Author | Jin Yong |
---|---|
Original title | 笑傲江湖 |
Country | Hong Kong |
Language | Chinese |
Genre | Wuxia |
Publisher | Ming Pao |
Publication date | 1967 |
Media type | |
Preceded by | The Heaven Sword and Dragon Saber |
Followed by | The Sword Stained with Royal Blood |
The Smiling, Proud Wanderer | |||||||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Traditional Chinese | 笑傲江湖 | ||||||||||
Simplified Chinese | 笑傲江湖 | ||||||||||
Literal meaning | Laughing Proudly in the Jianghu | ||||||||||
|
The Smiling,Proud Wanderer is a wuxia novel by Jin Yong (Louis Cha). It was first serialised in Hong Kong in the newspaper Ming Pao from 20 April 1967 to 12 October 1969. [1] The Chinese title of the novel,Xiao Ao Jiang Hu,literally means to live a carefree life in a mundane world of strife. Alternate English translations of the title include The Wandering Swordsman, [2] Laughing in the Wind, [3] The Peerless Gallant Errant, [4] and The Proud and Gallant Wanderer. [5] Another alternative title,State of Divinity,is used for some of the novel's adaptations.
In the jianghu (martial artists' community),there is a highly coveted martial arts manual known as the "Bixie Swordplay Manual",which is the heirloom of the Lin family who runs the Fuwei Security Service in Fuzhou. The Qingcheng School's leader,Yu Canghai,leads his followers to massacre the Lins and attempts to seize the manual but does not find it. Yue Buqun,the leader of the Mount Hua School,—a member of the "orthodox" Five Mountains Sword Schools Alliance —saves Lin Pingzhi,the Lin family's sole survivor,accepts him as an apprentice and trains him in swordplay.
The novel's protagonist is Yue Buqun's most senior apprentice,Linghu Chong,an orphaned,happy-go-lucky but honourable swordsman who has a penchant for alcoholic drinks. He befriends the notorious bandit Tian Boguang and saves Yilin,a nun from the (North) Mount Heng School,from Tian's lecherous advances. In the meantime,Liu Zhengfeng of the (South) Mount Heng School announces his decision to leave the jianghu and invites his fellow martial artists to witness his retirement ceremony. The event turns into a bloodbath when Zuo Lengchan,the chief of the Mount Song School,and other "orthodox" schools accuse Liu Zhengfeng of being unfaithful to their alliance by befriending Qu Yang,an elder of the "evil" Sun Moon Holy Cult. Liu Zhengfeng and Qu Yang are cornered by Zuo Lengchan and his men and eventually commit suicide. Before dying,Liu Zhengfeng and Qu Yang give Linghu Chong the score of "Xiaoao Jianghu" ("Laughing Proudly in the Jianghu"),a musical piece they composed together. (The Chinese title of the novel comes from the name of this fictional musical piece.)
Lin Pingzhi's entrance into the Mount Hua School causes Linghu Chong's romantic feelings for Yue Lingshan,Yue Buqun's daughter,to subside because she starts falling in love with Lin Pingzhi. At the same time,Linghu Chong's friendship with Tian Boguang leads him into trouble as it is against the Mount Hua School's rules to associate oneself with any jianghu lowlife or person from an "evil" school. His master punishes him by making him stay alone for a year in a secluded area on Mount Hua to reflect on his "misdeeds". During this time,he discovers carvings of swordplay techniques in a cave,practises them,and unknowingly familiarises himself with the skills of the other four sword schools and the counter-moves. He also encounters Feng Qingyang,a reclusive Mount Hua School swordsman,who teaches him the powerful skill Nine Swords of Dugu.
The self-proclaimed righteous Five Mountains Sword Schools Alliance,though seemingly united,is constantly troubled by politicking and infighting among its members. Linghu Chong gets entangled in the conflicts and sustains serious internal injuries while using his newly mastered skill to defend his Mount Hua School fellows from attacks by Mount Song School members in disguise. The other schools mistake the Nine Swords of Dugu for the Bixie Swordplay,and wrongly accuse Linghu Chong of stealing the "Bixie Swordplay Manual" and keeping it for himself. Yue Buqun also becomes suspicious and secretly jealous of his apprentice's sudden leap in swordplay prowess.
