| Tylophoron | |
|---|---|
 | |
| Herbarium specimen of Tylophoron protrudens | |
Scientific classification  | |
| Domain: | Eukaryota |
| Kingdom: | Fungi |
| Division: | Ascomycota |
| Class: | Arthoniomycetes |
| Order: | Arthoniales |
| Family: | Arthoniaceae |
| Genus: | Tylophoron Nyl. (1862) |
| Type species | |
| Tylophoron protrudens Nyl. (1862) | |
| Species | |
T. galapagoense Contents | |
| Synonyms [1] [2] | |
Tylophoron is a genus of lichen-forming fungi in the family Arthoniaceae. [3]
The genus was circumscribed in 1862 by the Finnish lichenologist William Nylander, with T. protrudens as the type species. [4]
In 2013, Damien Ertz and colleagues showed through molecular analysis that the genus Sporodochiolichen, proposed by André Aptroot and Harrie Sipman in 2011, [5] should be reduced to synonymy with Tylophoron. The type species of Sporodochiolichen (S. lecanoricus) was demonstrated to be conspecific with Tylophoron hibernicum, despite initial descriptions suggesting different photobiont partners. This taxonomic change left three additional species originally described in Sporodochiolichen (S. flavus, S. papillatus, and S. pigmentatus) requiring transfer to other genera, though their precise taxonomic placement remains uncertain. The remaining Sporodochiolichen species differ from Tylophoron in having golden yellow or pink sporodochia that produce simple or distoseptate conidia, compared to Tylophoron's typically pale or brown sporodochia with zero or one septate (non-distoseptate) conidia. [2]
Species formerly placed in Tylophoron:
The Arthoniaceae are a family of lichenized, lichenicolous and saprobic fungi in the order Arthoniales. The Arthoniaceae is the largest family of Arthoniales, with around 800 species. Most species in Arthoniaceae belong in Arthonia which is the largest genus with 500 species. The second and third largest genus is Arthothelium with 80 species, and Cryptothecia with 60 species.
Sarcographa is a genus of lichen-forming fungi in the family Graphidaceae. The genus was circumscribed by theFrench botanist Antoine Laurent Apollinaire Fée in 1825.
Pyrgillus is a genus of lichen-forming fungi in the family Pyrenulaceae. The genus was circumscribed by the Finnish lichenologist William Nylander in 1858.
Stirtonia is a genus of lichen-forming fungi in the family Arthoniaceae. It contains 22 species of corticolous (bark-dwelling) crustose lichens found primarily in tropical regions. The genus was circumscribed by the British lichenologist Annie Lorrain Smith in 1926, with Stirtonia obvallata assigned as the type species. The species epithet honours the Scottish lichenologist James Stirton.
Ancistrosporella is a genus of lichen-forming fungi in the family Roccellaceae. The genus was circumscribed in 1995 by Swedish lichenologist Göran Thor, with Ancistrosporella australiensis assigned as the type species. The International Union for Conservation of Nature has classified A. leucophila as a Critically Endangered species due to its limited known distribution in South America and the threats to its habitat from deforestation and land-use changes.
Enterographa is a genus of lichens in the family Roccellaceae.
Syncesia is a genus of lichen-forming fungi in the family Roccellaceae.
Anisomeridium is a genus of lichens in the family Monoblastiaceae. The type species was originally named Arthopyrenia xylogena by Swiss botanist Johannes Müller Argoviensis in 1883; in 1928, Maurice Choisy defined the genus Anisomeridium, designating A. xylogena the type species.
Sarcopyrenia is a genus of lichenicolous (lichen-dwelling) fungi. It has 11 species. It is the only genus in Sarcopyreniaceae, a family in the order Verrucariales. Sarcopyrenia was circumscribed by Finnish lichenologist William Nylander in 1858, with Sarcopyrenia gibba assigned as the type species. Sarcopyreniaceae is one of the few families composed entirely of lichenicolous fungi.
Collemopsidium is a genus of fungi in the family Xanthopyreniaceae. Some members of this genus are marine species, and described as "borderline lichens" or "algicolous" fungi. The genus was circumscribed by Finnish botanist William Nylander in 1881.
