Republic F-84F Thunderstreak

Last updated
F-84F Thunderstreak
RF-84F Thunderflash
91st Tactical Fighter Squadron - Republic F-84F-50-RE Thunderstreak - 52-6852.jpg
USAF F-84F Thunderstreak
General information
Type Fighter-bomber
Reconnaissance aircraft
National originUnited States
Manufacturer Republic Aviation
Primary users United States Air Force
Number built3,428
History
Introduction dateMay 12, 1954
First flightJune 3, 1950
Retired1972 (US ANG)
1991 (Greece)
Developed from Republic F-84 Thunderjet
Variants Republic XF-84H Thunderscreech

The Republic F-84F Thunderstreak is an American swept-wing turbojet-powered fighter-bomber. The RF-84F Thunderflash was a photo reconnaissance version.

Contents

The design was originally intended to be a relatively simple upgrade to the F-84 Thunderjet to make it more competitive with the F-86 Sabre, differing largely in the use of a swept-wing and tail. Given the small number of changes, it was assigned the next model letter in the F-84 series, F. The prototypes demonstrated a number of performance and handling issues, which resulted in marginal improvement over the previous versions. Production was repeatedly delayed and another run of the straight-wing Thunderjets were completed as the G models.

Looking for a clear performance edge compared to the G models, the engine was upgraded to the much more powerful British Armstrong Siddeley Sapphire built in the United States as the Wright J65. The larger engine required the fuselage to be stretched into an oval shape and the air intake to be modified. With these and other changes, the design was finally ready to enter production, but only a fraction of the original production systems could be used and the aircraft was effectively a new design. It finally entered service in November 1954, by which time the Sabre had also undergone many upgrades and the Thunderstreak was relegated to the fighter-bomber role. Its time as a front-line design was brief; it began to be moved to secondary roles as early as 1958.

F-84Fs were then offered to NATO member countries and other allies, who took them up in large numbers. Operators included the Belgian Air Force, Royal Danish Air Force, French Air Force, West German Air Force, Hellenic Air Force, Italian Air Force, Royal Netherlands Air Force, Royal Norwegian Air Force, Republic of China Air Force, Turkish Air Force, and for a brief period using ex-French examples, the Israeli Air Force.

Development

In 1948, a swept wing version of the F-84 was created with the hope of bringing performance to the level of the F-86. The last production F-84E was fitted with a swept tail, a new wing with 38.5 degrees of leading edge sweep and 3.5 degrees of anhedral, and a J35-A-25 engine producing 5,300 pound-force (23.58 kN) of thrust. [1] The aircraft was designated XF-96A. It flew on 3 June 1950 with Oscar P. Haas at the controls. [2] Although the airplane was capable of 602 knots (693 mph, 1,115 km/h), the performance gain over the F-84E was considered minor. [1] Nonetheless, it was ordered into production in July 1950 as the F-84F Thunderstreak. The F-84 designation was retained because the fighter was expected to be a low-cost improvement of the straight-wing Thunderjet with over 55 percent commonality in tooling. [1]

YF-84F and YRF-84F prototypes in 1952. Note the early style wing root jet intakes, which were eventually only retained on the RF-84F, due to the need to fit cameras in the nose. The standard F-84F reverted to the original nose intake due to a loss of thrust from the wing root intakes. F-84F Thunderstreak and RF-84F Thunderflash prototypes in flight 1952.JPEG
YF-84F and YRF-84F prototypes in 1952. Note the early style wing root jet intakes, which were eventually only retained on the RF-84F, due to the need to fit cameras in the nose. The standard F-84F reverted to the original nose intake due to a loss of thrust from the wing root intakes.

In the meantime, the USAF, hoping for improved high-altitude performance from a more powerful engine, arranged for the British Armstrong Siddeley Sapphire turbojet engine to be built in the United States as the Wright J65. To accommodate the larger engine, YF-84Fs with a British-built Sapphire as well as production F-84Fs with the J65 had a vertically stretched fuselage, with the air intake attaining an oval cross-section. Production delays with the F-84F forced the USAF to order a number of straight-wing F-84Gs as an interim measure. [1]

