The Iron Petticoat

Last updated

The Iron Petticoat
Iron petticoat59.jpg
Theatrical release poster
Directed by Ralph Thomas
Written by Ben Hecht
Produced by Betty E. Box
executive
Harry Saltzman (uncredited)
Starring Bob Hope
Katharine Hepburn
Noelle Middleton
James Robertson Justice
Robert Helpmann
Cinematography Ernest Steward
Edited by Frederick Wilson
Music by Benjamin Frankel
Production
companies
Distributed by Metro-Goldwyn-Mayer
Release dates
Running time
94 minutes
CountryUnited Kingdom
LanguageEnglish
Budget$509,000 [1]
Box office$1,385,000 [1] [2]

The Iron Petticoat (also known as Not for Money) is a 1956 British Cold War comedy film starring Bob Hope and Katharine Hepburn, and directed by Ralph Thomas. The screenplay by Ben Hecht became the focus of a contentious history behind the production, and led to the film's eventual suppression by Hope. Hecht had been part of the screenwriting team on the similarly themed Comrade X (1940).

Contents

Hepburn plays a Soviet military pilot who lands in West Germany and, after sampling life in the West in the company of Hope's Major Chuck Lockwood, is converted to capitalism. Subplots involve Lockwood trying to marry a member of the British upper class and communist agents trying to coerce Hepburn's character to return to the Soviet Union.

The main story borrows heavily from Ernst Lubitsch's Ninotchka (1939), starring Greta Garbo, and very closely resembles Josef von Sternberg's Jet Pilot with Janet Leigh as the Russian pilot and John Wayne as the US Air Force officer. Jet Pilot, inspired by real-life Cold War pilot defections, completed principal photography in 1950 but was not released until 1957, after The Iron Petticoat. [3]

Plot

Captain Vinka Kovalenko (Katharine Hepburn) lands a Soviet Air Force jet in West German territory, to the surprise of the United States Armed Forces, who take her prisoner. However, she is neither on a mission nor defecting, just upset about a personal matter back home.

Capt. Chuck Lockwood (Bob Hope) is eager to leave for London and visit his wealthy fiancée Connie (Noelle Middleton). A superior officer named Tarbell (Alan Gifford) cancels his furlough, ordering Chuck to sell the Soviet aviatrix on everything good about America and convince her to permanently come over to their side. The colonel even dangles a $100,000 bonus check made out to Vinka to be given if Lockwood succeeds.

Vinka is pursued by her former lover, engineer Ivan (Robert Helpmann). She shows no interest in Chuck, and is just as determined to sell him on Russian virtues as he is on influencing her. He describes her as cold and unappealing, but when Connie makes a surprise visit, Vinka strolls into Chuck's room wearing little else but a pajama top and her military medals. Connie becomes increasingly angry, more so when she finds out that Chuck is not as well-off financially as he has pretended to be.

Vinka begins to dress in an increasingly enticing manner. One night, at a Russian restaurant, comrades come to kidnap her. A sleeping potion meant for Chuck ends up in Tarbell's drink instead. Connie is also mistaken for Vinka in a cloakroom and taken captive.

The Russians misunderstand Vinka's intentions and charge her with treason. Chuck leads a daring aerial escape, and they end up falling in love. Money does not matter as much to Vinka as it does to Connie. As she and Lockwood are leaving for America, a Russian agent runs up, offering her the $100,000 check. She declines, but Lockwood grabs it.

Cast

Production

Development

The original screenplay, Not for Money, was written by Ben Hecht [4] from a story by producer Harry Saltzman. [5] The two men formed a company called Benhar to produce the film. [6] Hecht wrote the film specifically as a vehicle for Katharine Hepburn. [7]

Hepburn was pleased with the original script and personally selected Ralph Thomas as the director because she liked his film Doctor in the House (1954). [8] [4] She contacted Thomas and Doctor in the House producer Betty E. Box while they were making Doctor at Sea , and they agreed to take part. [9] "I had no idea what dramas were to descend on us as a result of that call," Box later wrote. [10]

"We accepted the job because Miss Hepburn agreed to do it, and because we liked the Ben Hecht script," said Thomas. [11] Box and Thomas were under contract to the Rank film organization, but were allowed to make outside films. "They [Rank] turned very sour," wrote Box. "But we stuck to our guns – we wanted to work with Hepburn, on top of which we were to be paid much larger fees than those guaranteed under our Rank deal." [12]

