and to supplement meager diets. It was set against the hunting privileges of nobility and territorial rulers.
The Malabar Coast moist forests are a tropical moist broadleaf forest ecoregion of southwestern India.
The South Western Ghats moist deciduous forests is an ecoregion in the Western Ghats of southern India with tropical and subtropical moist broadleaf forests. This biome covers the Nilgiri Hills between elevation of 250 and 1,000 m in Kerala, Karnataka and Tamil Nadu states.
The South Deccan Plateau dry deciduous forests is a tropical dry forest ecoregion in southern India. The ecoregion lies in the southernmost portion of the Deccan Plateau, and includes the southernmost portion of the Eastern Ghats.
The grizzled giant squirrel is a large tree squirrel in the genus Ratufa found in the highlands of the Central and Uva provinces of Sri Lanka, and in patches of riparian forest along the Kaveri River and in the hill forests of Karnataka, Tamil Nadu and Kerala states of southern India. The International Union for Conservation of Nature (IUCN) lists the species as near threatened due to habitat loss and hunting.
The Indian giant squirrel or Malabar giant squirrel is a large multi-coloured tree squirrel species endemic to forests and woodlands in India. It is a diurnal, arboreal, and mainly herbivorous squirrel.
The Namdapha flying squirrel is a flying squirrel endemic to Arunachal Pradesh in northeast India, where it is known from a single zoological specimen collected in Namdapha National Park in 1981.
Most of Kerala's native habitat, which consists of wet evergreen rainforests at lower elevations and highland deciduous and semi-evergreen forests in the east, has a humid tropical climate. However, significant variations in terrain and elevation lead to high biodiversity. But Alappuzha district has no forests.
Meghamalai, commonly known as the High Wavy Mountains, is a mountain range located in the Western Ghats in the Theni district near Kumily, Tamil Nadu. It is dotted with cardamom plantations and tea plantations. The mountain range is 1,500 metres above sea level, and it is rich in flora and fauna. The area, now mostly planted with tea plants, includes cloudlands, high wavys, venniar, and the manalar estates belonging to the Woodbriar Group. Access is largely restricted and includes largely untouched remnants of evergreen forest.
Wildlife trade refers to the products that are derived from non-domesticated animals or plants usually extracted from their natural environment or raised under controlled conditions. It can involve the trade of living or dead individuals, tissues such as skins, bones or meat, or other products. Legal wildlife trade is regulated by the United Nations' Convention on International Trade in Endangered Species of Wild Fauna and Flora (CITES), which currently has 184 member countries called Parties. Illegal wildlife trade is widespread and constitutes one of the major illegal economic activities, comparable to the traffic of drugs and weapons.
The wildlife of Cambodia is very diverse with at least 162 mammal species, 600 bird species, 176 reptile species, 900 freshwater fish species, 670 invertebrate species, and more than 3000 plant species. A single protected area, Keo Seima Wildlife Sanctuary, is known to support more than 950 total species, including 75 species that are listed as globally threatened on the IUCN Red List. An unknown amount of species remains to be described by science, especially the insect group of butterflies and moths, collectively known as lepidopterans.
The state of Karnataka in South India has a rich diversity of flora and fauna. It has a recorded forest area of 38,720 km2 which constitutes 55 of the geographical area of the state. These forests support 25% of the elephant population and 20% of the tiger population of India. Many regions of Karnataka are still unexplored and new species of flora and fauna are still found. The mountains of the Western Ghats in the western region of Karnataka are a biodiversity hotspot. Two sub-clusters of the Western Ghats, Talacauvery and Kudremukh, are on a tentative list of sites that could be designated as World Heritage Sites by UNESCO. The Bandipur and Nagarahole national parks which fall outside these subclusters were included in the Nilgiri biosphere reserve in 1986, a UNESCO designation. In the Biligiriranga Hills the Eastern Ghats meet the Western Ghats. The state bird and state animal of Karnataka are Indian roller and the Indian elephant. The state tree and state flower are sandalwood and lotus. Karnataka is home to 524 tigers.
The Grizzled Squirrel Wildlife Sanctuary (GSWS), also known as Srivilliputhur Wildlife Sanctuary, was established in 1988 to protect the Near threatened grizzled giant squirrel. Occupying an area of 485.2 km2, it is bordered on the southwest by the Periyar Tiger Reserve and is one of the best preserved forests south of the Palghat Gap.
Talle Valley Wildlife Sanctuary is a protected area in Arunachal Pradesh, India, with an area of 337 km2 (130 sq mi). It was established in 1995. It is also known as Talley Valley Wildlife Sanctuary. It ranges in elevation from 1,200 to 3,000 m and harbours subtropical and temperate broadleaved and conifer forests. Mammal species present include clouded leopard, Malayan giant squirrel, Indian muntjac and Asian palm civet. The 130 bird species observed in spring 2015 included black eagle, collared owlet, golden-breasted fulvetta, scarlet minivet, Verditer flycatcher and Mrs. Gould's sunbird.