Production quickly ran into problems. Although tooling commonality with the Thunderjet was supposed to be 55 percent, in reality only fifteen percent of tools could be reused. [1] To make matters worse, the F-84F utilized press-forged wing spars and ribs. At the time, only three presses in the United States could manufacture these, and priority was given to the Boeing B-47 Stratojet bomber over the F-84. [1] The YJ65-W-1 engine was considered obsolete and the improved J65-W-3 did not become available until 1954. When the first production F-84F finally flew on 22 November 1952, it differed from the service test aircraft. It had a different canopy which opened up and back instead of sliding to the rear (a unique design, the canopy was mounted on a pair of hydraulic rams and a pivoted lever arm that allowed it to lift up and backwards while remaining almost level with the fuselage, instead of the more common simple hinged canopy), as well as airbrakes on the sides of the fuselage instead of the bottom of the aircraft. [1] The aircraft was considered not ready for operational deployment due to control and stability problems. The first 275 aircraft, equipped with conventional stabilizer-elevator tailplanes, suffered from accelerated stall pitch-up and poor turning ability at combat speeds. Beginning with Block 25, the problem was improved upon by the introduction of a hydraulically powered one-piece stabilator. A number of aircraft were also retrofitted with spoilers for improved high-speed control. As a result, the F-84F was not declared operational until 12 May 1954. [1]

Thunderflash

RF-84F Thunderflash, the reconnaissance version of the F-84F. Note the unique articulation of the canopy, which is mounted on a pair of hydraulic rams and a lever arm, allowing it to automatically pivot up and backwards behind the cockpit. 15th Tactical Reconnaissance Squadron Republic RF-84F-30-RE Thunderflash 52-7412.jpg
RF-84F Thunderflash, the reconnaissance version of the F-84F. Note the unique articulation of the canopy, which is mounted on a pair of hydraulic rams and a lever arm, allowing it to automatically pivot up and backwards behind the cockpit.

The second YF-84F prototype was completed with wing-root air intakes. These were not adopted for the fighter due to loss of thrust. However, this arrangement permitted placement of cameras in the nose and the design was adopted for the RF-84F Thunderflash reconnaissance version. The first YRF-84F was completed in February 1952. [1] The aircraft retained an armament of four machine guns and could carry up to fifteen cameras. Innovations included computerized controls which adjusted camera settings for light, speed, and altitude, a periscope to give the pilot better visualization of the target, and a voice recorder to let the pilot narrate his observations. Being largely identical to the F-84F, the Thunderflash suffered from the same production delays and engine problems, delaying operational service until March 1954. The aircraft was retired from active duty in 1957, only to be reactivated in 1961, and finally retired from the ANG in 1972. [1]

Several modified Thunderflashes were used in the FICON project.

Design

Instrument panel in the F-84F cockpit Instrumentenpaneel in de cockpit van de F-84F (2157 007128).jpg
Instrument panel in the F-84F cockpit

The Thunderstreak suffered from the same poor takeoff performance as the straight-wing Thunderjet despite having a more powerful engine. In reality, almost 700 pounds-force (3.11 kN) or ten percent of total thrust was lost because the J65 was installed at an angle and its jet pipe was not perfectly straight (in addition to the usual thrust losses from the long jet pipe). On a hot day, 7,500 feet (2,285 m) of runway were required for takeoff roll. [3] A typical takeoff speed was 160 knots (185 mph, 300 km/h). [3] Like the Thunderjet, the Thunderstreak excelled at cruise and had predictable handling characteristics within its performance envelope. Like its predecessor, it also suffered from accelerated stall pitch-up and potential resulting separation of wings from the airplane. In addition, spins in the F-84F were practically unrecoverable and ejection was the only recourse below 10,000 feet (3,000 m). [3]

Operational history

An Ohio Air National Guard F-84F in the late 1960s F-84F 162nd FS Ohio ANG in flight 1960s.jpg
An Ohio Air National Guard F-84F in the late 1960s
F-84F Thunderstreaks flown by USAF Thunderbirds F-84F Thunderbirds.jpg
F-84F Thunderstreaks flown by USAF Thunderbirds
F-84F F-84 F FS-384.jpg
F-84F

Project Run In completed operational tests in November 1954 and found the aircraft to be to USAF satisfaction and considerably better than the F-84G. However, ongoing engine failures resulted in the entire fleet being grounded in early 1955. Also, the J65 engine continued to suffer from flameouts when flying through heavy rain or snow. [1] As the result of the problems, the active duty phaseout began almost as soon as the F-84F entered service in 1954, and was completed by 1958. Increased tensions in Germany associated with construction of the Berlin Wall in 1961 resulted in reactivation of the F-84F fleet. In 1962, the fleet was grounded due to the corrosion of control rods. A total of 1,800 man hours were expended to bring each aircraft to full operational capacity. [1] Stress corrosion eventually forced the retirement of ANG F-84Fs in 1971.