The film was an American-British co-production, with finance provided by MGM and Romulus Films. MGM provided $500,000 to cover the costs of Slatzman, Hecht and the two American stars while Remus invested £215,000 to pay for production costs and the British crew. [13] (Other accounts say British investment was £189,803 with $500,000 to cover Hope and Hepburn, Independent Film Distributors providing the full sterling budget and $100,000 of the dollar budget. [14] )

Bob Hope

According to Box, Hepburn originally envisioned the male lead being played by Cary Grant, William Holden or James Stewart. [10] However, casting the role proved difficult. "There was difficulty in finding a top star to play opposite Hepburn," wrote Box, "an example of the male chauvinistic attitude which baulks at the leading lady's part being better than the man's." [12]

Bob Hope read the script and wanted to play the role. It was unlike anything that Hope had done in the past, but he said that he wanted to work with Hepburn, and would play the character as written. [15]

"We all thought the idea quite mad at first," said Box of Hope's casting. "Then we all had second thoughts and said, 'Why not?' And I must say the first of us to see that it made sense was Katie." [9]

According to his biographer, Hope also saw the opportunity to get away from the United States at a time when a scandal was tarnishing his reputation as a family man. Hope had been embarrassed by the publication of a tell-all book by former lover Barbara Payton, and advised by close confidants to leave the United States until the bad press had subsided. [8]

The film project marked the first time that Hope had worked outside the United States, and in the country of his birth. It had also been more than 50 films since he last worked outside Paramount. [16] At one stage, Kay Kendall was meant to support Hope and Hepburn. [17]

Rewriting the script

Filming was to begin in November, but Hope was not available. He did not arrive in London until 7 December 1955. He then told Box and Thomas that he wanted to pull out of the film, saying that he was unhappy with the script. Hepburn and Hecht agreed to make changes to keep Hope on the film. [18] Hope also turned the script over to his own gag writers to tailor it to his style, as was his usual practice. [19] Many of Hepburn's best scenes were cut, and the title was changed from Not for Money. Hope had intended to change his role from that of a debonair leading man to that of his usual wise-cracking comic. [20] Hepburn considered her pairing with a co-star steeped in comedy routines as a "challenge."

Shooting

Captain Vinka Kovelenko's arrival in West Germany is via a MiG-15 fighter, portrayed by a Republic F-84F Thunderstreak with Red Star insignia. Film MiG.jpg
Captain Vinka Kovelenko's arrival in West Germany is via a MiG-15 fighter, portrayed by a Republic F-84F Thunderstreak with Red Star insignia.

Hope and Hepburn had a wary relationship during the production; with the film being remade into a typical Hope comedy, Hepburn was forced to abandon her aspirations to deliver a Garbo-like role. Privately, Hepburn characterized Hope as "the biggest egomaniac with whom I have ever worked in my entire life." She also considered the film as "a cheap vaudeville act" in which she appeared as the "stooge." [21]

"It ended up as a Hope comedy," recalled Thomas. "He had seven writers, she had none. I can't really say I directed the picture. I refereed it. Each star would come on the set each day with a different piece of script. Each was happy with the scene he had – until they compared notes!" [11]

Donald Sinden, then a contract star for the Rank Organisation at Pinewood Studios, had a permanent dressing room in the same block as Hepburn's. He said, "Katharine Hepburn was delightful and most professional, but what was deemed by some to be 'professional' can also be called 'temperamental' by others. I happened to be on the set of The Iron Petticoat while Miss Hepburn was blowing off steam about something in a professional/temperamental manner. Bob Hope came to the rescue and with his superb sense of humour said to her, 'If you don't behave yourself. I'll tell everyone that you are Audrey Hepburn's father!'" [22]

A difficult time in the UK was compounded by Hepburn's worrisome eye infection, and she completed her obligations, although for years she would not talk about the film. [23] She would later recall The Iron Petticoat as an unlikely pairing of lead actors trapped in the wrong roles. [24] She recalled that Hope thought her sense of humour was basically "zilch." [25]

Production took place primarily at Pinewood Studios, but also utilized unique background locations, such as Buckingham Palace and Piccadilly Circus, as well as air bases in the UK. Although the plot involved a defecting military pilot, only a minimal number of aircraft appeared in the production, with the use of a Republic F-84F Thunderstreak as a stand-in for the ubiquitous MiG-15 jet fighter, the staple of 1950s Soviet air forces. Red-star markings appear on both the F-84F and C-47 to convert them to their Soviet lookalikes. When Kovelenko's MiG is escorted into West German airspace, two USAF North American F-86D Sabres intercept it. A Douglas C-47 Skytrain (as its counterpart, the Soviet Lisunov Li-2) is used for the return to Russia, while a Boeing Washington B.1 bomber and Avro Anson transport aircraft also appear, albeit mainly as backdrops.

