Thelymitra matthewsii

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Spiral sun orchid
Thelymitra matthewsii.jpg
Thelymitra matthewsii in the Grampians National Park
Scientific classification Red Pencil Icon.png
Kingdom: Plantae
Clade: Tracheophytes
Clade: Angiosperms
Clade: Monocots
Order: Asparagales
Family: Orchidaceae
Subfamily: Orchidoideae
Tribe: Diurideae
Genus: Thelymitra
Species:
T. matthewsii
Binomial name
Thelymitra matthewsii
Synonyms [1]

Thelymitra matthewsii, commonly called the spiral sun orchid [2] or spiral leaved sun orchid, [3] is a species of orchid in the family Orchidaceae and native to New Zealand and Australia. It has a single erect leaf, spiralling around the flowering stem and a single dark purple flower with darker veins and yellow ear-like arms on the sides of the column.

Contents

Description

Thelymitra matthewsii is a tuberous, perennial herb with a single leaf which is egg-shaped near the base, then suddenly narrows to a linear, curved or spirally twisted upper part. The upper part is 60–90 mm (2–4 in) long and 3–7 mm (0.1–0.3 in) wide. A single (rarely two) dark purple to violet flower with darker veins, 16–20 mm (0.6–0.8 in) wide is borne facing upwards on a flowering stem 100–220 mm (4–9 in) tall. The sepals and petals are 8–10 mm (0.3–0.4 in) long and 4–7 mm (0.2–0.3 in) wide. The dorsal (uppermost) sepal is wider than the other sepals and petals. The column is purplish, 5–6 mm (0.20–0.24 in) long and about 2 mm (0.08 in) wide with two yellow, ear-like arms on the sides. The flowers are self-pollinating, short lived and open on hot, sunny days. Flowering occurs from August to October. [2] [3] [4] [5] [6]

Taxonomy and naming

Thelymitra matthewsii was first formally described in 1911 by Thomas Frederic Cheeseman from a specimen collected by Richard Henry Matthews [7] and the description was published in Transactions and Proceedings of the New Zealand Institute . [8] [9] The specific epithet (matthewsii) honours the collector of the type specimen. [9]

Distribution and habitat

The spiral sun orchid grows in open forest and disturbed sites such as recently exposed soil in gullies. It is found on the extreme north of the North Island of New Zealand, in widely separated sites in Victoria and in south-eastern South Australia. It was previously more widespread in New Zealand then thought to be extinct there until it was rediscovered in the 1980s. It appears to be extinct at the type location. [2] [3] [5] [6] [10]

Conservation

Thelymitra matthewsii is classified as "threatened - nationally critical" in New Zealand, [5] as "vulnerable" under the Victorian Flora and Fauna Guarantee Act 1988 [3] and as "vulnerable" under the Australian Government Environment Protection and Biodiversity Conservation Act 1999 . [11] The main threats to the species are habitat disturbance and destruction, altered fire regimes, weed invasion and grazing. A recovery plan has been prepared for the species in Australia. [12]

Related Research Articles

<i>Thelymitra cyanea</i> Species of orchid

Thelymitra cyanea, commonly known as the veined sun orchid in Australia and as the swamp sun orchid or striped sun orchid in New Zealand, is a species of orchid which is native to New Zealand and south-eastern Australia. It has a single erect, fleshy, channelled leaf and up to five bright blue flowers with darker blue veins. It is usually found growing in swamps, sphagnum bogs, and subalpine herbfields, often in clonal colonies.

<i>Thelymitra malvina</i> Species of orchid

Thelymitra malvina, commonly called the mauve-tufted sun orchid, is a species of orchid that is native to eastern Australia and New Zealand. It has a single large, fleshy leaf and up to twenty five blue to mauve flowers with pink or mauve tufts on top of the anther.

Thelymitra queenslandica, commonly called the northern sun orchid, is a species of orchid that is endemic to Queensland. It has a single long, grass-like leaf and up to fifteen dark blue to purplish, sometimes white or pinkish flowers with white or pink tufts on top of the anther. It is readily distinguished by its northerly distribution and early flowering period.

