The Eight Banners were administrative and military divisions under the Later Jin and Qing dynasties of China into which all Manchu households were placed. In war,the Eight Banners functioned as armies,but the banner system was also the basic organizational framework of all of Manchu society. Created in the early 17th century by Nurhaci,the banner armies played an instrumental role in his unification of the fragmented Jurchen people and in the Qing dynasty's conquest of the Ming dynasty.
The Qianlong Emperor,also known by his temple name Emperor Gaozong of Qing,personal name Hongli,was the sixth emperor of the Qing dynasty and the fourth Qing emperor to rule over China proper. He reigned officially from 1735 until his abdication in 1796,but retained ultimate power subsequently until his death in 1799,making him one of the longest-reigning monarchs in history as well as one of the longest-lived.
The Fragrant Concubine is a figure in Chinese legend who was taken as a consort by the Qianlong Emperor of the Qing dynasty in the 18th century. Although the stories about her are believed to be mythical,they may have been based on an actual concubine from western China who entered the imperial harem in 1760 and received the title "Imperial Consort Rong". Qing Dynasty and Uyghur tellings of the legend of the Fragrant Concubine diverge greatly and her experience represents a powerful symbol for both cultures. The story became very popular during the early 20th century and has since been adapted into several plays,films and books.
Sword Stained with Royal Blood is a wuxia novel by Jin Yong. It was first serialised in the Hong Kong newspaper Hong Kong Commercial Daily between 1 January 1956 and 31 December 1956. Since its first publication,the novel has undergone two revisions,with the latest edition being the third. Some characters from the novel play minor roles or are simply mentioned by name in The Deer and the Cauldron,another of Jin Yong's novels.
The Young Flying Fox is a wuxia novel by Jin Yong. The novel was first serialised in Hong Kong in 1960 in the magazine Wuxia and History (武俠與歷史). The novel is a prequel to Fox Volant of the Snowy Mountain and was written a year after its literary predecessor.
The Emperor and His Brother is a 1981 Hong Kong wuxia film based on Louis Cha's novel The Book and the Sword. Produced by the Shaw Brothers Studio,the film was directed by Chor Yuen and starred Ti Lung,Jason Pai and Lo Lieh in the leading roles.
Seven Swordsmen is a 2006 Chinese television series directed by Clarence Fok and produced by Tsui Hark. The series is loosely adapted from Liang Yusheng's wuxia novels Qijian Xia Tianshan and Saiwai Qixia Zhuan. It is also the television series counterpart to the 2005 film Seven Swords,which was also directed and produced by Tsui Hark. This series was originally planned to be the first season of a longer television series but the project seems to have been abandoned.
The Book and the Sword is a 2008 Chinese television series adapted from Louis Cha's novel of the same title. The series was first broadcast on CETV-3 in China in 2009. It starred Qiao Zhenyu,Adam Cheng,Niki Chow,and Liu Dekai.
Saiwai Qixia Zhuan is a wuxia novel by Liang Yusheng first published as a serial between 18 August 1956 and 23 February 1957 in the Hong Kong newspaper Chou Mo Pao (周末報). Considered the second part of the Tianshan series of novels by Liang Yusheng,it serves as a sequel to the first part,Baifa MonüZhuan,and is closely related to the third part,Qijian Xia Tianshan.
Book and Sword,Gratitude and Revenge is a television series adapted from Louis Cha's novel The Book and the Sword. The series was first broadcast on CTV in Taiwan in 2002.
The Book and the Sword is a Chinese television series adapted from Louis Cha's novel of the same title. The series was first broadcast on CCTV in China in 1994.
The Book and the Sword is a Taiwanese television series adapted from Louis Cha's novel of the same title. The series was first broadcast on CTS in Taiwan in 1992.
Book and Sword Chronicles is a Taiwanese television series adapted from Louis Cha's novel The Book and the Sword. It was first broadcast on TTV in Taiwan in 1984.
Princess Fragrance,released as Gebi Enchou Lu (戈壁恩仇录) in mainland China,is a 1987 Hong Kong film based on Louis Cha's novel The Book and the Sword. The film is a sequel to The Romance of Book and Sword,released earlier in the same month and also directed by Ann Hui.
The Romance of Book and Sword is a 1987 Hong Kong film by Ann Hui,based on Louis Cha's novel The Book and the Sword. The film was followed by Princess Fragrance,released later in the same month and also directed by Ann Hui. The films are among the earliest Hong Kong films to be completely shot in mainland China with a full mainland Chinese cast.
The Dzungar genocide was the mass extermination of the Mongol Dzungar people by the Qing dynasty. The Qianlong Emperor ordered the genocide after the rebellion in 1755 by Dzungar leader Amursana against Qing rule,after the dynasty first conquered the Dzungar Khanate with Amursana's support. The genocide was perpetrated by Manchu generals of the Qing army,supported by Turkic oasis dwellers who rebelled against Dzungar rule.
Anti-Mongolianism,also called anti-Mongolian sentiment,has been prevalent throughout history,often perceiving the Mongols to be barbaric and uncivilized people with a lack of intelligence or civilized culture.
The imperial hunt of the Qing dynasty was an annual rite of the emperors of China's Qing dynasty. It was first organized in 1681 by the Kangxi Emperor at the imperial hunting grounds at Mulan. Starting in 1683 the event was held annually at Mulan during the autumn,lasting up to a month. The Qing dynasty hunt was a synthesis of earlier Han and Inner Asian hunting traditions,particularly those of the Manchus and Mongols. The emperor himself participated in the hunt,along with thousands of soldiers,imperial family members,and government officials.