Release

Clash between Hecht and Hope

The Iron Petticoat was released through Metro-Goldwyn-Mayer in the American market.

Hope, whose company controlled US rights as one of the film's producers, cut 12 minutes from the version that was released in the UK. Hope's cutting prompted Hecht to take a full-page ad in The Hollywood Reporter that stated:

My dear partner Bob Hope: This is to notify you that I have removed my name as author from our mutilated venture, The Iron Petticoat. Unfortunately, your other partner, Katharine Hepburn, can't shy out of the fractured picture with me. Although her magnificent comic performance has been blowtorched out of the film, there is enough left of the Hepburn footage to identify her for her sharpshooters. I am assured by my hopeful predators that The Iron Petticoat will go over big with people 'who can't get enough of Bob Hope'. Let us hope this swooning contingent is not confined to yourself and your euphoric agent, Louis Shurr. [26]

As Hecht told journalist Mike Wallace in a 1958 interview, "The movie was written for a lady, Miss Katharine Hepburn, and ended up instead as a role for the hero, Mr. Bob Hope. Miss Hepburn was removed from it by fifty percent. I got irritated and took my name off it – it had nothing to do with the movie I wrote." [27]

Hope replied with an open letter that stated:

My dear Ex-Partner Ben: You once wrote The Front Page, and now you've followed it up with the back page … I am most understanding. The way things are going, you simply can’t afford to be associated with a hit. As for Kate Hepburn, I don’t think she was depressed with the preview audience rave about her performance.... Bob 'Blowtorch' Hope. [28]

For the US release, the film's credits read "Based on an Original Story by Harry Saltzman." Saltzman often joked that his first motion-picture production was the only Bob Hope film that failed at the box office. [5] However, the latest version released by TCM features a large screen credit: "Screenplay by Ben Hecht."

Critical reception

The Iron Petticoat was a critical failure when it was released in December 1956 in the United States. [28] Bosley Crowther of The New York Times , noting that Hecht had disavowed his work on the film, summed up many of the critical appraisals: "'The Iron Petticoat', which encloses Katharine Hepburn and Bob Hope, is about as inflexible and ponderous as the garment its title describes. And everybody connected with it might be forgiven for trying to claim an out." [29] He also wrote: "Miss Hepburn's Russian affectations and accent are simply horrible, and Mr. Hope's wistful efforts with feeble gags to hold his franchise as a funny man are downright sad. The notion of these two characters falling rapturously, romantically in love is virtually revolting. If this was meant to be a travesty, it is." [5]

In a 1972 interview, Italian actress Rossella Falk said that Garbo was "unhappy with Hepburn because she made a movie called 'The Iron Petticoat'. The film was a parody on 'Ninotchka', and Garbo thought the Hepburn film was the worst film that she had ever seen." [30]

Box office

According to MGM records, the film was a modest box-office success, earning $1,260,000 in the US and Canada and $125,000 elsewhere. Low production costs resulted in a profit of $109,000. [1]

Subsequent history

The film's distribution rights were divided between Hope's company, which controlled the Western Hemisphere, and the UK company Romulus Films, which held the Eastern Hemisphere, including the UK. MGM received a 10-year licence for the Western Hemisphere in 1955. [5]

After its initial theatrical release, The Iron Petticoat had only two public screenings in the US, at the Museum of Modern Art and the American Film Institute, both sanctioned by Hope Enterprises after MGM's rights expired in 1970. Apparently withheld because of Hope's unhappiness over the public controversy with Hecht, the film was not shown on US television nor had been released on home video there for many years, though it is readily available in the UK, where rights are currently controlled by ITV. [5]

Turner Classic Movies indicated in April 2012 that it had entered into an agreement with Hope Enterprises for a 10-year licence for US and Canadian TV rights and negotiated to release The Iron Petticoat on Blu-ray and DVD in North America as part of its TCM Vault Collection video line. TCM aired the film on 29 November 2012, almost a decade after the deaths of both leads. [5]

Proposed follow-up

After filming ended, it was announced that Saltzman, Hecht and Thomas would make an adaptation of The Imaginary Invalid starring Robert Helpmann, [31] but this film was never made.

