Transient execution CPU vulnerability

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Transient execution CPU vulnerabilities are vulnerabilities in a computer system in which a speculative execution optimization implemented in a microprocessor is exploited to leak secret data to an unauthorized party. The archetype is Spectre, and transient execution attacks like Spectre belong to the cache-attack category, one of several categories of side-channel attacks. Since January 2018 many different cache-attack vulnerabilities have been identified.

Contents

Overview

Modern computers are highly parallel devices, composed of components with very different performance characteristics. If an operation (such as a branch) cannot yet be performed because some earlier slow operation (such as a memory read) has not yet completed, a microprocessor may attempt to predict the result of the earlier operation and execute the later operation speculatively, acting as if the prediction was correct. The prediction may be based on recent behavior of the system. When the earlier, slower operation completes, the microprocessor determines whether prediction was correct or incorrect. If it was correct then execution proceeds uninterrupted; if it was incorrect then the microprocessor rolls back the speculatively executed operations and repeats the original instruction with the real result of the slow operation. Specifically, a transient instruction [1] refers to an instruction processed by error by the processor (incriminating the branch predictor in the case of Spectre) which can affect the micro-architectural state of the processor, leaving the architectural state without any trace of its execution.

In terms of the directly visible behavior of the computer it is as if the speculatively executed code "never happened". However, this speculative execution may affect the state of certain components of the microprocessor, such as the cache, and this effect may be discovered by careful monitoring of the timing of subsequent operations.

If an attacker can arrange that the speculatively executed code (which may be directly written by the attacker, or may be a suitable gadget that they have found in the targeted system) operates on secret data that they are unauthorized to access, and has a different effect on the cache for different values of the secret data, they may be able to discover the value of the secret data.

Timeline

2017–2018

Starting in 2017, multiple examples of such vulnerabilities were identified, with publication starting in early 2018.

2021

In March 2021 AMD security researchers discovered that the Predictive Store Forwarding algorithm in Zen 3 CPUs could be used by malicious applications to access data it shouldn't be accessing. [2] According to Phoronix there's little performance impact in disabling the feature. [3]

In June 2021, two new vulnerabilities, Speculative Code Store Bypass (SCSB, CVE-2021-0086) and Floating Point Value Injection (FPVI, CVE-2021-0089), affecting all modern x86-64 CPUs both from Intel and AMD were discovered. [4] In order to mitigate them software has to be rewritten and recompiled. ARM CPUs are not affected by SCSB but some certain ARM architectures are affected by FPVI. [5]

In August 2021 a vulnerability called "Transient Execution of Non-canonical Accesses" affecting certain AMD CPUs was disclosed. [6] [7] [8] It requires the same mitigations as the MDS vulnerability affecting certain Intel CPUs. [9] It was assigned CVE-2020-12965. Since most x86 software is already patched against MDS and this vulnerability has the exact same mitigations, software vendors don't have to address this vulnerability.

In October 2021 for the first time ever a vulnerability similar to Meltdown was disclosed [10] [11] to be affecting all AMD CPUs however the company doesn't think any new mitigations have to be applied and the existing ones are already sufficient. [12]

2022

In March 2022, a new variant of the Spectre vulnerability called Branch History Injection was disclosed. [13] [14] It affects certain ARM64 CPUs [15] and the following Intel CPU families: Cascade Lake, Ice Lake, Tiger Lake and Alder Lake. According to Linux kernel developers AMD CPUs are also affected. [16]

In March 2022, a vulnerability affecting a wide range of AMD CPUs was disclosed under CVE-2021-26341. [17] [18]

In June 2022, multiple MMIO Intel CPUs vulnerabilities related to execution in virtual environments were announced. [19] The following CVEs were designated: CVE-2022-21123, CVE-2022-21125, CVE-2022-21166.

In July 2022, the Retbleed vulnerability was disclosed affecting Intel Core 6 to 8th generation CPUs and AMD Zen 1, 1+ and 2 generation CPUs. Newer Intel microarchitectures as well as AMD starting with Zen 3 are not affected. The mitigations for the vulnerability decrease the performance of the affected Intel CPUs by up to 39%, while AMD CPUs lose up to 14%.