<i>Thelymitra brevifolia</i> Species of orchid

Thelymitra brevifolia, commonly called the peppertop sun orchid or short-leaf sun orchid, is a species of orchid that is endemic to south-eastern Australia. It has a single erect, relatively short and broad, dark green leaf and up to twenty purplish or purplish blue flowers. It is a common and widespread self-pollinating species occurring in a wide range of habitats.

Thelymitra planicola, commonly called the glaucous sun orchid, is a species of orchid that is endemic to southern eastern Australia. It has a single erect, leathery, channelled, dark green leaf and up to twelve blue flowers with darker veins. The plant has a bluish green hue and the flowers are self-pollinating, only opening widely on hot days.

Thelymitra vulgaris, commonly called the slender sun orchid or common sun orchid, is a species of orchid in the family Orchidaceae and endemic to the south-west of Western Australia. It has a single erect, dark green leaf and up to nine relatively small, blue to purplish or white flowers.

Thelymitra inflata, commonly called the inflated sun orchid, is a species of orchid that is endemic to south eastern Australia. It has a single long, erect, linear leaf and up to six dark blue to purplish flowers with a very inflated lobe on top of the anther.

<i>Thelymitra epipactoides</i> Species of orchid

Thelymitra epipactoides, commonly called the metallic sun orchid, is a species of orchid that is endemic to south-eastern continental Australia. It has a single relatively large, leathery leaf and up to twenty large flowers that range in colour from pink to reddish but have a distinctive arrangement of lobes above the anther.

Thelymitra hiemalis, commonly called the winter sun orchid, is a species of orchid that is endemic to Victoria. It is a winter flowering orchid with greenish sepals and blue or mauve petals with large, irregular, darker spots.

Thelymitra incurva, commonly called the coastal striped sun orchid, is a species of orchid that is endemic to south-eastern Australia. It has a single erect, dark green grass-like leaf and up to seven relatively large, pale blue flowers lacking the darker veins of some other thelymitras, especially the otherwise similar striped sun orchid. It grows in coastal areas of far south-eastern New South Wales and north-eastern Victoria.

<i>Thelymitra maculata</i> Species of orchid

Thelymitra maculata, commonly called the spotted curly locks or eastern curly locks, is a species of orchid in the family Orchidaceae and endemic to the south-west of Western Australia. It has a single erect leaf, spiralling around the flowering stem and a single pink or purplish, spotted flower with more or less circular, yellow ear-like arms on the sides of the column.

Thelymitra spiralis, commonly called curly locks, is a species of orchid in the family Orchidaceae and endemic to the south-west of Western Australia. It has a single erect leaf, spiralling around the flowering stem and up to three pink, reddish, purplish or blue flowers with two large yellow or orange ear-like arms on the sides of the column.

Thelymitra uliginosa, commonly called southern curly locks or swamp curly locks, is a species of orchid in the family Orchidaceae and endemic to the south-west of Western Australia. It has a single erect leaf, spiralling around the flowering stem and a single small pink, mauve, blue or purplish flower with darker veins and sometimes darker blotches. There are two narrow, yellow arms on the sides of the column.

<i>Thelymitra apiculata</i> Species of orchid

Thelymitra apiculata, commonly called Cleopatra's needles, is a species of orchid in the family Orchidaceae and endemic to the south-west of Western Australia. It has a single erect, curved, dark green leaf with a purplish base and up to twelve purplish flowers with darker blotches and golden yellow edges. There are two yellow arms on the sides of the column, each ending with a needle-like point.

Thelymitra pulcherrima, commonly called the northern Queen of Sheba, is a species of orchid in the family Orchidaceae and endemic to the south-west of Western Australia. It has a single erect, spiral, dark green leaf with a purplish base and up to seven glossy, variegated flowers with the sepals and petals differing in colour. The petals and sepals and basically reddish or purplish but with streaks and blotches of contrasting colours. There are two bright yellow or orange arms on the sides of the column.