See also

Related Research Articles

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Katharine Hepburn</span> American actress (1907–2003)

Katharine Houghton Hepburn was an American actress whose career as a Hollywood leading lady spanned six decades. She was known for her headstrong independence, spirited personality, and outspokenness, cultivating a screen persona that matched this public image, and regularly playing strong-willed, sophisticated women. She worked in a varied range of genres, from screwball comedy to literary drama, which earned her various accolades, including four Academy Awards for Best Actress—a record for any performer.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Spencer Tracy</span> American actor (1900–1967)

Spencer Bonaventure Tracy was an American actor. He was known for his natural performing style and versatility. One of the major stars of Hollywood's Golden Age, Tracy was the first actor to win two consecutive Academy Awards for Best Actor, from nine nominations. During his career, he appeared in 75 films and developed a reputation among his peers as one of the screen's greatest actors. In 1999, the American Film Institute ranked Tracy as the 9th greatest male star of Classic Hollywood Cinema.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Joan Crawford</span> American actress (190?–1977)

Joan Crawford was an American actress. She started her career as a dancer in traveling theatrical companies before debuting on Broadway. Crawford was signed to a motion picture contract by Metro-Goldwyn-Mayer in 1925. Initially frustrated by the size and quality of her parts, Crawford launched a publicity campaign and built an image as a nationally known flapper by the end of the 1920s. By the 1930s, Crawford's fame rivaled MGM colleagues Norma Shearer and Greta Garbo. Crawford often played hardworking young women who find romance and financial success. These "rags-to-riches" stories were well received by Depression-era audiences and were popular with women. Crawford became one of Hollywood's most prominent movie stars and one of the highest paid women in the United States, but her films began losing money. By the end of the 1930s, she was labeled "box office poison".

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Norma Shearer</span> Canadian-American actress (1902–1983)

Edith Norma Shearer was a Canadian-American actress who was active on film from 1919 through 1942. Shearer often played spunky, sexually liberated women. She appeared in adaptations of Noël Coward, Eugene O'Neill, and William Shakespeare, and was the first five-time Academy Award acting nominee, winning Best Actress for The Divorcee (1930).

<i>Libeled Lady</i> 1936 film by Jack Conway

Libeled Lady is a 1936 American screwball comedy film directed by Jack Conway and starring Jean Harlow, William Powell, Myrna Loy, and Spencer Tracy. The screenplay was written by Maurine Dallas Watkins, Howard Emmett Rogers, and George Oppenheimer, from a story by Wallace Sullivan. This was the fifth of fourteen films in which Powell and Loy were teamed, inspired by their success in the Thin Man series.

<i>Ninotchka</i> 1939 film by Ernst Lubitsch

Ninotchka is a 1939 American romantic comedy film made for Metro-Goldwyn-Mayer by producer and director Ernst Lubitsch and starring Greta Garbo and Melvyn Douglas. It was written by Billy Wilder, Charles Brackett, and Walter Reisch, based on a story by Melchior Lengyel. Ninotchka marked the first comedy role for Garbo, and her penultimate film; she received her third and final Academy Award nomination for Best Actress. In 1990, Ninotchka was selected for preservation in the United States National Film Registry by the Library of Congress as being "culturally, historically, or aesthetically significant". In 2011, Time also included the film on the magazine's list of "All-Time 100 Movies".

<i>The Philadelphia Story</i> (film) 1940 American film

The Philadelphia Story is a 1940 American romantic comedy film starring Cary Grant, Katharine Hepburn, James Stewart and Ruth Hussey. Directed by George Cukor, the film is based on the 1939 Broadway play of the same name by Philip Barry about a socialite whose wedding plans are complicated by the simultaneous arrival of her ex-husband and a tabloid magazine journalist. The socialite, played by Hepburn in both productions, was inspired by Helen Hope Montgomery Scott (1904–1995), a Philadelphia heiress who had married Barry's friend.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Greta Garbo</span> Swedish-American actress (1905–1990)

