Jonathan Livingston Seagull

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Jonathan Livingston Seagull:
A Story
Johnathan Livingston Seagull.jpg
First edition
Author Richard Bach
IllustratorRussell Munson
(black-and-white photographs)
LanguageEnglish
SubjectThe life of Jonathan Livingston Seagull, a seagull.
Genre Spiritual, self-help, novella
Publisher Macmillan Publishers (United States)
Publication date
1970, 2014
Media typePrint (paperback)
Pages144 (The Complete Edition)
ISBN 978-1-4767-9331-3 (2014 paperback edition)
OCLC 6158608

Jonathan Livingston Seagull is an allegorical fable in novella form written by American author Richard Bach and illustrated with black-and-white photographs shot by Russell Munson. It is about a seagull who is trying to learn about flying, personal reflection, freedom, and self-realization. It was first published in book form in 1970 with little advertising or expectations; by the end of 1972, over a million copies were in print, the book having reached the number-one spot on bestseller lists mostly through word of mouth recommendations.

Contents

In 2014, the book was reissued as Jonathan Livingston Seagull: The Complete Edition, which added a 17-page fourth part to the story.

Plot

Part One

Jonathan Livingston Seagull is an independent thinker frustrated with the daily squabbles over meager food and sheer survival within his flock of seagulls who have no deeper sense of purpose. Unlike his peers, he is seized with a passion for flight of all kinds, and his soul soars as he aerially experiments and learns more about the nature of his own body and the environment in achieving faster and faster flights. Eventually, his lack of conformity within the Flock causes them to officially banish him with the label "Outcast". Undeterred, Jonathan continues his efforts to reach ever-greater flight goals, finding that he is often successful. He lives a long happy life and is sad not due to his loneliness but only due to the fact that the rest of the Flock will never know the full glories of flying, like him. In his old age, he is met by two radiantly-bright seagulls who share his abilities, explaining to him that he has learned much, but that they have come to take him "home" where he will go "higher".

Part Two

''Jonathan transcends into a reality, which he assumes is heaven'' Allegorie auf die Transzendenz der Mowe Jonathan.jpg
″Jonathan transcends into a reality, which he assumes is heaven″

Jonathan transcends into a reality, which he assumes is heaven, where all the gulls enjoy practicing incredible maneuvers and speeds, like him. His instructor, Sullivan, explains that a few gulls progress to this higher existence, but most others live through the same world over and over again. The Elder Gull of the community, Chiang, admits that this reality is not heaven, but that heaven is the achieving of perfection itself: an ability beyond any particular time or place. Suddenly, Chiang disappears, then reappears a moment later, displaying his attainment of perfect speed. When Jonathan begs to learn Chiang's skills, Chiang explains that the secret to true flight is to recognize that one's nature exists across all time and space. Jon begins successfully following Chiang's teachings. One day, Chiang slowly transforms into a blindingly luminous being and, just before disappearing for the last time, he gives Jonathan one last tip: "keep working on love." Jonathan ponders Chiang's words and, in a discussion with Sullivan, decides to go back to his own home planet, to teach his original Flock all that he has learned. Returning there, he finds a fellow lover of flying, Fletcher Lynd Seagull, who is angry at recently being "Outcast" by the Flock. Jonathan takes on Fletcher as his first pupil.

Part Three

Jonathan has now amassed a small group of Outcasts as flying students, with Fletcher the star pupil, and tells them that "each of us is in truth... an unlimited idea of freedom". The deeper nature of his words is not yet understood by his pupils, who believe they are just getting basic flying lessons. For a month, Jonathan boldly takes them to perform aerial stunts in front of the bewildered Flock. Some of the Flock slowly join the Outcasts, while others label him a messiah or a devil; Jonathan feels misunderstood. One day, Fletcher dies in a flying collision. Awaking in another reality, he hears Jonathan's voice teasing him that the trick to transcending the limitations of time and space is to take it step by step not so quickly. Fletcher is resurrected in the very midst of the flabbergasted Flock, some of whom fear and decry his supernatural reappearance, but Jonathan insists that he must learn to love the ignorant Flock. Jonathan's body suddenly begins to fade away, he requests that Fletcher stop others from thinking of him as anything silly like a god, and he gives a final piece of advice: "find out what you already know". Soon, Fletcher faces a group of eager new students of his own. He passes on Jonathan's sentiments that seagulls are limitless ideas of freedom and their bodies nothing more than thought itself, but this only baffles the young gulls. He realizes now why Jonathan taught him to take lessons slowly, step by step. Privately musing on Jonathan's idea that there are no limits, Fletcher smiles at the implication of this: that he will see Jonathan again, one day soon.