On 9 March 1955, Lt. Col. Robert R. Scott, in a F-84F Thunderstreak, set a three-hour, 44-minute and 53-second record for the 2,446 miles (3,936 km) flight from Los Angeles to New York. [4]

With the appearance of the Republic F-105 Thunderchief, which used wing-root mounted air intakes of a similar design to those fitted on the RF-84F, the photorecon variant Thunderflash became known as the Thud's Mother. [3] The earlier F-84A had been nicknamed the "Hog" and the F-84F "Super Hog," the F-105 becoming the "Ultra Hog".

In what is probably one of the very few air-to-air engagements involving the F-84F, two Turkish Air Force F-84F Thunderstreaks shot down two Iraqi Il-28 Beagle bombers that crossed the Turkish border by mistake during a bombing operation against Iraqi Kurdish insurgents. This engagement took place on 16 August 1962. [5]

The F-84F was retired from active service with the USAF in 1964, and replaced by the North American F-100 Super Sabre. The RF-84F was replaced by the RF-101 Voodoo in USAF units, and relegated to duty in the Air National Guard. The last RF-84F Thunderflash retired from the ANG in 1971. Three Hellenic Air Force RF-84Fs that were retired in 1991 were the last operational F-84s.

Variants

An Italian F-84F Italian F.84F.jpg
An Italian F-84F
The Republic XF-84H Thunderscreech prototype Republic XF-84H in flight.jpg
The Republic XF-84H Thunderscreech prototype
One of the YF-84J prototypes Republic YF-84J Thunderstreak.jpg
One of the YF-84J prototypes
YF-84F
Two swept-wing prototypes of the F-84F, initially designated YF-96.
F-84F Thunderstreak
Swept wing version with Wright J65 engine. Tactical Air Command aircraft were equipped with Low-Altitude Bombing System (LABS) for delivering nuclear bombs. 2,711 built, 1,301 went to NATO under Mutual Defense Assistance Program (MDAP).
GRF-84F
25 RF-84Fs were converted to be carried, and launched from the bomb bay of a GRB-36F bomber as part of the FICON project. The aircraft were later redesignated RF-84K.
RF-84F Thunderflash
Reconnaissance version of the F-84F with intakes relocated to the wing-roots, 715 built.
RF-84K Thunderflash (FICON)
RF-84F with a retractable probe for hookup with carrier GRB-36Ds and tailplanes with marked anhedral, 25 redesignated from RF-84F. [6]
XF-84H
Two F-84Fs were converted into experimental aircraft. Each was fitted with an Allison XT40-A-1 turboprop engine of 5,850 shaft horsepower (4,365 kW) driving a supersonic propeller. Ground crews dubbed the XF-84H the Thunderscreech due to its extreme noise output. [1]
YF-84J
Two F-84Fs were converted into YF-84J prototypes with enlarged nose intakes and a deepened fuselages for the General Electric J73 engine; the YF-84J reached Mach 1.09 in level flight on 7 April 1954. [1] The project was cancelled due to the excessive cost of converting existent F-84Fs.

Operators

Royal Netherlands Air Force F-84F Thunderstreak-P-191.jpg
Royal Netherlands Air Force F-84F
Republic RF-84F Thunderflash at Militarhistorisches Museum Flugplatz Berlin-Gatow, Berlin, Germany; note the distinctive Republic-type wing root intakes that led to the RF-84F being called "Thud's Mother", due to the use of similar intakes on the later Republic F-105 Thunderchief Republic RF-84F Thunderjet.jpg
Republic RF-84F Thunderflash at Militärhistorisches Museum Flugplatz Berlin-Gatow, Berlin, Germany; note the distinctive Republic-type wing root intakes that led to the RF-84F being called "Thud's Mother", due to the use of similar intakes on the later Republic F-105 Thunderchief
A Michigan Air National Guard RF-84F 127fg-f-84f.jpg
A Michigan Air National Guard RF-84F
Flag of Belgium (civil).svg  Belgium
Flag of Denmark.svg  Denmark
Flag of France.svg  France
Flag of Germany.svg  Germany
Flag of Greece.svg  Greece
Flag of Israel.svg  Israel
Flag of Italy.svg  Italy
Flag of the Netherlands.svg  Netherlands
Flag of Norway.svg  Norway
Flag of the Republic of China.svg  Taiwan (Republic of China)
Flag of Turkey.svg  Turkey
Flag of the United States (23px).png  United States