Greta Garbo was a Swedish-American actress and a premier star during Hollywood's silent and early golden eras. Regarded as one of the greatest screen actresses of all time, she was known for her melancholic and somber screen persona, her film portrayals of tragic characters, and her subtle and understated performances. In 1999, the American Film Institute ranked Garbo fifth on its list of the greatest female stars of classic Hollywood cinema.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Luise Rainer</span> German-born actress (1910–2014)

Luise Rainer was a German-born film actress. She was the first thespian to win multiple Academy Awards, and the first to win back-to-back; at the time of her death, thirteen days shy of her 105th birthday, she was the longest-lived Oscar recipient, a superlative that has not been exceeded, as of 2024.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Jean Simmons</span> British actress (1929–2010)

Jean Merilyn Simmons was a British actress and singer. One of J. Arthur Rank's "well-spoken young starlets," she appeared predominantly in films, beginning with those made in Britain during and after the Second World War, followed mainly by Hollywood films from 1950 onwards.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Jean Harlow</span> American actress (1911–1937)

Jean Harlow was an American actress. Known for her portrayal of "bad girl" characters, she was the leading sex symbol of the early 1930s and one of the defining figures of the pre-Code era of American cinema. Often nicknamed the "Blonde Bombshell" and the "Platinum Blonde", Harlow was popular for her "Laughing Vamp" screen persona. Harlow was in the film industry for only nine years, but she became one of Hollywood's biggest movie stars, whose image in the public eye has endured. In 1999, the American Film Institute ranked Harlow number 22 on its greatest female screen legends list.

<i>Mary of Scotland</i> (film) 1936 film by John Ford

Mary of Scotland is a 1936 American historical drama film starring Katharine Hepburn as the 16th-century ruler Mary, Queen of Scots. Directed by John Ford, it is an adaptation of the 1933 Maxwell Anderson play, with Fredric March reprising the role of Bothwell, which he also performed on stage during the run of play. The screenplay was written by Dudley Nichols. Ginger Rogers wanted to play this role and made a screen test, but RKO rejected her request to be cast in the part feeling that the role was not suitable to her image.

<i>Call Me Bwana</i> 1963 film by Gordon Douglas

Call Me Bwana is a 1963 British Technicolor farce film starring Bob Hope and Anita Ekberg and directed by Gordon Douglas.

<i>Pat and Mike</i> 1952 film by George Cukor

Pat and Mike is a 1952 American romantic comedy film starring Spencer Tracy and Katharine Hepburn. The movie was written by Ruth Gordon and Garson Kanin, and directed by George Cukor. Cukor directed The Philadelphia Story (1940) with Hepburn, and Cukor, Gordon and Kanin teamed with Hepburn and Tracy again for Adam's Rib (1949). Gordon and Kanin were nominated for the 1952 Academy Award for Best Original Screenplay for their work on Pat and Mike.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Joan Crawford filmography</span> List of film appearances of American actress Joan Crawford

The Joan Crawford filmography lists the film appearances of American actress Joan Crawford, who starred in numerous feature films throughout a lengthy career that spanned nearly five decades.

<i>Camille</i> (1936 film) 1936 film by George Cukor

Camille is a 1936 American romantic drama film from Metro-Goldwyn-Mayer directed by George Cukor, and produced by Irving Thalberg and Bernard H. Hyman, from a screenplay by James Hilton, Zoë Akins, and Frances Marion. The picture is based on the 1848 novel and 1852 play La dame aux camélias by Alexandre Dumas, fils. The film stars Greta Garbo, Robert Taylor, Lionel Barrymore, Elizabeth Allan, Jessie Ralph, Henry Daniell, and Laura Hope Crews. It grossed $2,842,000.

<i>Two-Faced Woman</i> 1941 film by George Cukor, Andrew Marton

Two-Faced Woman is a 1941 American romantic comedy film directed by George Cukor and starring Greta Garbo in her final film role, Melvyn Douglas, Constance Bennett, and Roland Young. The movie was distributed by Metro-Goldwyn-Mayer.

<i>The Philadelphia Story</i> (play) 1939 play by Philip Barry

The Philadelphia Story is a 1939 American comic play by Philip Barry. It tells the story of a socialite whose wedding plans are complicated by the simultaneous arrival of her ex-husband and an attractive journalist. Written as a vehicle for Katharine Hepburn, its success marked a reversal of fortunes for the actress, who was one of the film stars deemed "box office poison" in 1938.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Noelle Middleton</span> Irish actress (1926–2016)

Evelyn Noelle Woodeson was an Irish actress and one of the first BBC television announcers. She was also a leading lady of the 1950s British films.