Part Four in 2014's re-print, Jonathan Livingston Seagull: The Complete Edition

In 2013, Richard Bach took up a non-published fourth part of the book, which he had written contemporaneously with the original. He edited and polished it and then sent the result to a publisher. Bach reported that he was inspired to finish the fourth part of the novella by a near-death experience which had occurred in relation to a nearly fatal plane crash in August 2012. [1] In February 2014, the 138-page Bach work Illusions II: The Adventures of a Reluctant Student was published as a booklet by Kindle Direct Publishing. Illusions II also contains allusions to and insights regarding the same near-death experience. In October 2014, Jonathan Livingston Seagull: The Complete Edition, was published, and this edition includes Part Four of the story.

Part Four focuses on the period several hundred years after Jonathan and his students have left the Flock, and their teachings become venerated rather than practised. The birds spend all their time extolling the virtues of Jonathan and his students and spend no time flying for flying's sake. The seagulls practice strange rituals and use demonstrations of their respect for Jonathan and his students as status symbols. Eventually, some birds reject the ceremony and rituals and just start flying. A bird, named Anthony Gull, questions the value of living since "life is pointless and since pointless is by definition meaningless then the only proper act is to dive into the ocean and drown. Better not to exist at all than to exist like a seaweed, without meaning or joy [...] He had to die sooner or later anyway, and he saw no reason to prolong the painful boredom of living." As Anthony makes a dive-bomb to the sea, at a speed and from an altitude which would kill him, a white blur flashes alongside him. Anthony catches up to the blur, which turns out to be a seagull, and asks what the bird was doing.

Development

Bach initially wrote it as a series of short stories that were published in Flying magazine in the late 1960s.[ citation needed ]

Bach, who said the book came to him as "a visionesque spooky thing", stopped after he wrote 10 pages and didn't pick it up again for a few years. [2]

The book was rejected by several publishers before coming to the attention of Eleanor Friede at Macmillan in 1969. "I think it has a chance of growing into a long-lasting standard book for readers of all ages", she wrote presciently in her acquisition memo. She convinced Macmillan to buy it and Bach received a $2,000 advance (equivalent to $17,000in 2023 [3] ). [2] [4]

Jonathan Livingston Seagull is named after John H. Livingston, [5] a Waco Aircraft Company test pilot. Livingston died of a heart attack in 1974, at the age of 76, just after he had test-flown an acrobatic home-built Pitts Special.

In the book The Nature of Personal Reality by Jane Roberts/Seth, page 55 of the paperback edition, Richard Bach was visiting Jane Roberts and stated that in 1959 he was walking beside a canal and heard a voice say "Jonathan Livingston Seagull". This puts into question the idea that the book was named after a particular person.

Reception

The book was a sleeper hit; the first edition in 1970 was only 3,000 copies and it would take two years before reaching number one on the New York Times Bestseller List. [2] "Not a single magazine or newspaper — including The New York Times Book Review — so much as mentioned" the book when it first came out, The Times reported in 1972. [2] Macmillan failed to secure any advance publicity for Bach, but he personally took out two very small ads in The New York Times Book Review and Publishers Weekly . [2] The first printing sold out by the end of 1970, and in 1971 an additional 140,000 copies were printed. Mostly a word of mouth phenomenon, it entered the NYT Bestseller List on April 20, 1972, where it remained for 37 weeks, and by July 1972 it had 440,000 copies in print. [2] Reader's Digest published a condensed version. In 1972 and 1973, the book topped the Publishers Weekly list of bestselling novels in the United States.[ citation needed ]

Book sellers didn't know how to classify it. "Some put it under nature, some under religion, some under photography, some under children’s books." Friede's advice was, "put it next to the cash register." [2]

Several early commentators, emphasizing the first part of the book, see it as part of the US self-help and positive thinking culture, epitomized by Norman Vincent Peale and by the New Thought movement. Film critic Roger Ebert wrote [6] that the book was "so banal that it had to be sold to adults; kids would have seen through it."