Aircraft on display

Belgian Air Force Thunderstreaks Belgische Thunderstreak.jpg
Belgian Air Force Thunderstreaks

Belgium

F-84F Thunderstreak
RF-84F Thunderflash

Denmark

RF-84F

France

F-84F

Germany

F-84F Thunderstreak
RF-84F Thunderflash

Greece

F-84F Thunderstreak
RF-84F Thunderflash
F-84F Thunderstreak

Italy

F-84F
RF-84F Thunderflash

Netherlands

F-84F
RF-84F

Norway

RF-84F Thunderflash

Poland

F-84F

Russia

F-84F

Turkey

F-84F
RF-84F

United Kingdom

F-84F

United States

XF-84F
F-84F
F-84F at the Barksdale Global Power Museum Barksdale Global Power Museum September 2015 05 (Republic F-84F Thunderstreak).jpg
F-84F at the Barksdale Global Power Museum
F-84F at the National Museum of the United States Air Force; note the .50 (12.7 mm) caliber machine gun muzzle openings in the nose (4) and wing roots (2). 17 14 129 F 84F.jpg
F-84F at the National Museum of the United States Air Force; note the .50 (12.7 mm) caliber machine gun muzzle openings in the nose (4) and wing roots (2).
Republic F-84F Thunderstreak from the Evergreen Aviation & Space Museum F-84F from the Evergreen Aviation and Space Museum 2018.jpg
Republic F-84F Thunderstreak from the Evergreen Aviation & Space Museum
RF-84F Thunderflash

Accidents and incidents

Specifications (F-84F)

Republic F-84F Thunderstreak 3-view.png
3-view line drawing of the Republic F-84F Thunderstreak
Republic RF-84F Thunderflash 3-view line drawing.png
3-view line drawing of the Republic RF-84F Thunderflash

Data from Fighters of the United States Air Force, [72] Combat Aircraft since 1945 [73]

General characteristics

Performance

Armament

Avionics

Communications Equipment

Notable appearances in media

Richard Bach, who later wrote the bestseller Jonathan Livingston Seagull , was an ANG F-84F pilot who was once activated for duty in Europe. His first book, Stranger to the Ground, described in detail what it was like to fly the Thunderstreak in the course of an operational flight at night from England to France in adverse weather.

F-84Fs were also used to represent North Korean MiG-15 fighters in the 1958 film version of James Salters' novel "The Hunters", because none of the Soviet fighters were available during the ongoing Cold War for filming. They were painted a flat gray with red star insignia.

