Timothy Ball

Last updated
Timothy Ball
Born
Timothy Francis Ball

(1938-11-05) November 5, 1938 (age 80)
England [1]
Residence Victoria, British Columbia [1]
CitizenshipCanadian
Alma mater University of Winnipeg, University of Manitoba, Queen Mary University of London
Known forOpposing mainstream consensus on climate change
Spouse(s)Marty Ball [2]
AwardsClarence Atchison Award for Excellence in Community Service [3] Clifford J. Robson Memorial Award for Teaching Excellence [4]
Scientific career
Fields Geography, Climatology
Institutions University of Winnipeg
Thesis Climatic change in central Canada : a preliminary analysis of weather information from the Hudson's Bay Company Forts at York Factory and Churchill Factory, 1714-1850.  (1983)
Doctoral advisor B.W. Atkinson
Website Official website

Timothy Francis Ball (born November 5, 1938) is a Canadian public speaker and writer who was a professor in the Department of Geography at the University of Winnipeg from 1971 until his retirement in 1996. Ball has worked with Friends of Science and Natural Resources Stewardship Project, which oppose the consensus scientific opinion of significant anthropogenic global warming, [5] and is a former research fellow at the Frontier Centre for Public Policy. [6] [7] [8] Ball also rejects the consensus scientific opinion on climate change, stating that "CO2 is not a greenhouse gas that raises global temperature." [9]

Canadians citizens of Canada

Canadians are people identified with the country of Canada. This connection may be residential, legal, historical or cultural. For most Canadians, several of these connections exist and are collectively the source of their being Canadian.

University of Winnipeg university located in Winnipeg, Manitoba, Canada

The University of Winnipeg (UWinnipeg) is a public university in Winnipeg, Manitoba, Canada that offers undergraduate faculties of art, business and economics, education, science and kinesiology and applied health as well as graduate programs. UWinnipeg's founding colleges were Manitoba College and Wesley College, which merged to form United College in 1938. The University of Winnipeg was established in 1967 when United College received its charter. The governance was modeled on the provincial University of Toronto Act of 1906 which established a bicameral system of university government consisting of a senate (faculty), responsible for academic policy, and a board of governors (citizens) exercising exclusive control over financial policy and having formal authority in all other matters. The president, appointed by the board, was a link between the bodies to perform institutional leadership.

Friends of Science(FoS) is a non-profit advocacy organization based in Calgary, Alberta, Canada. The organization takes a position that humans are largely not responsible for the currently observed global warming, contrary to the established scientific position on the subject. Rather, they propose that "the Sun is the main direct and indirect driver of climate change," not human activity. They argued against the Kyoto Protocol. The society was founded in 2002 and launched its website in October of that year. They are largely funded by the fossil fuel industry.

Contents

Education and professional career

Ball received a bachelor's degree with honors in geography from the University of Winnipeg in 1970, followed by an M.A. from the University of Manitoba in 1971 and a PhD in Geography with a specific focus on historical climatology from Queen Mary University of London in England in 1983. [10] Ball became an instructor at the University of Winnipeg in 1971, and a lecturer the following year. He then served in the latter capacity for 10 years. In 1982 he became an assistant professor there, and was promoted to associate professor in 1984 and full professor in 1988. He retired in 1996.

The University of Manitoba is a public research university in Manitoba, Canada. Its main campus is located in the Fort Garry neighbourhood of southern Winnipeg with other campuses throughout the city. Founded in 1877, it is Western Canada's first university. The university maintains a reputation as a top research-intensive post-secondary educational institution and conducts more research annually than any other university in the region.

Queen Mary University of London public research university in London, England; constituent college of the federal University of London

Queen Mary University of London (QMUL) is a public research university in London, England, and a constituent college of the federal University of London. It dates back to the foundation of London Hospital Medical College in 1785. Queen Mary College, named after Mary of Teck, was admitted to the University of London in 1915 and in 1989 merged with Westfield College to form Queen Mary and Westfield College. In 1995 Queen Mary and Westfield College merged with St Bartholomew's Hospital Medical College and the London Hospital Medical College to form the School of Medicine and Dentistry.

