| Synanthedon flaviventris | |
|---|---|
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Scientific classification  | |
| Domain: | Eukaryota |
| Kingdom: | Animalia |
| Phylum: | Arthropoda |
| Class: | Insecta |
| Order: | Lepidoptera |
| Family: | Sesiidae |
| Genus: | Synanthedon |
| Species: | S. flaviventris |
| Binomial name | |
| Synanthedon flaviventris (Staudinger, 1883) [1] | |
| Synonyms | |
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Synanthedon flaviventris, the sallow clearwing, is a moth of the family Sesiidae. The larvae form pear-shaped galls on sallows (Salix spp).
The eggs are laid in the axils on slender shoots (<10 mm diameter) of sallows, and the first year larva excavates a tunnel which shows no external signs of the larva. In the spring of the following year the larva can be as long as 17–18 mm and tunnels deeper into the tissue of the stem, excavating a vertical tunnel 50–75 mm long and 3 mm in diameter. By the second autumn the frass is pressed into cavities between the bark and wood, and the pear-shaped gall is noticeable. [2] [a] The larva feeds on sallows and their hybrids; eared willow ( Salix aurita ), goat willow ( S. caprea ), creeping willow ( S. repens ), grey willow ( S. cinerea ), white willow ( S. alba ), crack willow (Salix × fragilis), European violet willow ( S. daphnoides ) and rosemary-leaved willow ( S. rosmarinifolia ). [4] [5] Before pupation, the larva makes an exit hole and the pupa (11–13 mm long) is yellowish and formed head down in a chamber above the gall. There is no cocoon. [2] Adults have a wingspan of 17–20 mm and are on the wing in June and July. The species has a two-year life cycle, with adults present mostly in even years. [6]
It is found in most of Europe (except Ireland, Norway, the Netherlands, the Iberian Peninsula, most of the Balkan Peninsula and Ukraine). [7] and Russia (southern Siberia, Baikal, Irkutsk, Chaborowsk, Ussuri).
The hornet moth or hornet clearwing is a large moth native to Europe and the Middle East and has been introduced to North America. Its protective coloration is an example of Batesian mimicry, as its similarity to a hornet makes it unappealing to predators. The hornet moth has been linked to the large dieback of poplar trees across Europe because its larvae bore into the trunk of the tree before re-emerging as adults.
Sesia bembeciformis, the lunar hornet moth, is a moth of the family Sesiidae. It is found in Europe.
Synanthedon myopaeformis is a moth of the family Sesiidae and the order Lepidoptera. In Europe it is known as the red-belted clearwing and in North America as the apple clearwing moth. The larvae create galleries under the bark of fruit trees, especially old trees with damaged trunks. During this process, the larvae cause significant damage to host trees. Particular attention has been paid to the damage they cause to apple trees. Their status as a pest of apple orchards has led to many research projects aimed at controlling populations of the moth. This moth is native to Europe, the Near East and North Africa. Recently, the moth was introduced into North America, being first detected in Canada in 2005. There are several organisms that threaten the larvae, including parasitoids, nematodes, and bacteria.
Synanthedon spheciformis, the white-barred clearwing, is a moth of the family Sesiidae. It is found in Europe and Siberia.
Synanthedon tipuliformis, known as the currant clearwing, is a moth of the family Sesiidae. It is endemic to the Palearctic realm, but is an invasive species in the Nearctic realm and the Australasian realm.
Rabdophaga rosaria is a gall midge which forms Camellia galls or terminal rosette gall on willow species. It was first described by Hermann Loew in 1850.
Stigmella obliquella is a moth of the family Nepticulidae which feeds on willow and can be found in Asia and Europe. It was first described by Hermann von Heinemann in 1862.
Phyllonorycter salicicolella is a moth of the family Gracillariidae. It is known from all of Europe, east to Russia and Japan.
Synanthedon andrenaeformis, the orange-tailed clearwing, is a moth of the family Sesiidae. It is known from most of Europe. It is also present in the Near East. The wingspan is 18–22 mm. Adults are on wing between May and June in western Europe.
Synanthedon formicaeformis, the red-tipped clearwing, is a moth of the family Sesiidae and can be found in all of Europe, the eastern Palearctic realm, and the Near East. The larvae sometimes form pear-shaped galls on willows. It was first described by Eugenius Johann Christoph Esper in 1783.
Anacampsis temerella is a moth of the family Gelechiidae, found in most of Europe, except Belgium, Switzerland, the Iberian Peninsula and the Balkan Peninsula.
Synanthedon scoliaeformis, the Welsh clearwing, is a moth of the family Sesiidae. It is found from almost all of Europe, east through Russia to Japan.
Synanthedon spuleri is a moth of the family Sesiidae. It is found from France to Turkey and Georgia. In the south, it is found in southern and eastern Europe. In the north, the range extends to the line Paris-southern Germany.
Rabdophaga salicis is a gall midge which forms galls on sallows. It was first described by Franz von Paula Schrank in 1803.
Rabdophaga karschi is a gall midge which forms galls on the twigs of sallows.
Cydia servillana is a moth of the family Tortricidae which forms galls on the young shoots of willow. It was first described by Philogène Auguste Joseph Duponchel in 1836.
Iteomyia major is a gall midge which forms galls on willows. It was first described by Jean-Jacques Kieffer in 1889.
Rabdophaga nervorum is a gall midge which forms galls on the leaves of sallows. It is found in Europe and was first described by the French entomologist, Jean-Jacques Kieffer in 1895.
Euura bridgmanii is a species of sawfly belonging to the family Tenthredinidae. The larvae feed on the leaves of sallows. It was first described by the entomologist Peter Cameron in 1883.
Synanthedon resplendens, also known as the sycamore borer moth, is species of a clearwing moth native to western North America. Larva of this moth live under the bark of sycamore, ceanothus, coast live oak, and, on rare occasions, avocado trees. Sycamore hosts include California sycamore, Arizona sycamore, and American sycamore trees. Coast live oak is a confirmed host, but this moth likely uses many or most other western oaks as well.