Coniocarpon

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Coniocarpon
Arthonia cinnabarinum - Flickr - pellaea.jpg
Coniocarpon cinnabarinum
Scientific classification OOjs UI icon edit-ltr.svg
Domain: Eukaryota
Kingdom: Fungi
Division: Ascomycota
Class: Arthoniomycetes
Order: Arthoniales
Family: Arthoniaceae
Genus: Coniocarpon
DC. (1805)
Type species
Coniocarpon cinnabarinum
DC. (1805)
Species

see text

Coniocarpon is a genus of lichen-forming fungi in the family Arthoniaceae. [1] It has eight species of corticolous (bark-dwelling) lichens. [2] This genus is distinct for its crystalline orange, red, and purple quinoid pigments in the ascomata that turn purple in potassium hydroxide solution, its colourless, transversely septate ascospores with large apical cells, and its rounded to lirellate ascomata (fruiting bodies).

Contents

Taxonomy

The genus was circumscribed by Augustin Pyramus de Candolle in 1805. [3] The genus was rejected against Arthonia as proposed in the International Code of Nomenclature for algae, fungi, and plants in Appendices I–VII. [4] In 2014 however, Coniocarpon was resurrected by Andreas Frisch and colleagues for the Arthonia cinnabarina species complex, based on the results of molecular phylogenetics analysis, which showed that it formed a clade with the genus Reichlingia . [5] The type species of the genus, Coniocarpon cinnabarinum , had previously been designated by Rolf Santesson in 1952. [6]

Description

The genus Coniocarpon, as revitalized by Frisch and colleagues in 2014, comprises lichens with a smooth thallus that is either immersed or slightly protruding, typically pale brown and often outlined by a dark line. Its photobiont is of the trentepohlioid type. The apothecia (fruiting bodies) of these lichens are irregularly rounded to weakly lobed, either lirellate or stellate , and emerge singly or in clusters. The true exciple is brown, consisting of compressed, vertically aligned paraphysoidal hyphae, which sometimes form short hairs on the outer margin and may have old bark cells attached. [7]

The disc of the apothecia is dark, ranging from flat to slightly convex, and may have a white pruinose surface, sometimes overlaid with an orange-red pruina , with margins that are level with the disc and may also be prominently orange-red pruinose, containing crystals. The epithecium is brown, composed of branched tips of paraphysoidal hyphae that extend horizontally above the asci. The hymenium is colourless and strongly conglutinated , with a hamathecium of densely branched and netted paraphysoids . The hypothecium is also colourless. [7]

The asci of Coniocarpon are of the Arthonia -type, obpyriform to clavate in shape, and typically contain eight spores. Its ascospores are colourless, obovoid with an enlarged apical cell, turning pale brown with granular ornamentation at maturity. Chemically, the exciple and epithecium react blue upon staining with solutions of iodine and potassium iodide, while the hymenium and hypothecium react red with iodine and blue with potassium iodide. The orange-red crystals dissolve in potassium hydroxide solution to form a transient, purplish solution. [7]

Species

Related Research Articles

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Arthoniales</span> Order of fungi

The Arthoniales is the second largest order of mainly crustose lichens, but fruticose lichens are present as well. The order contains around 1500 species, while the largest order with lichenized fungi, the Lecanorales, contains more than 14000 species.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Arthoniaceae</span> Family of fungi

The Arthoniaceae are a family of lichenized, lichenicolous and saprobic fungi in the order Arthoniales. The Arthoniaceae is the largest family of Arthoniales, with around 800 species. Most species in Arthoniaceae belong in Arthonia which is the largest genus with 500 species. The second and third largest genus is Arthothelium with 80 species, and Cryptothecia with 60 species.

<i>Diploschistes</i> Genus of lichen

Diploschistes is a genus of lichen-forming fungi in the family Graphidaceae. Commonly known as crater lichens, members of the genus are crustose lichens with a thick, cracked (areolate) body (thallus) with worldwide distribution. The fruiting part (apothecia) are immersed in the thick thallus so as to have the appearance of being small "craters". The widespread genus contains about 43 species.

<i>Byssoloma</i> Genus of lichen

Byssoloma is a genus of leaf-dwelling lichens in the family Pilocarpaceae.

<i>Cryptothecia</i> Genus of lichens

Cryptothecia is a genus of white to greenish crustose lichens that grow on bark, wood, or leaves, in tropical or subtropical areas worldwide. It has a conspicuous prothallus that develops around its periphery which can be bright red in some species, hence the common name wreath lichen. The main vegetative body (thallus) lacks a cortex (ecorticate and is often immersed in the substrate or byssoid. The medulla is white, well defined, and often peppered with calcium oxalate crystals. Ascomata are not well defined, being cushions of soft white mycelium immersed in the medullary tissue, hence the name from the Greek krypto = "to conceal" and theke = "a container or sheath". It contains Trentepohlia, a green alga, as its photobiont partner.

<i>Coniarthonia</i> Genus of fungi

Coniarthonia is a genus of lichenized fungi in the family Arthoniaceae. It was circumscribed by Martin Grube in 2001.

Synarthonia is a genus of lichen-forming fungi in the order Arthoniales. The genus has not been placed into a family. Synarthonia was circumscribed by Swiss lichenologist Johannes Müller Argoviensis in 1891.

André Aptroot is a Dutch mycologist and lichenologist. His primary research focus is on biodiversity, particularly tropical lichens, encompassing systematics, floristic surveys, and taxonomic reviews. A prolific researcher, he has published more than 500 scientific papers and described hundreds of new fungal and lichen species.