The book is listed as one of fifty "timeless spiritual classics" in a book by Tom Butler-Bowdon, [7] who noted that "it is easy now, thirty-five years on, to overlook the originality of the book's concept, and though some find it rather naïve, in fact it expresses timeless ideas about human potential."

John Clute, for The Encyclopedia of Fantasy (1997), wrote: "an animal fantasy about a philosophical gull who is profoundly affected by flying, but who demands too much of his community and is cast out by it. He becomes an extremely well-behaved accursed wanderer, then dies, and in posthumous fantasy sequences--though he is too wise really to question the fact of death, and too calmly confident to have doubts about his continuing upward mobility--he learns greater wisdom. Back on Earth, he continues to preach and heal and finally returns to heaven, where he belongs." [8]

Bibliography, editions and translations

Jonathan Livingston Seagull has been translated into over thirty languages. Here is a partial list of editions and translations: [9]

TitleYearPublisherISBNLanguage
Ջոնաթան Լիվինգսթոն ճայը2017Անտարես 978-9939-76-139-8 Armenian
Xuan Salvador Gaviota1991Uviéu : Conseyería d’Educación Asturian
D’Möwe Jonathan2007Kreuzlingen 978-3-7205-3028-6 Bernese German (Bärndütsch)
Джонатан Ливингстън Чайката (Dzhonatan Livingstyn Chaikata)2002Кибеа 978-954-474-065-8 Bulgarian
Joan Salvador GavinaBiblioteca de Bolsil 978-84-406-8825-5 Catalan
海鸥乔纳森2004 978-7-5442-2840-4 Chinese
天地一沙鷗2020 978-986-361-916-1 Chinese
Galeb Jonathan Livingston1997V.B.Z. 978-953-6216-64-2 Croatian
Jonathan Livingston Racek1999Synergie 978-80-86099-23-1 Czech
Jonathan Livingston Havmåge2006Lindhardt og Ringhof 978-87-7560-587-3 Danish
Jonathan Livingston Zeemeeuw1991Strengholt 978-90-6010-272-5 Dutch
Jonathan Livingston Seagull1970Macmillan 978-0-684-84684-2 English
Jonathan Livingston Seagull: The Complete Edition2014Scribner 978-1-4767-9331-3 English
Jonathan Livingston Seagull: A Story2003HarperCollinsEnglish
Jonathan Livingston Merikajakas2003Pegasus 978-9949-409-10-5 Estonian
جوناتان، مرغ دريايي   (Jonatan, Morghe Daryayee) 978-964-175-033-8 Farsi
Lokki Joonatan2010Gummerus 978-951-20-7993-3 Finnish
Jonathan Livingston, Le Goéland1981Flamarrion 978-2-08-010985-9 French
Jonathan Livingston, Le Goéland2000Editions 84 978-2-290-21562-3 French
თოლია ჯონათან ლივინგსტონ (Tolia Jonatan Livingston)2009Nectar Publishing 978-9941-0-0166-6 Georgian
Die Möwe Jonathan2003Ullstein Tb 978-3-548-25658-0 German
Ο γλάρος Ιωνάθαν Λίβινγκστον1992Ξένη πεζογραφί 978-960-364-067-7 Greek
ג’ונתן ליווינגסטון השחף2017 Hebrew
A Sirály2005Édesvíz Kft. Nagykereskedés 978-963-528-880-9 Hungarian
Jónatan Livingston Mávur1973Örn og Örlygur Icelandic
Il Gabbiano Jonathan Livingston1995Rizzoli 978-88-17-13162-9 Italian
かもめのジョナサン1977 978-4-10-215901-9 Japanese
갈매기의 꿈2003 978-89-89929-40-6 Korean
Qaqlibaz1994Fırat Yayınları Kurdish
Kaija vārdā Džonatans Livingstons2004Zvaigzne ABC 978-9984-36-505-3 Latvian
Džonatanas Livingstonas Žuvėdra2000Trigrama 978-9986-9253-4-7 Lithuanian
Галебот Џонатан Ливингстон (Galebot Dzonatan Livingston)2005Табернакул 978-9989-171-17-8 Macedonian
Måken Jonathan1986Cappelen 978-82-02-10651-5 Norwegian
Jonathan Livingston Meuchi1985Willemstad, Curaçao 978-90-6010-591-7 Papiamento
MewaTwarda 978-83-7510-380-9 Polish
Fernão Capelo Gaivota1997Europa-América 978-972-1-03003-9 Portuguese
Fernão Capelo Gaivota2015Record 978-85-01-10612-4 Portuguese
Pescărușul Jonathan Livingston2008Humanitas 978-973-50-0364-7 Romanian
Чайка по имени Джонатан Ливингстон (Chaika po imeni Dzhonatan Livingston)2003азбука 978-5-352-00509-5 Russian
Čajka Jonathan Livingston1999Gardenia 978-80-85662-29-0 Slovak
Jonatan Livingston Galeb2010Mladinska knjiga 978-961-01-1407-9 Slovenian
Juan Salvador Gaviota1970Pomaire 978-84-286-0659-2 Spanish
Juan Salvador Gaviota2005Ediciones B 978-84-666-1249-4 Spanish
Måsen, berättelsen om Jonathan Livingston Seagull2008Norstedts 978-91-1-301725-9 Swedish
Martı Jonathan Livingston1994Ocak 978-975-331-008-6 Turkish