See also

Related development

Aircraft of comparable role, configuration, and era

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References

Notes

  1. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 Knaack 1978, p. 42.
  2. ↑ "Chronology: 1950-1959". Air Force Magazine. Air Force Association. 24 November 2018. Retrieved 29 January 2022.
  3. 1 2 3 4 Higham, Robin and Carol Williams. Flying Combat Aircraft of USAAF-USAF (Vol.2). Rockville, Maryland: Air Force Historical Foundation, 1978. ISBN   0-8138-0375-6.
  4. ↑ "Week In History". U.S. Air Force. Archived from the original on 23 July 2012. Retrieved 4 March 2013.
  5. ↑ Cooper, Tom. "Europe & Cold War Database: Cyprus, 1955–1973." Air Combat Information Group, 26 October 2003. Retrieved: 8 September 2009.
  6. ↑ Knaack, Marcelle Size (1988). Encyclopedia of US Air Force Aircraft and Missile Systems. Vol. 2, Post-World War II Bombers 1945–1973. Washington, DC: Office of Air Force History. pp. 38–39. ISBN   0-912799-59-5.
  7. ↑ Stafrace 2014, pp. 32–33.
  8. ↑ Schrøder, Hans (1991). "Royal Danish Airforce". Ed. Kay S. Nielsen. Tøjhusmuseet, 1991, p. 62. ISBN   87-89022-24-6.
  9. ↑ Stafrace 2014, p. 37.
  10. ↑ Stafrace 2014, p. 42.
  11. ↑ Stafrace 2014, p. 47.
  12. ↑ "Suez War: Israel Air Force--IAF (1956)" . Retrieved 23 October 2021.
  13. ↑ "Italian Air Force Aircraft Types". www.aeroflight.co.uk.
  14. ↑ "Republic F-84". Aeronautica Militare. Retrieved 31 May 2019.
  15. ↑ "Republic RF 84F". Aeronautica Militare. Retrieved 31 May 2019.
  16. ↑ Stafrace 2014, p. 67.
  17. ↑ "Republic F-84F Thundertreak FU-197 – Hangar Flying". www.luchtvaarterfgoed.be. Archived from the original on 2017-08-07. Retrieved 2016-10-16.
  18. ↑ "Republic F-84F Thunderstreak". Belgian Wings. Retrieved 2023-09-26.
  19. ↑ "Republic F-84F Thunderstreak". Belgian Wings. Retrieved 2023-09-26.
  20. ↑ "Poortwachter Thunderstreak FU177 – Hangar Flying". www.luchtvaarterfgoed.be. Archived from the original on 2017-08-06. Retrieved 2016-10-16.
  21. ↑ "Flystation Karup HIstoriske Forening Museet". 10 January 2016. Retrieved 23 June 2016.
  22. ↑ "Danmarks Flymuseum". 10 January 2016. Retrieved 23 June 2016.
  23. 1 2 Αεροπορία, Πολεμική. "Εκθέματα Εντός του Υποστέγου ΛΕΡΟΣ - Πολεμική Αεροπορία". haf.gr.
  24. ↑ Republic F-84F Thunderstreak (37050/050) - Grèce airforce stanakshot.free.fr
  25. ↑ "Museo Storico Aeronautica Militare: Republic F-84F". aeronautica.difesa.it. Retrieved 10 February 2021.
  26. ↑ "Catalogo collezioni - Aeroplano Republic F-84F Thunderstreak - museoscienza". www.museoscienza.org. Retrieved 2019-01-29.
  27. ↑ "Museo Storico Aeronautica Militare: Republic RF-84F". aeronautica.difesa.it. Retrieved 10 February 2021.
  28. ↑ "Republic F-84F 'Thunderstreak' P-134".
  29. ↑ "Jachtbommenwerper Republic F-84F 'Thunderstreak' registratienummer P-254".
  30. ↑ "Jachtbommenwerper Republic F-84F 'Thunderstreak' registratienummer P-226".
  31. ↑ "Verkenningsvliegtuig Republic RF-84F 'Thunderflash' registratie TP-19".
  32. ↑ "F-84 Thunderstreak/52-7157." skrzydla.org. Retrieved: 7 May 2013.
  33. 1 2 3 UZAR, Webmaster:Celal. "www.tayyareci.com REPUBLIC RF-84F THUNDERFLASH .. 1951 - 2006 Period TUAF AIRCRAFT 1951 - 2006 dönemi Turk HvKK UCAKLARI". www.tayyareci.com.
  34. ↑ "Bursa Uludağ Üniversitesi".
  35. ↑ "F-84 Thunderstreak/52-6541." North East Aircraft Museum. Retrieved: 7 May 2013.
  36. ↑ "'Streak to Bentwaters". Aeroplane . Vol. 47, no. 11. November 2019. p. 12. ISSN   0143-7240.
  37. ↑ "F-84 Thunderstreak/49-2430." National Museum of the USAF. Retrieved: 16 July 2017.
  38. ↑ "F-84 Thunderstreak/51-1386." 8th Air Force Museum. Retrieved: 14 January 2015.
