Arthoniaceae

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Arthoniaceae
Cryptothecia rubrocincta-3.jpg
Cryptothecia rubrocincta, member of the Arthoniaceae
Scientific classification OOjs UI icon edit-ltr.svg
Domain: Eukaryota
Kingdom: Fungi
Division: Ascomycota
Class: Arthoniomycetes
Order: Arthoniales
Family: Arthoniaceae
Rchb. (1841)
Type genus
Arthonia
Ach. (1806)

The Arthoniaceae are a family of lichenized, lichenicolous and saprobic fungi in the order Arthoniales. [1] The Arthoniaceae is the largest family of Arthoniales, with around 800 species. [2] Most species in Arthoniaceae belong in Arthonia which is the largest genus with 500 species. [3] The second and third largest genus is Arthothelium with 80 species, and Cryptothecia with 60 species. [4]

Contents

Taxonomy

The family was circumscribed by Heinrich Gottlieb Ludwig Reichenbach in 1841. [1]

Arthonia is the type genus of Arthoniaceae, and it is known to be a polyphyletic and paraphyletic genus. [5] The process of splitting Arthonia into monophyletic groups is an ongoing process. In order to make Arthonia monophyletic, several genera have been described or resurrected. [6]

Description

The family Arthoniaceae consists of lichens that are either lichenized or lichenicolous (living on other lichens), and sometimes lose their lichenized nature. The main body of these lichens, known as the thallus, is crustose, meaning it forms a crust-like appearance on the surface it inhabits. In lichen-forming species of Arthoniaceae, the primary photosynthetic partner (the photobiont ), is usually a green alga from the genus Trentepohlia . Occasionally, they associate with other green algae, like Chrosonothrix . [7]

The form of the reproductive structures (ascomata) varies widely within this family. They can be apothecioid (open and disc -like), lirellate (elongated and furrowed), or scattered. Some genera, like Tylophoron , have a unique type of ascomata called mazaediate . Typically, these structures lack distinct margins made of their own tissue ( proper margin ) or host tissue ( thalline margin ). [7]

The internal structure of the ascomata, known as the hamathecium , consists of branched and interconnected filaments called paraphyses . In some genera, such as Cryptothecia and Stirtonia , the hamathecium lacks a gelatinous matrix, while in others, like Arthothelium , it is densely packed, resembling a different type of fungal reproductive structure known as ascolocular ascomata. These structures can react to iodine (amyloid reaction) in various ways: not at all (non-amyloid), partially (hemiamyloid), or fully (amyloid). [7]

The asci, which are the spore-producing cells, are typically fissitunicate , meaning they have a double wall that splits during spore release. They come in various shapes, from club-shaped ( clavate ) to sac-like (saccate) or even spherical ( globose ), and contain a specialized cap structure (apical tholus ) and an eye-like feature (ocular chamber). The asci may react to iodine in different ways: non-amyloid, hemiamyloid, or amyloid. [7]

The spores produced by the asci, called ascospores , usually number eight per ascus but can sometimes be fewer, ranging from two to four or even one. These spores are segmented (transversely septate) or have multiple compartments ( muriform ), with shapes ranging from ellipsoid to clavate. Often, one end of the spore is larger (macrocephalic), or in muriform spores, there is a single large cell. The spores are typically transparent (hyaline) or brown and do not react to iodine. [7]

Arthoniaceae also produce asexual spores in structures called pycnidia, and less commonly in campylidia . The conidia (asexual spores) can vary in shape from simple, non-segmented forms to those with transverse segments, and can be oblong, rod-like ( bacillar ), needle-like ( acicular - filiform ), or sickle-shaped ( falcate ), and are typically hyaline. [7]

The family produces a diverse range of secondary metabolites (lichen products), including depsides, depsidones, anthraquinones, and derivatives of pulvinic acid. Some species also contain xanthones. [7]

Distribution

The species in Arthoniaceae have a worldwide distribution, but are especially prevalent in tropical areas with a Mediterranean climate. [1] They are known from arctic to tropical latitudes, as well as variating altitudes from sea level to alpine regions, distributed in both humid forests and dry habitats. [6]