In 1980, a Spanish edition was published by Pomaire (Barcelona) featuring illustrations by photographer Jordi Olavarrieta, translated by Carol and Frederick Howell. [10] In 1981, a French edition was published by Flammarion (Paris) featuring illustrations by photographer Jordi Olavarrieta, translated by Pierre Clostermann. [11]

Parodies

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References

Music

Adaptations

The novella inspired the production of a film of the same title in 1973. The film was made by Hall Bartlett many years before computer-generated effects were available. In order to make seagulls act on cue and perform aerobatics, Mark Smith of Escondido, California built radio-controlled gliders that looked like real seagulls from a few feet away. This footage was not used in the final cut of the film. [19]

Bach had written the film's original screenplay, but he sued Paramount Pictures before the film's release because he felt that there were too many discrepancies between the film and the book. Director Bartlett had allegedly violated a term in his contract with Bach which stated that no changes could be made to the film's adaptation without Bach's consent. [20] Bach took offense to scenes Bartlett had filmed which were not present in the book, most notably the sequence in which Jonathan is suddenly attacked by a wild hawk, which was voiced by Bartlett himself. Ultimately, the court ruled that Bach's name would be taken off the screenplay credits, and that the film would be released with a card indicating that Bach disapproved of the final cut. Bach's attorney claimed, "It took tremendous courage to say this motion picture had to come out of theaters unless it was changed. Paramount was stunned." [21]

The Grammy Award-winning soundtrack album was composed and performed by Neil Diamond and produced by Tom Catalano. It won the 1974 Grammy Award as Best Original Score Written for a Motion Picture or a Television Special. The album apparently also made more money than the film, selling two million copies in the United States, [22] 400,000 in France, [23] 250,000 in Germany, [24] 200,000 in Canada [25] and 100,000 in the United Kingdom. [26]

The Irish actor Richard Harris won a Grammy in 1973 for the Audiobook LP Jonathan Livingston Seagull. [27] To date, Harris's reading has not been released on any other format. Versions read by the author, Richard Bach, have been released on LP, cassette, and CD. [28] [29] [30]