Box Office Poison is the title given in popular culture to a trade magazine advertisement taken out on May 4, 1938, in The Hollywood Reporter by the Independent Theatre Owners Association. Penned by the group's president, Harry Brandt, the title of the red-bordered ad was WAKE UP! Hollywood Producers. The ad named several actors "whose box office draw is nil", and added that "Dietrich, too, is poison at the box office" which led to the moniker that it is popularly remembered by.

References

  1. 1 2 3 "The Eddie Mannix Ledger". Margaret Herrick Library, Center for Motion Picture Study (Los Angeles).
  2. ↑ Domestic take: See "Top Grosses of 1957". Variety, 8 January 1958, p. 30.
  3. ↑ "Notes: 'Jet Pilot'." Turner Classic Movies. Retrieved: 29 March 2015.
  4. 1 2 A. H. WEILER (1 May 1955). "OF PEOPLE AND PICTURES: Hepburn-Hope Team -- New 'Carmen', 'Wuthering Heights' -- Other Items". The New York Times. p. X5.
  5. 1 2 3 4 5 6 Fristoe, Roger. "Articles: 'The Iron Petticoat'." Turner Classic Movies. Retrieved: 16 December 2012.
  6. ↑ The (21 April 1955). "Louella Parsons: Warners Scores Beat With Dr. Salk Story". The Washington Post and Times-Herald. p. 32.
  7. ↑ Quirk 1998, p. 238.
  8. 1 2 Higham 2004, p. 167.
  9. 1 2 STEPHEN WATTS (15 January 1956). "HEPBURN-HOPE-HECHT TRIPLE PLAY ON THAMES: Production Team Stars' Orbits". The New York Times. p. X5.
  10. 1 2 Box p. 109
  11. 1 2 SHEUER, PHILIP K. (8 July 1958). "Types Casting Pros and Cons Argued: Producer Calls It 'Insult;' Hope-Hepburn Fiasco Told". Los Angeles Times. p. B7.
  12. 1 2 Box p. 118
  13. ↑ James Chapman (2014) The Trouble with Harry: The Difficult Relationship of Harry Saltzman and Film Finances, Historical Journal of Film, Radio and Television, 34:1, 43-71, p 45 DOI: 10.1080/01439685.2014.879001
  14. ↑ Chapman, J. (2022). The Money Behind the Screen: A History of British Film Finance, 1945-1985. Edinburgh University Press p 359
  15. ↑ Box p. 119
  16. ↑ Quirk 1998, p. 239.
  17. ↑ Schallert, Edwin (22 September 1955). "Large British Combine Announced; Bette Davis Formulates Film Slate". Los Angeles Times. p. b15.
  18. ↑ Box p. 128
  19. ↑ Faith 2003, p. 255.
  20. ↑ Faith 2003, p. 256.
  21. ↑ Berg 2004, p. 232.
  22. ↑ Sinden 1982, p. 238.
  23. ↑ Leaming 2004, p. 470.
  24. ↑ Quirk 1998, pp. 237–238.
  25. ↑ Chandler 2011, p. 216.
  26. ↑ "Ill-Fated Bob Hope-Katharine Hepburn Comedy, Gone for Four Decades, Returns". The Hollywood Reporter . 25 October 2012.
  27. ↑ Wallace, Mike. "Ben Hecht: The Mike Wallace Interview, February 15, 1958." Archived at Harry Ransom Center, University of Tennessee, Austin. Retrieved: 29 March 2015.
  28. 1 2 Quirk 1998, p. 240.
  29. ↑ Crowther, Bosley. "Screen: 'Iron Petticoat'; Bob Hope, Katharine Hepburn are stars." The New York Times , 2 February 1957. Retrieved: 29 March 2015.
  30. ↑ "Small Garbo Stories & Anecdotes – Part 3: When the Italian Garbo met the real Garbo." Garbo Forever. Retrieved: 23 November 2015.
  31. ↑ Schallert, Edwin (23 August 1956). "Jerry Lewis Picks New Find; Molière Comedy Named for Helpmann". Los Angeles Times. p. B9.

Bibliography

This page is based on this Wikipedia article
Text is available under the CC BY-SA 4.0 license; additional terms may apply.
Images, videos and audio are available under their respective licenses.