Ecology

Collectively, the family have a highly variable ecology with lichenized, lichenicolous and saprobic fungi. [1] The majority of species are lichenized with a photobiont from Trentepohliaceae and a few species in Arthonia are lichenized with a photobiont from Chlorococcaleae. They grow on leaves, bark, bryophytes, and rocks. [8] Other species are lichenicolous (growing on other lichens), and a few species are known to be saprobic. [4]

Genera

Herbarium specimen of Arthonia radiata (magnified 40x) showing roughly star-shaped clusters of ascomata. Found growing on the bark of red oak. Arthonia radiata-2.jpg
Herbarium specimen of Arthonia radiata (magnified 40x) showing roughly star-shaped clusters of ascomata. Found growing on the bark of red oak.

As of March 2021, Species Fungorum accepts 25 genera and 392 species in the family Arthoniaceae. [9] This is a list of the genera in the Arthoniaceae based on a 2020 review and summary of fungal classification by Wijayawardene and colleagues. [10] Following the genus name is the taxonomic authority (those who first circumscribed the genus; standardized author abbreviations are used), year of publication, and the number of species:

Related Research Articles

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Arthoniales</span> Order of fungi

The Arthoniales is the second largest order of mainly crustose lichens, but fruticose lichens are present as well. The order contains around 1500 species, while the largest order with lichenized fungi, the Lecanorales, contains more than 14000 species.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Melaspileaceae</span> Family of fungi

Melaspileaceae is a family of lichenized, lichenicolous and saprobic fungi within Ascomycota. These fungi have long been poorly understood, and the family's taxonomic position has been unclear because of insufficient molecular data. It was previously included in the order Arthoniales but recent phylogenetic analyses indicate that it instead belongs to the order Eremithallales.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Roccellaceae</span> Family of lichen-forming fungi

The Roccellaceae are a family of mostly lichen-forming fungi in the order Arthoniales, established by the French botanist François Fulgis Chevallier in 1826. Species in the family exhibit various growth forms, including crustose and fruticose (shrub-like) thalli, and diverse reproductive structures. Roccellaceae species typically have disc-like or slit-like fruiting bodies, often with distinct blackened margins. Molecular phylogenetics studies have revealed considerable genetic diversity and complex evolutionary histories within the family.

<i>Cryptothecia</i> Genus of lichens

Cryptothecia is a genus of white to greenish crustose lichens that grow on bark, wood, or leaves, in tropical or subtropical areas worldwide. It has a conspicuous prothallus that develops around its periphery which can be bright red in some species, hence the common name wreath lichen. The main vegetative body (thallus) lacks a cortex (ecorticate and is often immersed in the substrate or byssoid. The medulla is white, well defined, and often peppered with calcium oxalate crystals. Ascomata are not well defined, being cushions of soft white mycelium immersed in the medullary tissue, hence the name from the Greek krypto = "to conceal" and theke = "a container or sheath". It contains Trentepohlia, a green alga, as its photobiont partner.

<i>Arthothelium</i> Genus of lichen-forming fungi

Arthothelium is a genus of lichen-forming fungi in the family Arthoniaceae.

<i>Arthonia</i> Genus of lichens

Arthonia is a genus of lichens in the family Arthoniaceae. It was circumscribed by Swedish botanist Erik Acharius in 1806.

<i>Felipes</i> Genus of lichen

Felipes is a genus of lichenized fungi in the order Arthoniales. Circumscribed by Andreas Frisch and Göran Thor in 2014, it contains the single species Felipes leucopellaeus. Genetic analysis shows that the genus falls into the order Arthoniales, but its familial placement is uncertain. Felipes leucopellaeus is found across Europe and North America in temperate and boreal regions, typically in old-growth forest or wooded mires. It is crustose and corticolous.

<i>Tylophoron</i> Genus of lichens

Tylophoron is a genus of lichen-forming fungi in the family Arthoniaceae. It comprises seven species of crustose lichens, most of which occur in tropical regions.

