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Yeasts are eukaryotic, single-celled microorganisms classified as members of the fungus kingdom. The first yeast originated hundreds of millions of years ago, and at least 1,500 species are currently recognized. They are estimated to constitute 1% of all described fungal species.
Candida albicans is an opportunistic pathogenic yeast that is a common member of the human gut flora. It can also survive outside the human body. It is detected in the gastrointestinal tract and mouth in 40–60% of healthy adults. It is usually a commensal organism, but it can become pathogenic in immunocompromised individuals under a variety of conditions. It is one of the few species of the genus Candida that causes the human infection candidiasis, which results from an overgrowth of the fungus. Candidiasis is, for example, often observed in HIV-infected patients. C. albicans is the most common fungal species isolated from biofilms either formed on (permanent) implanted medical devices or on human tissue. C. albicans, C. tropicalis, C. parapsilosis, and C. glabrata are together responsible for 50–90% of all cases of candidiasis in humans. A mortality rate of 40% has been reported for patients with systemic candidiasis due to C. albicans. By one estimate, invasive candidiasis contracted in a hospital causes 2,800 to 11,200 deaths yearly in the US. Nevertheless, these numbers may not truly reflect the true extent of damage this organism causes, given new studies indicating that C. albicans can cross the blood–brain barrier in mice.
Candida is a genus of yeasts and is the most common cause of fungal infections worldwide. Many species are harmless commensals or endosymbionts of hosts including humans; however, when mucosal barriers are disrupted or the immune system is compromised they can invade and cause disease, known as an opportunistic infection. Candida is located on most mucosal surfaces and mainly the gastrointestinal tract, along with the skin. Candida albicans is the most commonly isolated species and can cause infections in humans and other animals. In winemaking, some species of Candida can potentially spoil wines.
Torulaspora delbrueckii is a ubiquitous yeast species with both wild and anthropic habitats. The type strain of T. delbrueckii is CBS 1146T, equivalent to CLIB 230 or ATCC 10662, etc.. The type strain of T. delbrueckii CBS 1146 T was sequenced in 2009, and is composed of 8 chromosomes in addition to a mitochondrial genome.
Saccharomycetales belongs to the kingdom of Fungi and the division Ascomycota. It is the only order in the class Saccharomycetes. There are currently 13 families recognized as belonging to Saccharomycetales. GBIF also includes; Alloascoideaceae, Eremotheciaceae (16) Trigonopsidaceae and Wickerhamomycetaceae.
Pichia is a genus of yeasts in the family Pichiaceae with spherical, elliptical, or oblong acuminate cells. Pichia is a teleomorph, and forms hat-shaped, hemispherical, or round ascospores during sexual reproduction. The anamorphs of some Pichia species are Candida species. The asexual reproduction is by multilateral budding.
Haploporus is a genus of poroid fungi in the family Polyporaceae.
Moniliella is a genus of fungi in the subdivision Ustilaginomycotina. Some species of Moniliella can cause disease in humans and in cats. The genus includes the black, yeast-like fungi in the Basidiomycota, although the black, yeast-like fungi also include some species from the Ascomycota.
Nakazawaea is a genus of yeast in the order Saccharomycetales. The relationship of this taxon to other taxa within the order is not fully unknown.
Starmera is a genus of fungi within the Saccharomycetales order. It is placed within the Phaffomycetaceae family.
Candida blankii is a species of budding yeast (Saccharomycotina) in the family Saccharomycetaceae. The yeast may be a dangerous pathogen and resistant to treatment in human hosts. Research on the fungi has therapeutic, medical and industrial implications.
A sophorolipid is a surface-active glycolipid compound that can be synthesized by a selected number of non-pathogenic yeast species. They are potential bio-surfactants due to their biodegradability and low eco-toxicity.
Kuraishia is a genus of two species of ascomycetous yeasts in the family Saccharomycetaceae. The type species Kuraishia capsulata was originally described as a member of Hansenula in 1953.
Blastobotrys elegans is a species of fungus.
Ogataea is a genus of ascomycetous yeasts in the family Saccharomycetaceae. It was separated from the former genus Hansenula via an examination of their 18S and 26S rRNA partial base sequencings by Yamada et al. 1994.
William Thomas Starmer is an emeritus professor of biology in the College of Arts and Sciences at Syracuse University in Syracuse, New York. Starmer is known for his work on population genetics, specifically the ecological genetics of the interactions between cactus, yeast, and fruit flies (Drosophila). Species of Drosophila and yeast have been named in his honor.
Frank C. Odds was an English mycologist. He studied Candida albicans, establishing how modern researchers study fungal pathogens and the diseases they cause.
Candida catenulata is a yeast-form fungus in the phylum Ascomycota. It is distributed globally and commonly found on the skin of humans and animals, in soil, and in dairy products.
Wickerhamomyces is a genus of fungi within the Saccharomycetales order. It is placed within the familyof Phaffomycetaceae.
Moesziomyces is a fungal genus in the family Ustilaginaceae.
References
- ↑ Rosa CA, Lachance MA (October 1998). "The yeast genus Starmerella gen. nov. and Starmerella bombicola sp. nov., the teleomorph of Candida bombicola (Spencer, Gorin & Tullock) Meyer & Yarrow". International Journal of Systematic Bacteriology. 48 Pt 4 (4): 1413–7. doi: 10.1099/00207713-48-4-1413 . PMID 9828444.
- ↑ Lumbsch TH, Huhndorf SM (December 2007). "Outline of Ascomycota – 2007". Myconet. Chicago, USA: The Field Museum, Department of Botany. 13: 1–58.
- ↑ "Phaffomycetaceae". www.gbif.org. Retrieved 29 July 2022.
- ↑ Kurtzman CP, Price NP, Ray KJ, Kuo TM (October 2010). "Production of sophorolipid biosurfactants by multiple species of the Starmerella (Candida) bombicola yeast clade". FEMS Microbiology Letters. 311 (2): 140–6. doi: 10.1111/j.1574-6968.2010.02082.x . PMID 20738402.
- ↑ Takahashi M, Morita T, Wada K, Hirose N, Fukuoka T, Imura T, Kitamoto D (2011). "Production of sophorolipid glycolipid biosurfactants from sugarcane molasses using Starmerella bombicola NBRC 10243". Journal of Oleo Science. 60 (5): 267–73. doi: 10.5650/jos.60.267 . PMID 21502725.
- ↑ Burkhardt, Lotte (2022). Eine Enzyklopädie zu eponymischen Pflanzennamen [Encyclopedia of eponymic plant names](pdf) (in German). Berlin: Botanic Garden and Botanical Museum, Freie Universität Berlin. doi:10.3372/epolist2022. ISBN 978-3-946292-41-8 . Retrieved January 27, 2022.
- ↑ "Starmerella - Search Page". www.speciesfungorum.org. Species Fungorum. Retrieved 3 November 2022.
