Tiarella stolonifera

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Tiarella stolonifera
Tiarella stolonifera elizbuchanan QC 2021-05-17.jpg
Vaudreuil-Soulanges, Québec, CA (May 17)
Scientific classification OOjs UI icon edit-ltr.svg
Kingdom: Plantae
Clade: Tracheophytes
Clade: Angiosperms
Clade: Eudicots
Order: Saxifragales
Family: Saxifragaceae
Genus: Tiarella
Species:
T. stolonifera
Binomial name
Tiarella stolonifera
Synonyms [2]
T. stolonifera
    • Tiarella cordifolia f. allantheraVict. & J.Rousseau
    • Tiarella cordifolia var. bracteataFarw.

Tiarella stolonifera is a species of flowering plant in the family Saxifragaceae. [2] The specific name stolonifera means "spreading by stolons", [3] an important characteristic of this species (not to be confused with Tiarella austrina , which also spreads by stolons). Known as the creeping foamflower, [4] it has the widest range of any species of Tiarella in eastern North America.

Contents

Description

With stolons, Saratoga County, New York (Jan 10) Tiarella stolonifera SueMPierce 2023-01-10.jpg
With stolons, Saratoga County, New York (Jan 10)

Tiarella stolonifera is a perennial, herbaceous plant with a short, slender rhizome. It has a leafless flowering stem and relatively small basal leaves without an extended terminal lobe. [5] Most importantly, the species has the ability to produce stolons.

The heart-shaped basal leaves of Tiarella stolonifera resemble those of species in other genera. For example, T. stolonifera is sometimes confused with Mitella diphylla , a closely related species that occurs over a similar range and habitat. [6] If a plant lacks sufficient evidence of flowering, the orientation of the hairs on the basal leaf stalk may be used to distinguish the two species. [7] T. stolonifera has dense spreading hairs (outward-facing, angled 90 degrees) of various lengths while M. diphylla has long retrorse hairs (backward-facing, angled 45 degrees or less) sparsely distributed along its basal leaf stalk. [8]

Identification

To positively identify Tiarella stolonifera, all of the following key features must be verified (in any order): [9] [10]

The key features listed above are similar to those of Tiarella cordifolia but the presence of a stolon rules out that species.

Taxonomy

In 1937, Olga Lakela split Tiarella cordifolia sensu lato into two mutually exclusive groups, one with stolons and one without. [11] She described two varieties of Tiarella cordifolia (var. typica and var. austrina) to represent the northern and southern varieties (resp.) of the group with stolons. However, the name Tiarella cordifolia var. typicaLakela was invalidly published. [12]

Guy Nesom likewise split Tiarella cordifolia sensu lato into two groups based on stolons in 2021. [13] In particular, he described Tiarella stolonifera, [1] a northern species with stolons, and Tiarella austrina , [14] the corresponding southern species based on Lakela's variety.

In 1917, Oliver Atkins Farwell described a variety of Tiarella cordifolia sensu lato with a small bract on the flower stem. [15] Farwell's type specimen did not include a stolon, [16] but since it was collected in Michigan, Tiarella cordifolia var. bracteataFarw. is considered to be a synonym for Tiarella stoloniferaG.L.Nesom. [5] [2] The occasional plant with a leafy flowering stem found throughout the range of the species is not to be confused with Tiarella austrina , a distinct species that has both a stolon and stem leaves.

Distribution and habitat

Tiarella stolonifera has the widest range of any Tiarella species in eastern North America, from Wisconsin across the eastern half of the Great Lakes region into the northeastern United States and adjacent Canada, and from there, south into Kentucky, Virginia, Tennessee, and North Carolina. [2] [13] It is the only species of Tiarella in the following 17 provinces and states: [17]

Tiarella stolonifera and at least one other species of Tiarella are found in five (5) additional states. Relevant counties include:

The ranges of Tiarella stolonifera and Tiarella wherryi overlap in Kentucky (Laurel, McCreary, Pulaski) and Tennessee (Anderson, Campbell, Knox, Morgan, Roane, Scott). The ranges of Tiarella stolonifera and Tiarella cordifolia sensu stricto overlap in western North Carolina (Alleghany, Avery, Burke, McDowell, Wilkes). Both Tiarella stolonifera and Tiarella austrina occur in Buncombe County, North Carolina. [18]

Tiarella stolonifera is typically found in moist, rich, deciduous woods with a fairly open understory, in partial to full shade. Trees associated with the species include sugar maple ( Acer saccharum ), white ash ( Fraxinus americana ), yellow birch ( Betula alleghaniensis ), American beech ( Fagus grandifolia ), eastern hemlock ( Tsuga canadensis ), and northern white-cedar ( Thuja occidentalis ). [19]

In Wisconsin, T. stolonifera occurs in mature, second-growth sugar maple-beech or hemlock-hardwood forest with sparse shrub layers. In its usual streamside habitat, the soil is very moist due to a high water table. The ground flora is rich with spring ephemerals and other herbaceous species, including Dicentra , Cardamine , Viola , and Mitella diphylla . In Michigan, it is found in deciduous and mixed woods, often in wet hollows or springy places.