While accompanying his master and Mount Hua School fellows on a trip to Luoyang,Linghu Chong encounters Ren Yingying,a key figure of the Sun Moon Holy Cult and falls in love with her. He also meets several jianghu lowlifes,who are friendly towards him and try to heal him. By then,Yue Buqun has grown tired of Linghu Chong's association with jianghu lowlifes so he abandons his apprentice. Linghu Chong also helps Ren Yingying fend off enemies of the Sun Moon Holy Cult and his injuries worsen over time. Eventually,she brings him to the Shaolin School to seek help. Linghu Chong later learns from Fangzheng,the Shaolin abbot,that Yue Buqun has publicly announced that he has expelled Linghu Chong from the Mount Hua School.
Linghu Chong sinks into despair as he is now an outcast of the "orthodox" side of the jianghu. After leaving Shaolin,he meets a stranger,Xiang Wentian,whom he saves from dozens of enemies. Xiang Wentian becomes sworn brothers with Linghu Chong and brings him to a manor in Hangzhou,where they find Ren Woxing (Ren Yingying's father),the former leader of the Sun Moon Holy Cult who was ousted from power by his deputy,Dongfang Bubai. Ren Woxing breaks out of captivity by knocking out Linghu Chong and using him as a decoy. While trapped inside the dungeon,Linghu Chong discovers carvings of Ren Woxing's infamous Cosmic Absorbing Power and learns the skill by chance. Ren Woxing returns to save Linghu Chong later and tries to persuade him to join the Sun Moon Holy Cult by offering him Ren Yingying's hand in marriage. Linghu Chong declines to join,but still helps Ren Woxing defeat Dongfang Bubai and regain control of the cult.
Linghu Chong becomes the new head of the (North) Mount Heng School,whose members are all nuns,after he unsuccessfully tries to save its leaders from a masked assassin. He attends a special assembly of the Five Mountains Sword Schools Alliance called for by Zuo Lengchan,who attempts to coerce the other four schools into merging into the Mount Song School under his leadership. However,he is defeated and blinded by Yue Buqun,who uses the Bixie Swordplay against him. Yue Buqun becomes the new leader of the alliance.
After leaving the assembly,Linghu Chong and Ren Yingying see Lin Pingzhi brutally slaying members of the Qingcheng School to avenge his family,and overhear a conversation between him and his wife,Yue Lingshan. Lin Pingzhi reveals that both he and Yue Buqun have mastered the Bixie Swordplay,which is considered "unorthodox" because they need to castrate themselves to fulfill the prerequisite for learning it. Linghu Chong also learns that Yue Buqun,his respectable former master,is actually a villainous hypocrite who planned an elaborate scheme against Lin Pingzhi to seize the swordplay manual in the hope of dominating the jianghu. Lin Pingzhi then stabs Yue Lingshan to prove his loyalty to Zuo Lengchan,who is plotting revenge against Yue Buqun. Before Yue Lingshan dies,she makes Linghu Chong promise to spare Lin Pingzhi's life as she still loves him. Linghu Chong reluctantly agrees after considering his past romantic feelings for Yue Lingshan.
Yue Buqun schemes to kill Lin Pingzhi,who knows his secret,and seeks to silence him. Linghu Chong,despite his reluctance to be enemies with his former master,ultimately chooses to stop Yue Buqun and protect the innocent from his evil machinations. The finale climaxes with the members of the Five Mountains Sword Schools Alliance being trapped in the cave on Mount Hua owing to Yue Buqun's treachery. The schools slaughter each other out of paranoia and distrust,ultimately leading to the alliance's dissolution. Linghu Chong defeats Lin Pingzhi and spares his life as he had promised Yue Lingshan,but permanently disables Lin Pingzhi to prevent him from hurting others again. Meanwhile,Yue Buqun is killed by Yilin when he is fighting with Linghu Chong during the frenzy.