  39. ↑ "F-84 Thunderstreak/51-1620." Archived 2016-06-24 at the Wayback Machine Empire State Aeorsciences Museum. Retrieved: 14 Jan 2015.
  40. ↑ "F-84 Thunderstreak/51-1640." Archived 2012-10-07 at the Wayback Machine Hill Aerospace Museum. Retrieved: 11 October 2012.
  41. ↑ "Republic F84". www.combatairmuseum.org. Retrieved 2021-06-04.
  42. ↑ "F-84 Thunderstreak/51-1714." Strategic Air & Space Museum. Retrieved: 14 January 2015.
  43. ↑ "F-84 Thunderstreak/51-1739." coastcomp.com
  44. ↑ "F-84 Thunderstreak/51-1772." Archived 2016-04-21 at the Wayback Machine Aerospace Space Museum of California. Retrieved: 14 January 2015.
  45. ↑ "F-84 Thunderstreak/51-1786." Archived 2017-03-18 at the Wayback Machine Virginia Air & Space Center. Retrieved: 14 January 2015.
  46. ↑ "F-84 Thunderstreak/51-9350." Archived 2017-01-02 at the Wayback Machine Air Force Flight Test Center Museum. Retrieved: 7 April 2015.
  47. ↑ "F-84 Thunderstreak/51-9432." Archived 2016-08-01 at the Wayback Machine March Field Air Museum. Retrieved: 14 January 2015.
  48. ↑ "F-84 Thunderstreak/51-9433." Archived 2016-11-14 at the Wayback Machine Castle Air Museum. Retrieved: 14 January 2015.
  49. ↑ "F-84 Thunderstreak/51-9495." Archived 2014-10-12 at the Wayback Machine Air Force Armament Museum. Retrieved: 11 October 2012.
  50. ↑ "F-84 Thunderstreak/51-9501." Archived 2015-04-14 at the Wayback Machine Yankee Air Museum. Retrieved: 14 January 2015.
  51. ↑ "USAF Serial Number Search (51-9531)" . Retrieved 2018-02-14.
  52. ↑ "vfw post 2503 – Omaha, Nebraska" . Retrieved 2021-04-19.
  53. ↑ "Our F-84F" Archived 2017-08-06 at the Wayback Machine ' Retrieved: 28 March 2017.
  54. ↑ "F-84 Thunderstreak/52-6526." National Museum of the USAF. Retrieved: 16 July 2017.
  55. ↑ "F-84 Thunderstreak/52-6553." Archived 2015-01-12 at the Wayback Machine Window on the Plains Museum Retrieved: 12 January 2015.
  56. ↑ "F-84 Thunderstreak/52-6555." Wings of Freedom Aviation Museum. Retrieved: 4 May 2020.
  57. ↑ "F-84 Thunderstreak/52-6563." Pima Air & Space Museum. Retrieved: 14 January 2015.
  58. ↑ "F-84 Thunderstreak/52-6701." Archived 2016-03-14 at the Wayback Machine Museum of Aviation. Retrieved: 11 October 2012.
  59. ↑ "F-84 Thunderstreak/52-8886." South Dakota Air and Space Museum. Retrieved: 7 April 2015.
  60. ↑ "Republic F-84".
  61. ↑ "RF-84 Thunderflash/51-1944." Pima Air and Space Museum. Retrieved: 14 January 2015.
  62. ↑ "Republic RF-84F Thunderflash #51-1948." Iowa Aviation Museum Guide. Retrieved: 17 January 2019.
  63. ↑ "RF-84 Thunderflash/52-7259." National Museum of the USAF. Retrieved: 16 July 2017.
  64. ↑ "RF-84 Thunderflash/52-7265." Archived 2017-08-06 at the Wayback Machine Planes of Fame Museum. Retrieved: 11 October 2012.
  65. ↑ "RF-84 Thunderflash/52-7421." Archived 2015-04-14 at the Wayback Machine Yankee Air Museum. Retrieved: 14 January 2015.
  66. ↑ Kansas City Star, Main Edition, Pg. 1, July 7, 1954
  67. ↑ "Finn Erik Andersen". Flyhistorisk Museum Sola (in Norwegian Nynorsk). 14 May 2020. Retrieved 30 July 2023.
  68. ↑ Eirik, Veum (29 March 2014). "Disse norske pilotene omkom". NRK (in Norwegian Bokmål). Retrieved 30 July 2023.
  69. ↑ "Twitter report of wreckage in 2023". Twitter. Retrieved 30 July 2023.
  70. ↑ "Straaljager stortte neer: 7 doden" (in Dutch). Leidsch Dagblad. 22 November 1960. p. 1 – via leiden.courant.nu.
  71. ↑ "Strauss-Befehl: Bier-Order 61"(in German). Der Spiegel , 9 May 1962. Retrieved: 30 November 2010.
  72. ↑ Dorr and Donald 1990, p. 134.
  73. ↑ Wilson 2000, p. 119.

Bibliography

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