Research and books

Ball founded the Rupert's Land Research Centre, [11] a historical society dedicated to promoting the history of the area formerly known as Rupert's Land, in 1984. [12] He also served as its director from then until 1996. The society placed a particular emphasis on the use of the Hudson's Bay Company Archives. [13] Ball has published a number of peer-reviewed papers in the field of historical climatology, most of which pertain to reconstructing temperatures in Canada during the past several centuries. [14] In 2003, Ball co-authored a book entitled "Eighteenth-Century Naturalists of Hudson Bay," which was reviewed in the American Indian Quarterly by Theodore Binnema of the University of Northern British Columbia in 2005, [15] as well as by Fred Cooke in the Auk in 2004. [16]

Ruperts Land territory in British North America

Rupert's Land, or Prince Rupert's Land, was a territory in British North America comprising the Hudson Bay drainage basin, a territory in which a commercial monopoly was operated by the Hudson's Bay Company for 200 years from 1670 to 1870. The area once known as Rupert's Land is now mainly a part of Canada, but a small portion is now in the United States. It was named after Prince Rupert of the Rhine, a nephew of Charles I and the first Governor of the Hudson's Bay Company (HBC). In December 1821, the HBC monopoly was extended from Rupert's Land to the Pacific coast.

Historical climatology is the study of historical changes in climate and their effect on human history and development. This differs from paleoclimatology which encompasses climate change over the entire history of Earth. The study seeks to define periods in human history where temperature or precipitation varied from what is observed in the present day. The primary sources include written records such as sagas, chronicles, maps and local history literature as well as pictorial representations such as paintings, drawings and even rock art. The archaeological record is equally important in establishing evidence of settlement, water and land usage.

The American Indian Quarterly is a quarterly peer-reviewed academic journal covering studies on the indigenous peoples of North and South America. It is published by the University of Nebraska Press and was established in 1974. The editor-in-chief is Lindsey Claire Smith.

In 2007 Ball was one of seven co-authors of a paper arguing that "spring air temperatures around the Hudson Bay basin for the past 70 years (1932–2002) show no significant warming trend," and that, as a result, "the extrapolation of polar bear disappearance is highly premature." [17] The paper was a "Viewpoint" article and was not peer-reviewed. [18] [19] While the paper was cited by Sarah Palin to justify opposition to listing polar bears on the endangered-species list, [6] its findings were contradicted by reports from the U.S. Geological Survey [20] and other independent researchers, who concluded that man-made climate change was likely to devastate polar-bear populations by 2050. The paper was also criticized by an expert at the National Snow and Ice Data Center, who wrote that it "doesn't measure up scientifically." [6] A subsequent in depth international independent study, Re-Assessment of the Baffin Bay and Kane Basin Polar Bear Subpopulations: Final Report to the Canada-Greenland Joint Commission on Polar Bear has determined that polar bear populations are not declining overall and are increasing significantly in some areas. [21]

Peer review evaluation of work by one or more people of similar competence to the producers of the work

Peer review is the evaluation of work by one or more people with similar competences as the producers of the work (peers). It functions as a form of self-regulation by qualified members of a profession within the relevant field. Peer review methods are used to maintain quality standards, improve performance, and provide credibility. In academia, scholarly peer review is often used to determine an academic paper's suitability for publication. Peer review can be categorized by the type of activity and by the field or profession in which the activity occurs, e.g., medical peer review.

Sarah Palin 9th Governor of Alaska

Sarah Louise Palin is an American politician, commentator, author, and reality television personality, who served as the ninth governor of Alaska from 2006 until her resignation in 2009. As the Republican Party nominee for Vice President of the United States in the 2008 election alongside presidential nominee, Arizona Senator John McCain, she was the first Alaskan on the national ticket of a major political party and the first Republican woman selected as a vice presidential candidate. Her book Going Rogue has sold more than two million copies.

United States Geological Survey Scientific agency of the United States government

The United States Geological Survey is a scientific agency of the United States government. The scientists of the USGS study the landscape of the United States, its natural resources, and the natural hazards that threaten it. The organization has four major science disciplines, concerning biology, geography, geology, and hydrology. The USGS is a fact-finding research organization with no regulatory responsibility.

Ball was one of several authors of Slaying the Sky Dragon: Death of the Greenhouse Gas Theory, published in 2011. [22] [23] In 2014, Ball wrote a book entitled The Deliberate Corruption of Climate Science, published by Stairway Press.