After the collapse of the alliance,Ren Woxing plans an attack on the scattered and fragmented "orthodox" schools in order to unite the jianghu under the control of his "evil" Sun Moon Holy Cult. He tries to force Linghu Chong to join him,but dies at a crucial moment from a stroke. Ren Yingying becomes the new leader of the Sun Moon Holy Cult and successfully negotiates a truce between the "orthodox" and "evil" sides of the jianghu. Three years later,she passes the leadership to Xiang Wentian and marries Linghu Chong and they live happily ever after.
The Sun Moon Holy Cult (日月神教;RìYuèShén Jiào) is based on Black Woods Cliff (黑木崖;hēi mùyá;in present-day Xibaipo,Hebei). Its origin is unclear,Martial artists in the jianghu often refer to the Sun Moon Holy Cult as the "Demonic Cult" (魔教;MóJiào),as they previously did to the Ming Cult. Considered eccentric and heretical,the cult is a common enemy of the orthodox schools. Its members are known for engaging in various types of cult-like activities and committing heinous crimes. It was led by Ren Woxing until Dongfang Bubai ousts the former from power in a scheme. Dongfang treats his followers cruelly,forcing them to consume poison pills and giving them antidotes to temporarily ease their agony only if they obey him. Ren Woxing practises the "Cosmic Absorbing Power" (xīxīng dàfǎ),which allows him to drain and absorb an opponent's inner energy,while Dongfang Bubai is said to be invincible after he mastered the skills in the Sunflower Manual (葵花寶典;kuíhuābáodiǎn).
In the afterword,Jin Yong mentions that The Smiling,Proud Wanderer can be read as a political allegory disguised as a wuxia novel. [6] As an allegory,it can happen in "any dynasty or organisation". [7] Jin Yong also stated in the afterword that after the novel was published,Vietnamese politicians had once used the names of Yue Buqun and Zuo Lengchan as derogatory terms against one another in parliamentary sessions.[ citation needed ]
Year | Production | Main cast | Additional information |
---|---|---|---|
1978 | Shaw Brothers Studio (Hong Kong) | Wong Yue,Shih Szu,Michael Chan,Ling Yun | See The Proud Youth |
1990 | Film Workshop (Hong Kong) | Sam Hui,Sharla Cheung,Cecilia Yip,Jacky Cheung,Fennie Yuen,Lau Siu-ming | See The Swordsman |
1992 | Jet Li,Rosamund Kwan,Michelle Reis,Brigitte Lin,Fennie Yuen | See Swordsman II | |
1993 | Brigitte Lin,Joey Wong,Yu Rongguang | See The East Is Red (1993 film) |
Year | Production | Main cast | Additional information |
---|---|---|---|
1984 | TVB (Hong Kong) | Chow Yun-fat,Rebecca Chan,Jaime Chik,Kenneth Tsang,Tung Wai,Isabella Wong | See The Smiling,Proud Wanderer (1984 TV series) |
1985 | TTV (Taiwan) | Bryan Leung,Leanne Liu | |
1996 | TVB (Hong Kong) | Jacky Lui,Fiona Leung,Cherie Chan,Timmy Ho,He Meitian,Wong Wai | See State of Divinity (1996 TV series) |
2000 | CTV (Taiwan) | Richie Ren,Anita Yuen,Vivian Chen,Song Ta-ming,Yue Yueli,Tsai Tsan-te,Leanne Liu | See State of Divinity (2000 TV series) |
MediaCorp (Singapore) | Steve Ma,Fann Wong,Ivy Lee,Chew Chor Meng,Jacelyn Tay,Zheng Geping,Priscelia Chan | See The Legendary Swordsman | |
2001 | Ciwen Film &TV Production Co. Ltd. (Mainland China) | Li Yapeng,Xu Qing,Wei Zi,Miao Yiyi,Li Jie,Cheng Lifeng,Yu Chenghui | See Laughing in the Wind |
2013 | Cathay Media (Mainland China) | Wallace Huo,Yuan Shanshan,Yang Rong,Chen Xiao,Howie Huang,Joe Chen,Deng Sha,Han Dong,LüJiarong,Bryan Leung | See Swordsman (TV series) |
2018 | Youku (Mainland China) | Ding Guansen,Xue Haojing,Ding Yuxi,Chen Xun,Jiang Xinxin,Ding Yuxi,Liu Jiatong and Jiang Zhuojun | See New Smiling,Proud Wanderer (2018 TV series) |
A total of 26 volumes of the manhua series by Lee Chi Ching,titled State of Divinity,were published by Ming Ho in Hong Kong and M&C (Gramedia Group) in Indonesia.