Thelymitra speciosa, commonly called the eastern Queen of Sheba, is a species of orchid in the family Orchidaceae and endemic to the south-west of Western Australia. It has a single erect, spiral, dark green leaf with a purplish base and one or two glossy, purplish flowers with broad reddish edges and yellowish margins. There are two bright yellow or orange arms on the sides of the column.

Thelymitra atronitida, commonly called the black-hooded orchid, is a species of orchid that is endemic to south-eastern Australia. It has a single erect, leathery, leaf and up to eight moderately dark blue, self-pollinating flowers that only open on hot days.

Thelymitra variegata, commonly called the Queen of Sheba, is a species of orchid in the family Orchidaceae and endemic to the south-west of Western Australia. It has a single erect, spiral, dark green leaf with a purplish base and up to five glossy, variegated reddish, purplish or violet flowers with darker spots and blotches and yellowish margins. There are two bright yellow or orange arms on the sides of the column.

Thelymitra paludosa, commonly known as the plain sun orchid, is a species of orchid that is endemic to Western Australia. It has a single erect, channelled, dark green leaf and up to ten or more blue to violet flowers. It grows in higher rainfall areas near the south coast.

Thelymitra merraniae, known as Thelymitra × merraniae by some Australian authorities, and commonly called Merran's sun orchid, is a species of orchid that is endemic to south-eastern Australia. It has a single tapering, fleshy, channelled, dark green leaf and up to six dark blue to purplish flowers. It is a possibly a natural hybrid but its parentage is uncertain.

References

  1. 1 2 "Thelymitra matthewsii". World Checklist of Selected Plant Families (WCSP). Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew.
  2. 1 2 3 Jones, David L. (2006). A complete guide to native orchids of Australia including the island territories. Frenchs Forest, N.S.W.: New Holland. p. 253. ISBN   1877069124.
  3. 1 2 3 4 Jeanes, Jeff. "Thelymitra matthewsii". Royal Botanic Gardens Victoria. Retrieved 7 June 2018.CS1 maint: discouraged parameter (link)
  4. Jeanes, Jeffrey A. (2009). "Resolution of the Thelymitra variegata (Orchidaceae) complex of southern Australia and New Zealand" (PDF). Muelleria. 27 (2): 160–163. Retrieved 7 June 2018.CS1 maint: discouraged parameter (link)
  5. 1 2 3 "Thelymitra matthewsii". New Zealand Plant Conservation Network. Retrieved 7 June 2018.CS1 maint: discouraged parameter (link)
  6. 1 2 "Thelymitra matthewsii". State Herbarium of South Australia. Retrieved 7 June 2018.CS1 maint: discouraged parameter (link)
  7. Godley, Eric J. (December 1995). "Biographical Notes (20): Richard Henry Matthews (1835-1912)" (PDF). New Zealand Botanical Society Newsletter. 42: 17–19. Retrieved 7 June 2018.CS1 maint: discouraged parameter (link)
  8. "Thelymitra matthewsii". APNI. Retrieved 7 June 2018.CS1 maint: discouraged parameter (link)
  9. 1 2 Cheeseman, Thomas F. (1910). "New species of plants". Transactions and Proceedings of the New Zealand Institute. 43: 177–178. Retrieved 7 June 2018.CS1 maint: discouraged parameter (link)
  10. "Thelymitra matthewsii". New Zealand Native Orchid Group. Retrieved 7 June 2018.CS1 maint: discouraged parameter (link)
  11. "Species profile and threats database Thelymitra matthewsii". Australian Government Department of the Environment and Energy. Retrieved 7 June 2018.CS1 maint: discouraged parameter (link)
  12. Duncan, Mike. "National recovery plant for the spiral sun-orchid Thelymitra matthewsii" (PDF). Victorian Government Department of Sustainability and Environment. Retrieved 7 June 2018.CS1 maint: discouraged parameter (link)