Pseudopyrenula is a genus of lichen-forming fungi in the family Trypetheliaceae.
Synarthonia is a genus of lichen-forming fungi in the order Arthoniales. The genus has not been placed into a family. Synarthonia was circumscribed by Swiss lichenologist Johannes Müller Argoviensis in 1891.
The Trypetheliales are an order of fungi in the class Dothideomycetes. Most of the species in the order form lichens, although some are lichenicolous fungi. Trypetheliales contains two families, Polycoccaceae and Trypetheliaceae. The order was circumscribed in 2008 by lichenologists Robert Lücking, André Aptroot, and Harrie Sipman.
Briancoppinsia is a fungal genus in the family Arthoniaceae. It is monotypic, containing the single species Briancoppinsia cytospora, a lichenicolous fungus that parasitises parmelioid lichens, as well as Cladonia, Lepra, and Lecanora conizaeoides, among others. The species was first described scientifically by Léon Vouaux in 1914 as Phyllosticta cytospora. The genus was circumscribed in 2012 by Paul Diederich, Damien Ertz, James Lawrey, and Pieter van den Boom. The genus was named for Brian John Coppins, who is, according to the authors, an "eminent British lichenologist and expert of lichenicolous fungi".
Henricus (Harrie) Johannes Maria Sipman is a retired Dutch lichenologist who specialised in tropical and subtropical lichens and authored or co-authored over 250 scientific publications. He was the curator of the lichen herbarium at the Berlin Botanical Garden and Botanical Museum from 1983 until his retirement in 2010. Between 1990 and 1997 he edited and distributed the exsiccata Lichenotheca Latinoamericana a museo botanico Berolinensi edita.
Trimmatothele is a genus of saxicolous (rock-dwelling), crustose lichens in the family Verrucariaceae. It has five species. The genus was formally published by lichenologist Alexander Zahlbruckner in 1903. The type species, Trimmatothele perquisita, was originally collected from Norway by Johannes M. Norman, who placed it in the genus Coniothele in 1868. Diagnostic characteristics of Trimmatothele include a thin thallus with a smooth surface; small perithecia that are partially immersed in the substrata and have an involucrellum; asci that contain multiple ascospores; and small, simple ascospores. Trimmatothele has been described as one of the most poorly known genera of lichens due to the rarity of its species, the few available herbarium specimens, and some missing type specimens.
Nigrovothelium is a genus of lichen-forming fungi in the family Trypetheliaceae. It has three species. The genus was circumscribed in 2016 by lichenologists Robert Lücking, Matthew Nelsen, and André Aptroot, to contain species formerly in the Trypethelium tropicum species group. The type species, Nigrovothelium tropicum, was originally described by Erik Acharius in 1810, as a species of Verrucaria.
Fulvophyton is a genus of lichen-forming fungi in the family Roccellographaceae. It has 11 species. Fulvophyton is characterised by its crust-like thallus, which is often pale yellowish-brown in colour. This genus features a photobiont from the green algal genus Trentepohlia and exhibits a unique arrangement of reproductive structures.
Sporodophoron is a genus of lichen-forming fungi in the family Arthoniaceae. It includes four corticolous (bark-dwelling) crustose lichen species. Sporodophoron is uniquely characterised by the formation of fruiting structures called sporodochia, which are open conidiomata in the form of tufts of conidiophores on the thallus. Although these lichens bear a strong resemblance to Inoderma, another genus within the same family, Sporodophoron's distinct chemical makeup sets it apart from its lichen relatives. Collectively, the genus has a widespread geographical distribution in the Northern Hemisphere, with species found in distinct habitats in North America, Europe, Japan, and the Russian Far East.
Glomerulophoron is a small genus of lichen-forming fungi in the family Arthoniaceae. The genus contains two species of corticolous (bark-dwelling) crustose lichens. It was circumscribed in 2015 by the lichenologists Andreas Frisch, Damien Ertz, and Göran Thor. It was created to contain a single species from Mauritius, G. mauritiae, which was distinct from the similar genus Sporodophoron both genetically and morphologically, in the tightly coiled chains of sporodochial conidia. The genus gained another member in 2024 when the Brazilian species G. confluentisorediatum was added to it. It is distinguished from the type species by the absence of sporodochia.
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