Views on climate change

Ball has said he opposes the consensus scientific opinion on climate change and has stated that he believes global warming is occurring but that human production of carbon dioxide is not the cause. [24] [25] [26] Ball rejects not only CO2 greenhouse gas–induced climate change but the existence of the CO2 greenhouse effect itself. [9]

Carbon dioxide chemical compound

Carbon dioxide is a colorless gas with a density about 60% higher than that of dry air. Carbon dioxide consists of a carbon atom covalently double bonded to two oxygen atoms. It occurs naturally in Earth's atmosphere as a trace gas. The current concentration is about 0.04% (410 ppm) by volume, having risen from pre-industrial levels of 280 ppm. Natural sources include volcanoes, hot springs and geysers, and it is freed from carbonate rocks by dissolution in water and acids. Because carbon dioxide is soluble in water, it occurs naturally in groundwater, rivers and lakes, ice caps, glaciers and seawater. It is present in deposits of petroleum and natural gas. Carbon dioxide is odorless at normally encountered concentrations. However, at high concentrations, it has a sharp and acidic odor.

Greenhouse effect atmosopheric phenomenon

The greenhouse effect is the process by which radiation from a planet's atmosphere warms the planet's surface to a temperature above what it would be without its atmosphere.

He told National Geographic that carbon dioxide causing warming was just a hypothesis, but had been treated as fact because it fit a political agenda and the views of the environmentalists. [27] He reiterated the view that man-made global warming was fabricated by the environmental movement, particularly Environment Canada, in a presentation he gave in June 2006 to the Comox Valley Probus Club. [28]

He has also been a frequent guest on Coast to Coast AM, an alternative media radio show. On July 21, 2011, while a guest on the show, he stated: "To suggest that CO2's a pollutant when it's an extremely important gas in the atmosphere for all plant life and therefore for the oxygen that's produced, is just nonsense." [29] He is also one of the signatories of the Manhattan Declaration on Climate Change. [30] Ball has also, along with Tom Harris, argued that the National Climatic Data Center misleads the public by announcing premature results from their temperature datasets based on incomplete data, and then quietly updating the data when they gain access to all of it, usually diminishing the warming trend in doing so. [31] He has also written about ocean acidification from a similarly skeptical point of view, arguing that "Even if CO2 increases to 560 ppm by 2050, as the IPCC predict, this would only result in a 0.2 unit reduction of pH. This is still within the error of the estimate of global average [which is 0.3 units]." [32] Ball has also said that since he became a vocal opponent of the consensus position on global warming, he has received five death threats. [33] [34]

Michael E. Mann has called Ball "perhaps the most prominent climate change denier in Canada." [35] The Frontier Centre for Public Policy, a Canadian think tank, states that Ball has disputed anthropogenic global warming since the mid 1990s, and has asserted that global warming is due to natural variations. [36] Ball has spoken twice at The Heartland Institute's International Conference on Climate Change, where he was presented as a former climatology professor at the University of Winnipeg. [37] [38] [39] However, critics point out that Ball was a professor of geography, not climatology, and that the University of Winnipeg has never had a climatology department. [7] [40] Ball rejoins that the climate program at The University of Winnipeg was part of the geography department in the early 1980s. He also asserts that websites such as DeSmogBlog have made false charges about his credentials and professional qualifications. [41]

From 2002 to 2007, Ball wrote 39 opinion pieces and 32 letters to the editor in 24 different Canadian newspapers, and from 2002 to 2012, he gave over 600 public talks about global warming and various environmental issues. [42] Friends of Science maintains a "Climate Digest" of articles written by Ball in 2008-09. [43] Since then he has continued to advocate against governmental intervention to ameliorate climate change. [44]

In 2007 Ball appeared on The Great Global Warming Swindle, an hour and a quarter-long British television documentary that aired on Channel 4. Also in 2007, he participated in Exposed: The Climate of Fear, a special presentation of the Glenn Beck Program, with Patrick Michaels, John Christy, and other climate sceptics. [45] [46] In 2010, he appeared on the Michael Coren Show. [47]

Controversies and lawsuits

Ball claimed, in an article written for the Calgary Herald , that he was the first person to receive a PhD in climatology in Canada, and that he had been a professor for 28 years, [48] claims he also made in a letter to then-prime minister of Canada, Paul Martin. [49] Dan Johnson, a professor of environmental science at the University of Lethbridge, countered his claim on April 23, 2006, in a letter to the Herald stating that when Ball received his PhD in 1983, "Canada already had PhDs in climatology," and that Ball had only been a professor for eight years, rather than 28 as he had claimed. Johnson, however, counted only Ball's years as a full professor. [50] In the letter, Johnson also wrote that Ball “did not show any evidence of research regarding climate and atmosphere, ignoring the fact Ball's PhD thesis in 1983 was on climate and weather.” [42]