Briancoppinsia is a fungal genus in the family Arthoniaceae. It is monotypic, containing the single species Briancoppinsia cytospora, a lichenicolous fungus that parasitises parmelioid lichens, as well as Cladonia, Lepra, and Lecanora conizaeoides, among others. The species was first described scientifically by Léon Vouaux in 1914 as Phyllosticta cytospora.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Lecanographaceae</span> Family of lichens in the order Arthoniales

Lecanographaceae is a family of mostly lichens in the order Arthoniales. The family was circumscribed in 2014, prompted by a molecular phylogenetic-based restructuring of the Arthoniales.

Myriostigma is a genus of lichens in the family Arthoniaceae. The genus was circumscribed by German lichenologist August von Krempelhuber in 1874.

Inoderma is a genus of lichen-forming fungi in the family Arthoniaceae. It was resurrected for use in 2015 for a small group of species with the following features: elevated, white pruinose pycnidia, immersed to adnate white pruinose apothecia, and a weakly gelatinized hymenium. Inoderma byssaceum was assigned as the type species for the genus.

<i>Bryostigma</i> Genus of lichens

Bryostigma is a genus of fungi of uncertain familial placement in the order Arthoniales. The genus is characterised by its thin, patchy growth that either partially embeds into its growing surface or forms an irregular, granular surface, with distinctive red or blue iodine staining of its hyphae and very small fruiting bodies. Most Bryostigma species are parasitic (lichenicolous), growing on other lichens, though a few species like B. lapidicola grow independently on stone or moss. While the genus was initially established with a single species growing on moss, it was significantly expanded in 2020 when several species were transferred from the related genus Arthonia based on DNA analysis, though this taxonomic reclassification has been subject to some scientific dispute. As of 2024, the genus includes seventeen species – thirteen parasitic and four independent lichen species.

<i>Reichlingia</i> (lichen) Genus of lichens

Reichlingia is a genus of lichen-forming fungi in the family Arthoniaceae. It has seven species. The genus was originally circumscribed by Paul Diederich and Christoph Scheidegger in 1996, with Reichlingia leopoldii as the type, and at that time, only species. The fungus was at first thought to be a lichenicolous (lichen-dwelling) fungus, but is now considered a lichenised hyphomycete.

<i>Coniocarpon</i> Genus of lichens

Coniocarpon is a genus of lichen-forming fungi in the family Arthoniaceae. It has eight species of corticolous (bark-dwelling) lichens. This genus is distinct for its crystalline orange, red, and purple quinoid pigments in the ascomata that turn purple in potassium hydroxide solution, its colourless, transversely septate ascospores with large apical cells, and its rounded to lirellate ascomata.

Arthonia toensbergii is a species of lichenicolous (lichen-dwelling) fungus in the family Arthoniaceae. It occurs in old-growth boreal rainforests in Norway, where it parasitises the lichen Mycoblastus affinis growing on trunks and branches of Norway spruce.

<i>Arthonia radiata</i> Species of lichen

Arthonia radiata, the asterisk lichen, is a common and widepspread species of corticolous (bark-dwelling), crustose lichen in the family Arthoniaceae.

<i>Diarthonis</i> Genus of lichens

Diarthonis is a fungal genus in the family Graphidaceae. Originally created in 1909 but long unused, the genus was revived in 2020 to accommodate D. spadicea when molecular studies showed this species fell outside the main Arthonia clade. The species grows as a thin, greyish to greenish crust beneath tree bark, producing small black disc-like reproductive structures (apothecia) that resemble drops of tar. It is considered an indicator of ecological continuity in old-growth broadleaved forests, particularly those dominated by English oak, and is listed as near-threatened in some regions.

<i>Pachnolepia</i> Genus of lichens

Pachnolepia is a small fungal genus in the family Arthoniaceae. It comprises two species of corticolous (bark-dwelling) lichens.