In August 2022, the SQUIP vulnerability was disclosed affecting Ryzen 2000–5000 series CPUs. [20] According to AMD the existing mitigations are enough to protect from it. [21]

According to a Phoronix review released in October, 2022 Zen 4/Ryzen 7000 CPUs are not slowed down by mitigations, in fact disabling them leads to a performance loss. [22] [23]

2023

In February 2023 a vulnerability affecting a wide range of AMD CPU architectures called "Cross-Thread Return Address Predictions" was disclosed. [24] [25] [26]

In July 2023 a critical vulnerability in the Zen 2 AMD microarchitecture called Zenbleed was made public. [27] AMD released a microcode update to fix it. [28]

In August 2023 a vulnerability in AMD's Zen 1, Zen 2, Zen 3, and Zen 4 microarchitectures called INCEPTION [29] [30] was revealed and assigned CVE-2023-20569. According to AMD it is not practical but the company will release a microcode update for the affected products.

Also in August 2023 a new vulnerability called Downfall or Gather Data Sampling was disclosed, [31] [32] [33] affecting Intel CPU Skylake, Cascade Lake, Cooper Lake, Ice Lake, Tiger Lake, Amber Lake, Kaby Lake, Coffee Lake, Whiskey Lake, Comet Lake & Rocket Lake CPU families. Intel will release a microcode update for affected products.

2024

In March 2024, a variant of Spectre-V1 attack called GhostRace was published. [34] It was claimed it affected all the major microarchitectures and vendors, including Intel, AMD and ARM. It was assigned CVE-2024-2193. AMD dismissed the vulnerability (calling it "Speculative Race Conditions (SRCs)") claiming that existing mitigations were enough. [35] Linux kernel developers chose not to add mitigations citing performance concerns. [36] The Xen hypervisor project released patches to mitigate the vulnerability but it's not enabled by default. [37]

Also in March 2024, a vulnerability in Intel Atom processors called Register File Data Sampling (RFDS) was revealed. [38] It was assigned CVE-2023-28746. Its mitigations incur a slight performance degradation. [39]

In April 2024, it was revealed that the BHI vulnerability in certain Intel CPU families could be still exploited in Linux entirely in user space without using any kernel features or root access despite existing mitigations. [40] [41] [42] Intel recommended "additional software hardening". [43] The attack was assigned a new CVE-2024-2201.

Future

Spectre class vulnerabilities will remain unfixed because otherwise CPU designers will have to disable speculative execution which will entail a massive performance loss.[ citation needed ] Despite this, AMD has managed to design Zen 4 such a way its performance is not affected by mitigations. [22] [23]

Vulnerabilities and mitigations summary

Mitigation TypeComprehensivenessEffectivenessPerformance Impact
HardwareFullFullNone...Small
MicrocodePartialPartial...FullNone...Large
OS/VMMPartialPartial...FullSmall...Large
Software RecompilationPoorPartial...FullMedium...Large

Hardware mitigations require change to the CPU design and thus a new iteration of hardware, but impose close to zero performance loss. Microcode updates alter the software that the CPU runs on, requiring patches to be released and integrated into every operating system and for each CPU. OS/VMM mitigations are applied at the operating system or virtual machine level and (depending on workload) often incur quite a significant performance loss. Software recompilation requires recompiling every piece of software and usually incurs a severe performance hit.