In response, Ball filed a lawsuit against Johnson. Johnson's statement of defence was provided by the Calgary Herald, which stated that Ball "...never had a reputation in the scientific community as a noted climatologist and authority on global warming," and that he "...is viewed as a paid promoter of the agenda of the oil and gas industry rather than as a practicing scientist." [49] In the ensuing court case, Ball acknowledged that he had only been a tenured professor for eight years, and that his doctorate was not in climatology but rather in the broader discipline of geography, [42] and subsequently withdrew the lawsuit on June 8, 2007. [49] [51]

In February 2011, it was reported that climate scientist Andrew J. Weaver had sued Ball over an article Ball wrote for the Canada Free Press which was later retracted. In the article, Ball described Weaver as lacking a basic understanding of climate science and stated, incorrectly, that Weaver would not be involved in the production of the IPCC's next report because he had concerns about its credibility. [52] [53] Ball contended that the lawsuit was nothing more than an attempt to silence him because of his skeptical position on global warming. [54] In February, 2018 Andrew Weaver's defamation suit against Ball was dismissed completely. The judge noted that Ball's words "lack a sufficient air of credibility to make them believable and therefore potentially defamatory" and concluded that the “article is poorly written and does not advance credible arguments in favour of Dr. Ball’s theory about the corruption of climate science. Simply put, a reasonably thoughtful and informed person who reads the article is unlikely to place any stock in Dr. Ball’s views...". [55] [56]

Ball also found himself at the center of controversy in February 2011 when he told an anonymous interviewer that Michael E. Mann, director of the Earth System Science Center at Pennsylvania State University, "should be in the State Pen, not Penn State," due to Mann's role in the Climatic Research Unit email controversy. [57] Mann then sued Ball for libel, and stated that he was seeking punitive damages and for the article to be removed from the Frontier Centre for Public Policy's website, on which it was originally published. [58] On 7 June 2019 the Frontier Centre For Public Policy published a retraction and apology for the "untrue and disparaging accusations which impugned the character of Dr. Michael Mann". [59] This did not settle Mann's claims against Ball, who remained a defendant. [60]

Funding sources

Some of Ball's critics have claimed that he has received funding from the fossil fuel industry, [7] [28] [61] especially through the organization Friends of Science, which Ball co-founded [40] and whose scientific advisory board he sits upon. [2] For example, Peter Gorrie said in the Toronto Star that Friends of Science received a third of its funding from the oil industry. [62] Ball himself has publicly denied these claims, [46] [63] as have both his wife, Marty Ball; [2] and the Toronto Sun's Michael Coren, who wrote an opinion column stating that Ball, "unlike so many global warming advocates, is not in the pay of anybody". [26]