Wildlife smuggling or wildlife trafficking concerns the illegal gathering and trade of endangered species and protected wildlife, including plants and byproducts or products utilizing a species. Research on wildlife smuggling has increased, however, knowledge of the illicit trade remains limited. The differences between international policies and tendencies likely contribute to the extensive estimated range of wildlife smuggling, anywhere from $5-$23 billion, with an additional $67-$193 billion when timber and fish are included. The prolific growth of wildlife smuggling makes it the fourth-largest criminal enterprise globally after drug, firearm, and human trafficking. Products demanded by the trade include but are not limited to ivory, bushmeat, traditional medicine, and exotic pets. China and the United States are the largest buyers in the illegal wildlife trade. It often involves other illegal activities such as tranquilizing animals without proper authorization.
Dalma Wildlife Sanctuary is a wildlife sanctuary located 10 km (6.2 mi) from the city of Jamshedpur in the state of Jharkhand. Inaugurated in 1975 it contains a significant population of the Indian elephant.
The Melagiris are a range of hills on the Eastern Ghats, bound by the river Cauvery on the west. Melagiri contain an expanse of 1295 km2 of dry deciduous and semi-evergreen forests. It is an elephant country and contains two traditional elephant corridors. With the Bannerghatta National Park in the North east and Cauvery Wildlife Sanctuary in the south, the forest range stretches to sanctuaries of BR Hills and Sathyamangala and joins the tiger reserves of Nilgiri Biosphere. As the meeting point of the Western Ghats and Eastern Ghats, these forests form a vital link in the elephant corridors of South India, connecting the Bannerghatta National Park and the River Cauvery. It borders some of the prominent tiger sanctuaries of the south.
The Cauvery Wildlife Sanctuary is a protected area located in the Mandya, Chamarajanagar and Ramanagar districts of Karnataka, India. The Cauvery River passes through its midst. An area of 510.52 km2 (197.11 sq mi) was established as Cauvery Wildlife Sanctuary on 14 January 1987 under Section 18 of the Wildlife Protection Act 1972 with the objective of providing protection, conservation and development of Wildlife and its environment. The sanctuary was expanded to its current area of 102,753 hectares in 2013. On its east, it adjoins Dharmapuri forest division of Tamil Nadu state.
Bauhinia racemosa, commonly known as the bidi leaf tree, is a rare medicinal species of flowering shrub with religious significance. It is a small crooked tree with drooping branches that grows 3–5 metres (10–16 ft) tall and flowers between February and May. It is native to Southeast Asia, the Indian subcontinent and China.
Pakkamalai is a mountain and forest reserve in Villupuram district of Tamil Nadu, located 45 km southwest of Gingee.
References
- 1 2 Maron, Dana Fine (15 September 2020). "Exclusive: Inside Florida's alleged flying squirrel smuggling operation". National Geographic . Archived from the original on September 17, 2020.
- ↑ Florida Fish and Wildlife Conservation Commission (19 October 2020). "FWC uncovers a transnational wildlife trafficking operation in Florida". Florida Fish And Wildlife Conservation Commission.
- ↑ Maxouris, Christina (20 October 2020). "Florida officials say several people charged in flying squirrel trafficking operation". CNN.
- ↑ Matsinos, Yiannis G.; Papadopoulou, Eleni (28 June 2008). "Investigating the Viability of Squirrel Populations; A Modeling Approach for the Island of Lesvos, Greece". Natural Resource Modeling. 17 (4): 423–444. doi: 10.1111/j.1939-7445.2004.tb00144.x .
- ↑ Wright, S. Joseph; Zeballos, Horacio; Domínguez, Iván; Gallardo, Marina M.; Moreno, Marta C.; Ibáñez, Roberto (February 2000). "Poachers Alter Mammal Abundance, Seed Dispersal, and Seed Predation in a Neotropical Forest". Conservation Biology. 14 (1): 227–239. doi:10.1046/j.1523-1739.2000.98333.x. S2CID 55631134.
- ↑ Joshua, Justus; Johnsingh, A.J.T. (1994). "Impact of biotic disturbances on the habitat and population of the endangered grizzled giant squirrel Ratufa macroura in south India". Biological Conservation. 68 (1): 29–34. doi:10.1016/0006-3207(94)90543-6.
- ↑ Vanitharani, Juliet (2018). "Conservation Status and Guidelines for the Maintenance of Endangered Grizzled Giant Squirrel Ratufa macroura in Srivilliputhur Wildlife Sanctuary". Indian Hotspots: 297–307. doi:10.1007/978-981-10-6983-3_17. ISBN 978-981-10-6982-6.
- ↑ Mishra, A. T.; Kazmi, S. E. H.; Prakash, Satya (1 October 2011). "Nesting and Feeding Behaviour of Indian Giant Squirrel ( Ratufa indica ) in Dalma Wildlife Sanctuary, Jamshedpur (Jharkhand)". Indian Forester. 137 (10): 1155–1159. ISSN 2321-094X.