In 2006,the Hong Kong Dance Company adapted the novel into a stage play,starring Rosanne Wong,Race Wong,Liu Yinghong,Su Shu,Chen Lei and Mi Tao,as a jubilee presentation to celebrate the company's 25th anniversary.
In 2010,the Yangtze Repertory Theatre of America presented the premiere of Laughing in the Wind:A Cautionary Tale in Martial Arts in New York City. The play was adapted and directed by Joanna Chan and featured 18 actors playing 26 roles.
Dugu Qiubai is a fictional character who is mentioned by name in three wuxia novels by Jin Yong. He does not appear directly in any of the novels because he lived in an era long before the events of the novels took place. Nicknamed "Sword Devil" to reflect his prowess in and devotion to the practice of swordplay,he attains the philosophical level of "swordsmanship without a sword",which means that he uses swordplay techniques in combat without the physical existence of a sword.
Swordsman II,also known as The Legend of the Swordsman,is a 1992 Hong Kong wuxia film very loosely adapted from Louis Cha's novel The Smiling,Proud Wanderer. It was the second part of a trilogy:preceded by The Swordsman (1990) and followed by The East Is Red (1993). Directed by Ching Siu-tung,Swordsman II starred Jet Li,Brigitte Lin,Rosamund Kwan and Michelle Reis in the leading roles. None of the original cast from the previous film return except Fennie Yuen.
Laughing in the Wind is a 2001 Chinese television series produced by Zhang Jizhong,starring Li Yapeng and Xu Qing in the leading roles. The series is an adaptation of Louis Cha's novel The Smiling,Proud Wanderer. It was first broadcast on CCTV in China in 2001.
Zhou Tong was the archery teacher and second military arts tutor of famous Song dynasty general Yue Fei. Originally a local hero from Henan,he was hired to continue Yue Fei's military training in archery after the boy had rapidly mastered spearplay under his first teacher. In addition to the future general,Zhou accepted other children as archery pupils. During his tutelage,Zhou taught the children all of his skills and even rewarded Yue with his two favorite bows because he was his best pupil. After Zhou's death,Yue would regularly visit his tomb twice a month and perform unorthodox sacrifices that far surpassed that done for even beloved tutors. Yue later taught what he had learned from Zhou to his soldiers and they were successful in battle.
The Swordsman,also known as Swordsman,is a 1990 Hong Kong wuxia film. King Hu was credited as the director but allegedly left the project midway,and the film was completed by a team led by producer Tsui Hark. The film is loosely adapted from Louis Cha's novel The Smiling,Proud Wanderer. The film was followed by two sequels:Swordsman II (1992) and The East Is Red (1993).
Various martial arts have been attributed to or associated with Zhou Tong,the archery teacher of Song Dynasty general,Yue Fei. This is because assorted wuxia novels and folk legends portray him as being either a Shaolin monk or a lay disciple of Shaolin. Some of these skills range from mastery of the bow,double swords and Chinese spear to that of Wudang hard qigong,Chuojiao boxing and even magical X-ray eyes. However,the oldest historical record that mentions his name only says he taught archery to Yue Fei. Nothing is ever said about him knowing or teaching a specific style of Chinese martial arts.
Dongfang Bubai,literally "Invincible East",is a fictional character in the wuxia novel The Smiling,Proud Wanderer by Jin Yong. He is the leader of the Sun Moon Holy Cult (日月神教),an "unorthodox" martial arts school. In his quest to dominate the wulin,he castrated himself to fulfil the prerequisite for learning the skills in a martial arts manual known as the Sunflower Manual (葵花寶典),and became a formidable martial artist after mastering those skills. His castration and supreme prowess in martial arts make him one of the most memorable characters in Jin Yong's wuxia universe even though he appears in only one chapter of the novel. His name has also become virtually synonymous with homosexuality and LGBT sexual orientations in Chinese popular culture.