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References

  1. 1 2 "Dr. Tim Ball". Frontier Centre for Public Policy . 15 November 2004. Archived from the original on 9 March 2013. Retrieved 27 January 2014.
  2. 1 2 3 Mittelstaedt, Martin (17 November 2009). "Ad campaign takes aim at climate change". The Globe and Mail . Retrieved 5 February 2014.
  3. ↑ "Clarence Atchison Award for Excellence in Community Service". University of Winnipeg . Retrieved 10 February 2014.
  4. ↑ "Clifford J. Robson Memorial Award for Teaching Excellence". University of Winnipeg . Retrieved 23 June 2017.
  5. ↑ Ball, Tim. "The First in A Series of Simplified Explanations of the Corrupted and Falsified Science of Human Caused Global Warming," posted by Ball on his own website, 17 June 2017. Retrieved 3 Nov. 2017.
  6. 1 2 3 Pilkington, Ed (30 September 2008). "Palin fought safeguards for polar bears with studies by climate change sceptics". The Guardian . Retrieved 6 February 2014.
  7. 1 2 3 Monbiot, George (21 July 2008). "Why does Channel 4 seem to be waging a war against the greens?". The Guardian . Retrieved 10 February 2014.
  8. ↑ "Tim Ball, Research Fellow." Frontier Centre for Public Policy. 31 Jan. 2007. Retrieved 6 June 2014.
  9. 1 2 Ball, Tim, "CO2 is not a Greenhouse Gas that Raises Global temperature. Period!", personal website, 15 Feb. 2016.
  10. ↑ McLeod, Judi. "," Climatologist Timothy Ball sends PhD to Canada Free Press, February 7, 2007: Canada Free Press. Direct quote of how he describes himself.
  11. ↑ Website at the University of Winnipeg
  12. ↑ Ruggles, Richard I. (1991). A Country So Interesting: The Hudson's Bay Company and Two Centuries of Mapping, 1670-1870. McGill-Queen's University Press. pp. xiii.
  13. ↑ "Churchill Provides Ideal Meeting Place for Rupert's Land Colloquium" (PDF). (In)edition. 5 (16): 1–2. April 1988.
  14. ↑ These papers include:
    • Ball, T. F.; Kingsley, R. A. (1984). "Instrumental temperature records at two sites in Central Canada: 1768 to 1910". Climatic Change. 6: 39. doi:10.1007/BF00141667.
    • Ball, T. F. (1986). "Historical evidence and climatic implications of a shift in the boreal forest tundra transition in central Canada". Climatic Change. 8 (2): 121–134. doi:10.1007/BF00139750.
    • Ball, T. (1990). "The migration of geese as an indicator of climate change in the southern Hudson Bay region between 1715 and 1851". Climatic Change. 5: 85–93. doi:10.1007/BF00144682.
    • Ball, T. (1994). "Climate of two locations on the Southwestern corner of Hudson Bay: AD 1720–1729". International Journal of Climatology. 14 (10): 1151–1168. doi:10.1002/joc.3370141006.
  15. ↑ Binnema, Theodore (Summer–Fall 2005). "Eighteenth-Century Naturalists of Hudson Bay (review)" (PDF). American Indian Quarterly . 29 (3 & 4): 732–733. doi:10.1353/aiq.2005.0078.
  16. ↑ Cooke, Fred (2004). "Eighteenth-Century Naturalists of Hudson Bay Review". The Auk . 121 (4): 1301. doi:10.1642/0004-8038(2004)121[1301:ENOHB]2.0.CO;2.
  17. ↑ Dyck, M. G.; Soon, W.; Baydack, R. K.; Legates, D. R.; Baliunas, S.; Ball, T. F.; Hancock, L. O. (2007). "Polar bears of western Hudson Bay and climate change: Are warming spring air temperatures the "ultimate" survival control factor?". Ecological Complexity. 4 (3): 73. doi:10.1016/j.ecocom.2007.03.002.
  18. ↑ "Exxon's funding of polar bear research questioned". New Scientist . 28 October 2007. Retrieved 6 February 2014.
  19. ↑ "Work of prominent climate change denier was funded by energy industry," The Guardian, 21 Feb. 2015. Retrieved 28 Mar. 2017.
  20. ↑ "Forecasting the Future Status of Polar Bears," USGS: Alaska Science Center, updated August 19, 2014. Retrieved 7 Sept. 2014.
  21. ↑ Report Summary Pdf
  22. ↑ Ball, Tim. "Excerpt from Slaying the Sky Dragon." Accessed from Ball's website, 2 Feb. 2014.
  23. ↑ O'Sullivan, John, et al. Slaying the Sky Dragon: Death of the Greenhouse Gas Theory. Mt. Vernon, WA: Stairway Press, 2011.
  24. ↑ "Climate of controversy". Ottawa Citizen . 18 May 2006. Retrieved 27 January 2014.
  25. ↑ Glen, Barb (8 June 2012). "Global warming 'biggest deception in history'". The Western Producer . Retrieved 28 January 2014.
  26. 1 2 Coren, Michael (13 February 2010). "Climatology expert threatened for climate change views". Toronto Sun . Retrieved 29 January 2014.
  27. ↑ Minard, Anne (24 September 2007). "Global Warming Inaction More Costly Than Solutions?". National Geographic . p. 2. Retrieved 5 February 2014.
  28. 1 2 Montgomery, Charles (12 August 2006). "Nurturing doubt about climate change is big business". The Globe and Mail . Retrieved 5 February 2014.