References

  1. 1 2 3 4 Encyclopedia of Life, consulted at september the seventeenth 2013
  2. ↑ Sundin, Rikard; Thor, Göran; Frisch, Andreas (2012-01-01). "A literature review of Arthonia s. lat". Biblioth. Lichenol. 108: 257–290.
  3. ↑ Grube, M. "A taxonomic survey of arthonioid fungi with reddish K+ reactive pigments". Doctoral Dissertation, Karl-Franzens-Universität, Graz.
  4. 1 2 "The Lichens of Great Britain and Ireland". www.nhbs.com. Retrieved 2018-03-14.
  5. ↑ Sundin, Rikard; Tehler, Anders (July 1998). "Phylogenetic Studies of the Genus Arthonia". The Lichenologist. 30 (4–5): 381–413. Bibcode:1998ThLic..30..381S. doi:10.1006/lich.1998.0155. ISSN   1096-1135. S2CID   86125904.
  6. 1 2 Frisch, Andreas; Thor, Göran; Ertz, Damien; Grube, Martin (2014-08-28). "The Arthonialean challenge: Restructuring Arthoniaceae". Taxon. 63 (4): 727–744. doi:10.12705/634.20.
  7. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 Jaklitsch, Walter; Baral, Hans-Otto; Lücking, Robert; Lumbsch, H. Thorsten (2016). Frey, Wolfgang (ed.). Syllabus of Plant Families: Adolf Engler's Syllabus der Pflanzenfamilien. Vol. 1/2 (13 ed.). Berlin/Stuttgart: Gebr. Borntraeger Verlagsbuchhandlung, Borntraeger Science Publishers. pp. 41–42. ISBN   978-3-443-01089-8. OCLC   429208213.
  8. ↑ Cannon PF, Kirk PM (2007). Fungal Families of the World. Wallingford, UK: CAB International. pp. 17–18. ISBN   978-0-85199-827-5.
  9. ↑ Species Fungorum. "Arthoniaceae". Catalog of Life . Retrieved 18 March 2021.
  10. ↑ Wijayawardene, Nalin; Hyde, Kevin; Al-Ani, Laith Khalil Tawfeeq; Somayeh, Dolatabadi; Stadler, Marc; Haelewaters, Danny; et al. (2020). "Outline of Fungi and fungus-like taxa". Mycosphere. 11: 1060–1456. doi: 10.5943/mycosphere/11/1/8 . hdl: 10481/61998 .
  11. ↑ Diederich, P.; Lawrey, J.D.; Sikaroodi, M.; van den Boom, P.; Ertz, D. (2012). "Briancoppinsia, a new coelomycetous genus of Arthoniaceae (Arthoniales) for the lichenicolous Phoma cytospora, with a key to this and similar taxa". Fungal Diversity. 52 (1): 1–12. doi:10.1007/s13225-011-0105-1.
  12. ↑ Grube, Martin (2001). "Coniarthonia, a new genus of arthonioid lichens". The Lichenologist. 33 (6): 491–502. doi:10.1006/lich.2001.0348.
  13. ↑ Frisch, Andreas; Thor, Göran (2009). "Crypthonia, a new genus of byssoid Arthoniaceae (lichenised Ascomycota)". Mycological Progress. 9 (2): 281–303. doi:10.1007/s11557-009-0639-8.
  14. ↑ Stirton, J. (1877). "Descriptions of recently discovered lichens". Proceedings of the Philosophical Society of Glasgow. 10: 156–164.
  15. 1 2 Frisch, Andreas; Ohmura, Yoshihito; Ertz, Damien; Thor, Göran (2015). "Inoderma and related genera in Arthoniaceae with elevated white pruinose pycnidia or sporodochia". The Lichenologist. 47 (4): 233–256. doi:10.1017/S0024282915000201.
  16. ↑ Krempelhuber, A. (1874). Lichenes foliicolae quos legit O. Beccari annis 1866–1867 in insula Borneo (in Latin). München: Privately published.
  17. ↑ Grube, Martin (2018). "Staurospora, a new genus for a unique species with spherical ascospores in Arthoniaceae". Herzogia. 31 (p1): 695–699. doi:10.13158/heia.31.1.2018.695.
  18. ↑ Nylander, W. (1862). "Tylophoron et Parathelium genera lichenum nova". Botanische Zeitung (in Latin). 20: 278–279.
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