The Legend of Brown Sugar Chivalries,alias Kungfu Macchiato,is a Taiwanese television drama series,broadcast by Star TV in 2008. This show features most members from the Taiwanese music bands,Lollipop,Hey Girl,Choc7,and guest stars actresses Amanda Chou,Carmen Tang,Michelle Zhang,and FanFan.
The Ancient Tomb School is a fictional martial arts school in the wuxia novel The Return of the Condor Heroes by Jin Yong. It plays a significant role in the early development of the protagonists,Yang Guo and Xiaolongnü. It was named after its base,the Ancient Tomb (古墓) in Mount Zhongnan.
The Mount Hua Sect,also known as the Huashan Sect,is a fictional martial arts sect mentioned in several works of wuxia fiction. It is commonly featured as one of the leading orthodox sects in the wulin. It is named after the place where it is based,Mount Hua. The sect appears in three of Jin Yong's novels.
The Five Mountain Sword Schools Alliance is a fictional alliance formed by five "orthodox" martial arts schools in the wuxia novel The Smiling,Proud Wanderer by Jin Yong. The five schools specialise in swordplay and are based on the Five Great Mountains in Taoism:Mount Hua,Mount Tai,(South) Mount Heng,(North) Mount Heng and Mount Song. The alliance was initially established to counter the "evil" Sun Moon Holy Cult. However,as the story progresses,the alliance ultimately disintegrates due to mutual distrust and infighting.
The Legendary Swordsman is a Singaporean television series adapted from Louis Cha's novel The Smiling,Proud Wanderer. It was first broadcast on TCS-8 in Singapore in 2000. It stars Steve Ma,Fann Wong,Ivy Lee,Chew Chor Meng,Jacelyn Tay,Florence Tan,Chen Tianwen,Priscelia Chan &Zheng Geping as the casts of the series.
State of Divinity is a Taiwanese television series adapted from Louis Cha's novel The Smiling,Proud Wanderer. It was first broadcast on CTV in Taiwan in 2000.
The Proud Youth is a 1978 Hong Kong film loosely based on Louis Cha's novel The Smiling,Proud Wanderer. It was produced by the Shaw Brothers Studio,directed by Sun Chung and starred Wong Yue,Shih Szu,Michael Chan and Ling Yun.
The East Is Red,is a 1993 Hong Kong wuxia film. The main character in the film is loosely based on Dongfang Bubai,a character in Louis Cha's novel The Smiling,Proud Wanderer. The film was produced by Tsui Hark,was co-directed by Ching Siu-tung and Raymond Lee and starred Brigitte Lin,Joey Wong and Yu Rongguang. The film is regarded as a sequel to The Swordsman and Swordsman II.
Swordsman is a 2013 Chinese television series adapted from Louis Cha's novel The Smiling,Proud Wanderer. The series is written and produced by Yu Zheng,and stars Wallace Huo,Joe Chen,Yuan Shanshan,Chen Xiao and Yang Rong. Shooting started on 24 March 2015 in Xiandu,Jinyun County,Lishui,Zhejiang. It was first aired in China on Hunan Television from 6 February to 4 March 2013. The plot deviates significantly from the novel,with Dongfang Bubai depicted as a woman and having a romantic affair with Linghu Chong.
The 25th Golden Melody Awards were held in Taipei,Taiwan in 2014. The award ceremony for the popular music categories was broadcast on TTV on 28 June and was hosted by Harlem Yu.
Word Of Honor,previously titled A Tale of the Wanderers (天涯客),is a 2021 Chinese costume streaming television series co-produced by Ciwen Media,and Youku,directed by Cheng Zhi Chao,Ma Hua Gan,and Li Hong Yu,written by Xiao Chu,adapted from the danmei novel "Faraway Wanderers" (天涯客) by Priest. It starred Zhang Zhehan and Gong Jun in the leading roles. The series aired on Youku from February 22 to May 5 with 36 episodes,plus a short bonus clip shows what happened after the end of the main series.