Vulnerability Name

(aliases)

CVEAffected CPU architectures and mitigations
Intel [44] AMD [45]
Ice Lake [46] Cascade Lake,
Comet Lake 		Whiskey Lake,
Amber Lake 		Coffee Lake
(9th gen) [47] 		Coffee Lake
(8th gen)*		 Zen 1 / Zen 1+ Zen 2 [48]
Spectre v1
Bounds Check Bypass 		2017-5753 Software RecompilationSoftware Recompilation [49]
Spectre v2
Branch Target Injection 		2017-5715 Hardware + OSMicrocode + OSMicrocode + OSMicrocode + OS/VMMHardware + OS/VMM
SpectreRSB [50] /ret2spec [51]
Return Mispredict		 2018-15572 OS [52]
Meltdown
Rogue Data Cache Load 		2017-5754 Not affectedMicrocodeNot affected
Spectre-NG v3a 2018-3640 Not affected [53] Microcode
Spectre-NG v4
Speculative Store Bypass 		2018-3639 Hardware + OS/VMM [53] Microcode + OSOS/VMMHardware + OS/VMM
Foreshadow
L1 Terminal Fault (L1TF)		 2018-3615 Not affectedMicrocodeNot affected
Spectre-NG
Lazy FP State Restore 		2018-3665 OS/VMM [54]
Spectre-NG v1.1
Bounds Check Bypass Store 		2018-3693 OS/VMM [55]
Foreshadow-OS
L1 Terminal Fault (L1TF)		 2018-3620 Not affectedMicrocode + OSNot affected
Foreshadow-VMM
L1 Terminal Fault (L1TF)		 2018-3646
RIDL/ZombieLoad
Microarchitectural Fill Buffer Data Sampling (MFBDS)		 2018-12130
RIDL
Microarchitectural Load Port Data Sampling (MLPDS)		 2018-12127 Not affectedNot affected Not affectedMicrocode + OS [56]
RIDL
Microarchitectural Data Sampling Uncacheable Memory (MDSUM)		 2019-11091 Not affectedMicrocode + OS
Fallout
Microarchitectural Store Buffer Data Sampling (MSBDS)		 2018-12126 Microcode [57] [58] Not affected Not affectedMicrocode + OS
Spectre SWAPGS [59] [60] [61] 2019-1125 Same as Spectre 1
RIDL/ZombieLoad v2
Transactional Asynchronous Abort (TAA) [62] [63] [64] 		2019-11135 Not Affected [65] Microcode + OS
RIDL/CacheOut/ZombieLoad
L1D Eviction Sampling (L1DES) [66] [67] [68] 		2020-0549 Not Affected
RIDL
Vector Register Sampling (VRS) [66] [67] 		2020-0548
Load Value Injection (LVI) [69] [70] [71] [72] 2020-0551 Software recompilation
CROSSTalk
Special Register Buffer Data Sampling (SRBDS) [73] [74] [75] 		2020-0543 Not affectedMicrocodeNot affected
Branch History Injection (BHI) 2022-0001
2022-0002
2024-2201 		Microcode + Software RecompilationNot affected
Retbleed [76] [77] [78] [79] [80] 2022-29900
2022-29901 		Not affectedSoftware recompilation
Cross-Thread Return Address Predictions [25] [24] 2022-27672 Not affectedSoftware recompilation
Zenbleed [81] [82] [83] 2023-20593 Not affectedMicrocode
INCEPTION [29] [84] [85]
Speculative Return Stack Overflow (SRSO)		 2023-20569 Not affectedMicrocode + OS
Downfall [31] [32] [33]
Gather Data Sampling (GDS)		 2022-40982 Microcode + OSNot affected
SLAM [86] [87] [88] [89]

Spectre based on Linear Address Masking

TBA ?

The 8th generation Coffee Lake architecture in this table also applies to a wide range of previously released Intel CPUs, not limited to the architectures based on Intel Core, Pentium 4 and Intel Atom starting with Silvermont. [90] [91] Various CPU microarchitectures not included above are also affected, among them are IBM Power, ARM, MIPS and others. [92] [93] [94] [95]

Intel CPUs past Ice Lake, e.g. Rocket Lake and Tiger Lake are not affected by Fallout/MSBDS.

Notes

1. ^ Stepping 5 of the 2nd Generation Intel® Xeon® Scalable Processors based on Cascade Lake microarchitecture is affected by both MSBDS and MLPDS.

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