References

  1. Sullivan, Jennifer (17 January 2013). "Author Richard Bach, recovering from plane crash, returns to inspirational tale". Seattle Times . Retrieved 20 June 2019.
  2. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 Jordan, Tina (July 14, 2022). "What Were People Reading in the Summer of 1972?". The New York Times . Retrieved July 18, 2022.
  3. 1634–1699: McCusker, J. J. (1997). How Much Is That in Real Money? A Historical Price Index for Use as a Deflator of Money Values in the Economy of the United States: Addenda et Corrigenda (PDF). American Antiquarian Society. 1700–1799: McCusker, J. J. (1992). How Much Is That in Real Money? A Historical Price Index for Use as a Deflator of Money Values in the Economy of the United States (PDF). American Antiquarian Society. 1800–present: Federal Reserve Bank of Minneapolis. "Consumer Price Index (estimate) 1800–" . Retrieved February 29, 2024.
  4. Grimes, William (2008-07-25). "Eleanor Friede, 87, Is Dead; Edited 1970 Fable 'Seagull'". The New York Times . Retrieved 2012-02-23.
  5. "Our History". Livingston Aviation. Archived from the original on January 3, 2010. Retrieved January 20, 2016. John Livingston was an inspiration for the book Jonathan Livingston Seagull – 'to Johnny Livingston who has known all along what this book is all about.' – Richard Bach 1970
  6. Ebert Roger, Jonathan Livingston Seagull, November 8, 1973, Chicago Suntimes. Retrieved November 9, 2020
  7. Butler-Bowdon, T., 2003, 50 Spiritual Classics: Timeless Wisdom From 50 Great Books of Inner Discovery, Enlightenment and Purpose, Nicholas Brealey: London.
  8. Clute, John; Nicholls, Peter (1993). "Bach, Richard (David)". The Encyclopedia of Science Fiction . New York: St Martin’s Griffin. p. 79. ISBN   978-0-312-13486-0.
  9. Tesi, Raffaello. "Translations of Jonathan Livingston Seagull - LittleCamels.com" . Retrieved 2021-12-18.
  10. Bach, Richard (1981). Juan Salvador Gaviota by Bach, Richard. Pomaire. ISBN   978-8428-60-659-2. OCLC   431981602 . Retrieved 2021-12-18 via www.worldcat.org.
  11. Bach, Richard (1981). Jonathan Livingston le Goéland (in French). Jordi Olavarietta, Pierre, ... Clostermann. Paris: Flammarion. ISBN   2-08-010985-5. OCLC   419739538.
  12. Meehan, Thomas (November 18, 1972). "Marvin Stanley Pigeon". The New Yorker. New York City: Condé Nast. p. 53. ISSN   0028-792X . Retrieved September 8, 2012.
  13. "About Us". TheFlyingSeagulProject.com. Archived from the original on January 14, 2016. Retrieved January 20, 2016.
  14. ""The Simpsons' The Mysterious Voyage of Homer (TV Episode 1997)". IMDb . Retrieved 2018-08-02.
  15. Thomas, Betty (1995-02-17). "The Brady Bunch Movie". IMDb . Shelley Long, Gary Cole, Christine Taylor. Retrieved 2018-08-16.
  16. "Barclay James Harvest Album Portfolio: Time Honoured Ghosts". Barclay James Harvest. Retrieved 31 October 2019.
  17. Yasemin Mori - Oyna (Official Video), 4 March 2015, retrieved 2022-11-08
  18. Bird Jr., Walter (26 April 2017). "Mike Score still flying with Flock of Seagulls". Worcester Magazine . Retrieved 6 June 2018.
  19. (18 November 1973). Seagull Shots Done With Plastic Gliders, Sarasota Herald-Tribune (UPI)
  20. "'Seagull' Author Sues". The Evening News. October 11, 1973. Retrieved January 28, 2018.
  21. Campbell M. Lucas, 80; Judge Became an Entertainment Law Mediator (obituary), Elaine Woo, Los Angeles Times, May 13, 2005.
  22. "American album certifications – Diamond, Neil – Jonathan Livingston Seagull (Soundtrack)." Recording Industry Association of America. If necessary, click Advanced, then click Format, then select Album, then click SEARCH
  23. "French album certifications – Neil Diamond – Jonathan Livingston Seagull (B.O.F.)" (in French). Syndicat National de l'Édition Phonographique.
  24. "Gold-/Platin-Datenbank (Neil Diamond; Jonathan Livingston Seagull)" (in German). Bundesverband Musikindustrie.
  25. "Canadian album certifications – Neil Diamond – Jonathan Livingston Seagull." Music Canada.
  26. "British album certifications – Neil Diamond – Jonathan Livingston Seagull." British Phonographic Industry. Enter Jonathan Livingston Seagull in the field Search. Select Title in the field Search by. Select album in the field By Format. Click Go.
  27. "Private Tutor". Factmonster.com. Retrieved 2011-07-26.
  28. Richard Bach reads his Jonathan Livingston Seagull (Audiobook on LP, 1981). OCLC   443077158.
  29. Richard Bach reads his Jonathan Livingston Seagull (Audiobook on cassette, 1981). OCLC   7887346.
  30. Jonathan Livingston Seagull: The Complete Edition (Audiobook on CD, 2016). OCLC   953793484.