Pannotia, also known as the Vendian supercontinent, Greater Gondwana, and the Pan-African supercontinent, was a relatively short-lived Neoproterozoic supercontinent that formed at the end of the Precambrian during the Pan-African orogeny, during the Cryogenian period and broke apart 560 Ma with the opening of the Iapetus Ocean, in the late Ediacaran and early Cambrian. Pannotia formed when Laurentia was located adjacent to the two major South American cratons, Amazonia and Río de la Plata. The opening of the Iapetus Ocean separated Laurentia from Baltica, Amazonia, and Río de la Plata. In 2022 the whole concept of Pannotia has been put into question by scientists who argue its existence is not supported by geochronology, "the supposed landmass had begun to break up well before it was fully assembled".
Avalonia was a microcontinent in the Paleozoic era. Crustal fragments of this former microcontinent underlie south-west Great Britain, southern Ireland, and the eastern coast of North America. It is the source of many of the older rocks of Western Europe, Atlantic Canada, and parts of the coastal United States. Avalonia is named for the Avalon Peninsula in Newfoundland.
The geology of the Himalayas is a record of the most dramatic and visible creations of the immense mountain range formed by plate tectonic forces and sculpted by weathering and erosion. The Himalayas, which stretch over 2400 km between the Namcha Barwa syntaxis at the eastern end of the mountain range and the Nanga Parbat syntaxis at the western end, are the result of an ongoing orogeny — the collision of the continental crust of two tectonic plates, namely, the Indian Plate thrusting into the Eurasian Plate. The Himalaya-Tibet region supplies fresh water for more than one-fifth of the world population, and accounts for a quarter of the global sedimentary budget. Topographically, the belt has many superlatives: the highest rate of uplift, the highest relief, among the highest erosion rates at 2–12 mm/yr, the source of some of the greatest rivers and the highest concentration of glaciers outside of the polar regions. This last feature earned the Himalaya its name, originating from the Sanskrit for "the abode of the snow".
The African pygmy kingfisher is a small insectivorous kingfisher found in the Afrotropics, mostly in woodland habitats.
The geology of Turkey is the product of a wide variety of tectonic processes that have shaped Anatolia over millions of years, a process which continues today as evidenced by frequent earthquakes and occasional volcanic eruptions.
Plusiinae is a smallish subfamily of the moth family Noctuidae. As the Noctuidae appear to be a paraphyletic assemblage, the Plusiinae may eventually be raised to family status.
The olive woodpecker is a species of bird in the woodpecker family Picidae.
The South American–Antarctic Ridge or simply American-Antarctic Ridge is the tectonic spreading center between the South American Plate and the Antarctic Plate. It runs along the sea-floor from the Bouvet Triple Junction in the South Atlantic Ocean south-westward to a major transform fault boundary east of the South Sandwich Islands. Near the Bouvet Triple Junction the spreading half rate is 9 mm/a (0.35 in/year), which is slow, and the SAAR has the rough topography characteristic of slow-spreading ridges.
Heliothis peltigera, also known as the bordered straw, is a species of moth of the family Noctuidae.
Gondwana was a large landmass, often referred to as a supercontinent, that formed during the late Neoproterozoic and began to break up during the Jurassic period. The final stages of break-up, involving the separation of Antarctica from South America and Australia, occurred during the Paleogene. Gondwana was not considered a supercontinent by the earliest definition, since the landmasses of Baltica, Laurentia, and Siberia were separated from it. To differentiate it from the Indian region of the same name, it is also commonly called Gondwanaland.
Bryophila is a genus of moths of the family Noctuidae. The genus was described by Treitschke in 1825.
Conistra is a genus of moths of the family Noctuidae. The genus was erected by Jacob Hübner in 1821. There are three subgenera, Orrhodiella, Dasycampa and Peperina.
Thysanoplusia is a genus of moths of the family Noctuidae described by Taira Ichinosé in 1973.
Syngrapha ain is a moth of the family Noctuidae.
Globia algae, the rush wainscot, is a moth of the family Noctuidae. The species was first described by Eugenius Johann Christoph Esper in 1789. It is found in central and southern Europe, Turkey, Armenia, northern Caucasus, south-west Siberia.
Cleonymia pectinicornis is a moth of the family Noctuidae first described by Otto Staudinger in 1859. It is found in southern Spain and throughout the northern African deserts and the Near East.
Cleonymia chabordis is a moth of the family Noctuidae. The species was first described by Charles Oberthür in 1876. It is found in North Africa, the Near East and Middle East, the Arabian Peninsula, Iran, Jordan and Israel.
Metopoceras omar is a moth of the family Noctuidae first described by Charles Oberthür in 1887. It is widespread through the Palearctic eremic (desert) zone from north-western Africa to the Near East and Middle East.
Myrina silenus, the common fig-tree blue, is a butterfly of the family Lycaenidae. It is found in Sub-Saharan Africa, southern Arabia and northern Oman.
The Agulhas Basin is an oceanic basin located south of South Africa where the South Atlantic Ocean and south-western Indian Ocean meet. Part of the African Plate, it is bounded by the Agulhas Ridge to the north and the Southwest Indian Ridge to the south; by the Meteor Rise to the west and the Agulhas Plateau to the east. Numerous bathymetric anomalies hint at the basin's dynamic tectonic history.