  29. ↑ Noory, George (21 July 2011). "Summer Psychic Special". Coast to Coast AM . Retrieved 3 February 2014.
  30. ↑ Climate Experts Who Signed Manhattan Declaration
  31. ↑ Harris, Tom; Ball, Tim (11 January 2013). "HARRIS AND BALL: 2012 probably not the hottest on record, after all". Washington Times . Retrieved 5 February 2014.
  32. ↑ Ball, Tim (22 August 2009). "ENVIRONMENT: Analysis of alarmism: ocean acidification". News Weekly . Retrieved 5 February 2014.
  33. ↑ Harper, Tom (11 March 2007). "Scientists threatened for 'climate denial'". The Daily Telegraph . Retrieved 27 January 2014.
  34. ↑ McLeod, Judi (12 March 2007). "Death Threats for man-made-global-warming-doesn't-exist scientist". Canada Free Press . Retrieved 5 February 2014.
  35. ↑ Mann, Michael E. (2012). The Hockey Stick and the Climate Wars . Columbia University Press. p. 95.
  36. ↑ "Expert says global warming all "bunk"". Frontier Centre for Public Policy . 28 March 2004. Retrieved 6 February 2014.
  37. ↑ "Timothy Ball". Heartland Institute website. Retrieved 27 January 2014. Dr. Timothy Ball is an environmental consultant and former climatology professor at the University of Winnipeg, Manitoba, Canada.
  38. ↑ "Tim Ball". International Conference on Climate Change . Retrieved 5 February 2014.
  39. ↑ Broder, John M. (30 June 2011). "Senator Inhofe Sends His Regrets". New York Times . Retrieved 5 February 2014. Scheduled speakers [at the Heartland Institute's sixth conference] include some of the nation’s best-known global warming skeptics, including Anthony Watts, a television weatherman; Timothy Ball, a former University of Winnipeg professor who has been sued for libel by Michael Mann....
  40. 1 2 "Complaint to Ofcom Regarding "The Great Global Warming Swindle"". Ofcomswindlecomplaint.net. 11 June 2007. p. 134. Retrieved 27 January 2014.
  41. ↑ "Ad hominem".
  42. 1 2 3 Farley, John W. (1 May 2012). "Petroleum and Propaganda". Monthly Review . Retrieved 5 February 2014.
  43. ↑ Not all of the 19 articles archived at the Friends of Science website are dated.
  44. ↑ Petition E&E News, 13 Mar. 2017. Retrieved 21 June 2017. Ball, Tim and Tom Harris, "It's time to publicly debunk UN climate science," USA Today, updated 1 Aug. 2017. Retrieved 4 Aug. 2017. First published in The Daily Caller, 7 July 2017.
  45. ↑ Gertz, Matt and Julie Millican. Beck's global warming special dominated by industry-funded experts,' serial misinformers Archived 2012-06-14 at the Wayback Machine ." Media Matters for America. May 3, 2007. Accessed 15 Feb. 2014.
  46. 1 2 Durkin, Martin (12 December 2010). The Great Global Warming Swindle (Film). 00:14: YouTube.Ball was misidentified in the documentary as Professor from the Department of Climatology, University of Winnipeg; he left his faculty position in 1996, and the University of Winnipeg has never had a Department of Climatology.
  47. ↑ Coren, Michael.Climatology expert threatened for climate change views." The Toronto Sun. 13 Feb. 2010. Accessed 15 Feb. 2014.
  48. ↑ Ball, Tim (19 April 2006). "Aussies' Suzuki heavier on rhetoric than on science". The Calgary Herald . Archived from the original on 14 April 2015. Retrieved 27 January 2014.
  49. 1 2 3 Hoggan, James (2009). Climate Cover-Up. Greystone Books. pp. 142–143.
  50. ↑ Ball was an instructor at the University of Winnipeg in 1971, an assistant professor in 1982, and an associate professor in 1984 before promotion to full professorship in 1988. See CV.
  51. ↑ Partial Discontinuance of Action
  52. ↑ Rudolf, John Collins (8 February 2011). "Climate Scientist Sues Skeptic for Libel". New York Times . Retrieved 28 January 2014.
  53. ↑ Brainard, Curtis (25 July 2012). "I Don't Bluff". Columbia Journalism Review . Retrieved 21 February 2014.
  54. ↑ Reich, Eugenie Samuel (9 February 2011). "Climate skeptic makes free speech appeal". Nature News Blog. Retrieved 28 January 2014.
  55. ↑ Fraser, Keith (February 14, 2018). "B.C. Green party leader Andrew Weaver has defamation lawsuit against retired prof thrown out". Vancouver Sun.
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  60. ↑ McIntosh, Emma (16 June 2019). "A Scientist Took Climate Change Deniers to Court and Wrested an Apology From Them". Mother Jones. Retrieved 16 June 2019. (story originally published by the National Observer )
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  62. ↑ Gorrie, Peter (1 January 2007). "Who's still cool on global warming?". Toronto Star . Retrieved 23 February 2014.
  63. ↑ "Exposed: The Climate of Fear". CNN . 2 May 2007. Retrieved 10 February 2014. ...I'm accused of getting the money from the oil company, which is simply a lie.
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