In the Adirondack Mountains of New York, T. stolonifera commonly occurs on low-acidic sites under northern hardwoods, but it is also found along brooks in coniferous forests where organic acids cannot readily accumulate. In the White Mountain National Forest in New Hampshire, it is found in dense colonies at the edges of seeps and ephemeral streams. The species was probably an important element of the ground flora in at least parts of the original hemlock-white pine-northern hardwoods forest of New England.

In New Brunswick and Nova Scotia, T. stolonifera is found on fairly strong calcareous soils where there is some seepage water flowing to the surface. In New Brunswick, it is most often found in Thuja -dominated habitats, especially valley slopes and creek valley floors. In southern Ontario, it typically occurs in better-quality cedar seepage swamps and cedar-dominated riparian habitats.

Conservation

Based on the individual state rankings of Tiarella cordifolia sensu lato, [20] it may be inferred that Tiarella stolonifera is globally secure. It is vulnerable at best (S2S3) in Nova Scotia and critically imperiled (S1) in Wisconsin. It is also critically imperiled in New Jersey. [21]

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References

  1. 1 2 "Tiarella stoloniferaG.L.Nesom". International Plant Names Index (IPNI). Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew; Harvard University Herbaria & Libraries; Australian National Botanic Gardens . Retrieved 23 October 2022.
  2. 1 2 3 4 "Tiarella stoloniferaG.L.Nesom". Plants of the World Online . Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew . Retrieved 14 November 2022.
  3. ↑ Gledhill, David (2008). The Names of Plants (4th ed.). Cambridge University Press. p. 362. ISBN   978-0-521-86645-3.
  4. ↑ "Plant List". Vascular Plants of North Carolina. North Carolina Biodiversity Project. Retrieved 20 October 2022.
  5. 1 2 Nesom (2021), p. 6.
  6. ↑ "Mitella diphylla". State-level distribution map from the North American Plant Atlas (NAPA). Biota of North America Program (BONAP). 2014. Retrieved 19 November 2022.
  7. ↑ Fields & Brzeskiewicz (2002), p. 7.
  8. ↑ Soltis, Douglas E.; Freeman, Craig C. (2009). "Mitella diphylla". In Flora of North America Editorial Committee (ed.). Flora of North America North of Mexico (FNA). Vol. 8. New York and Oxford. Retrieved 27 November 2022– via eFloras.org, Missouri Botanical Garden, St. Louis, MO & Harvard University Herbaria, Cambridge, MA.
  9. ↑ Nesom (2021), p. 8.
  10. ↑ Weakley & Southeastern Flora Team (2022), p. 675.
  11. ↑ Lakela, Olga (1937). "A monograph of the genus TiarellaL. in North America". Amer. J. Bot. 24 (6): 344–351. doi:10.1002/j.1537-2197.1937.tb09109.x.
  12. ↑ "Tiarella cordifolia var. typicaLakela". International Plant Names Index (IPNI). Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew; Harvard University Herbaria & Libraries; Australian National Botanic Gardens . Retrieved 3 November 2022.
  13. 1 2 Nesom (2021).
  14. ↑ "Tiarella austrina(Lakela) G.L.Nesom". International Plant Names Index (IPNI). Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew; Harvard University Herbaria & Libraries; Australian National Botanic Gardens . Retrieved 3 November 2022.
  15. ↑ "Tiarella cordifolia var. bracteataFarw.". International Plant Names Index (IPNI). Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew; Harvard University Herbaria & Libraries; Australian National Botanic Gardens . Retrieved 14 October 2022.
  16. ↑ Nesom (2021), p. 25.
  17. ↑ Nesom (2021), p. 10.
  18. ↑ Nesom (2021), pp. 9–10.
  19. ↑ Fields & Brzeskiewicz (2002), pp. 10–11.
  20. ↑ "Tiarella cordifolia". NatureServe Explorer. NatureServe. Retrieved 14 October 2022.
  21. ↑ Dodds, Jill S. (April 2022). "Tiarella cordifolia var. cordifolia Rare Plant Profile" (PDF). New Jersey Department of Environmental Protection. Retrieved 14 October 2022.

Bibliography

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