Calopadia cinereopruinosa is a species of corticolous (bark-dwelling) lichen in the family Pilocarpaceae. Found in the Galápagos Islands, it was described as new to science in 2011. It is characterized by its grey-black, white-pruinose apothecia and aeruginous hypothecium. This lichen usually grows on the bark of stems and twigs in the humid zones of the islands.

Synarthonia leproidica is a species of saxicolous (rock-dwelling) and crustose lichen in the order Arthoniales. Found in Luxembourg, it was formally described as a new species in 2020 by lichenologists Damien Ertz, André Aptroot, and Paul Diederich. The type specimen was collected in the Vallée du Lellgerbaach (Lellingen) at an elevation of 323 m (1,060 ft). Here the lichen was found on a siliceous wall at the edge of a forest path in an oak-hornbeam forest. It has a pale greyish crust-like thallus with dark brown/violet tinges. It has a leproid growth form, meaning that it looks like it is made of granules; the specific epithet refers to this characteristic. The thallus forms patches that are about 0.5–5 mm in diameter, although neighbouring patches can coalesce to form larger patches up to 10 cm (4 in) in diameter. Synarthonia leproidica contains psoromic acid, a secondary chemical that can be detected with thin-layer chromatography.

Myriostigma is a genus of lichens in the family Arthoniaceae. The genus was circumscribed by German lichenologist August von Krempelhuber in 1874.

Inoderma is a genus of lichen-forming fungi in the family Arthoniaceae. It was resurrected for use in 2015 for a small group of species with the following features: elevated, white pruinose pycnidia, immersed to adnate white pruinose apothecia, and a weakly gelatinized hymenium. Inoderma byssaceum was assigned as the type species for the genus.

<i>Reichlingia</i> (lichen) Genus of lichens

Reichlingia is a genus of lichen-forming fungi in the family Arthoniaceae. It has seven species. The genus was originally circumscribed by Paul Diederich and Christoph Scheidegger in 1996, with Reichlingia leopoldii as the type, and at that time, only species. The fungus was at first thought to be a lichenicolous (lichen-dwelling) fungus, but is now considered a lichenised hyphomycete.

Gintarasia is a genus of lichen-forming fungi in the family Graphidaceae. It has seven species, all of which are found in Australia. Gintarasia species are corticolous (bark-dwelling), crustose lichens with a thelotremoid form.

Fouragea is a genus of lichen-forming fungi in the family Opegraphaceae. It has nine species.

<i>Glaucomaria carpinea</i> Species of lichen

Glaucomaria carpinea is a species of corticolous (bark-dwelling), crustose lichen in the family Lecanoraceae. It is a widely distributed species.

Corticorygma is a monotypic fungal genus in the subfamily Graphidoideae of the family Graphidaceae. It contains a single species, the corticolous (bark-dwelling) crustose lichen Corticorygma stellatum. This script lichen is found in the shaded understory of rainforests in the Brazilian states of Rondônia and Paraná.

Arthonia toensbergii is a species of lichenicolous (lichen-dwelling) fungus in the family Arthoniaceae. It occurs in old-growth boreal rainforests in Norway, where it parasitises the lichen Mycoblastus affinis growing on trunks and branches of Norway spruce.

Eremothecella cyaneoides is a species of foliicolous (leaf-dwelling) lichen in the family Arthoniaceae. Identified as a new species in 2001, it is a distinct species of leaf-dwelling lichen found in Queensland, Australia. This species is marked by its continuous or marginally dispersed, smooth, whitish-grey thallus. It hosts a phycobiont of the genus Phycopeltis, characterised by rectangular cells arranged in radiate rows.

References

  1. ↑ Wijayawardene, N.N.; Hyde, K.D.; Dai, D.Q.; Sánchez-García, M.; Goto, B.T.; Saxena, R.K.; et al. (2022). "Outline of Fungi and fungus-like taxa – 2021". Mycosphere. 13 (1): 53–453 [83]. doi: 10.5943/mycosphere/13/1/2 . hdl: 10481/76378 .
  2. ↑ "Coniocarpon". Catalogue of Life . Species 2000: Leiden, the Netherlands. Retrieved 22 December 2023.
  3. 1 2 Lamarck, J.B. de; De Candolle, A.P. (1805). Flore Française (in French). Vol. 2 (3 ed.). p. 323.
  4. ↑ International Code of Nomenclature for algae, fungi, and plants. Regnum Vegetabile. Vol. 159. Koeltz Botanical Books. 26 June 2018. doi:10.12705/code.2018. ISBN   978-3-946583-16-5. S2CID   263409260.
  5. 1 2 Frisch, Andreas; Thor, Göran; Ertz, Damien; Grube, Martin (2014). "The Arthonialean challenge: Restructuring Arthoniaceae". Taxon. 63 (4): 727–744. doi:10.12705/634.20.
  6. ↑ Santesson, R. (1952). "Foliicolous lichens. I. A revision of the taxonomy of the obligately foliicolous, lichenized fungi". Symbolae Botanicae Upsalienses. 12 (1): 68.
  7. 1 2 3 Cannon, P.; Ertz, D.; Frisch, A.; Aptroot, A.; Chambers, S.; Coppins, B.; Sanderson, N.; Simkin, J.; Wolselsey, P. (2020). Arthoniales: Arthoniaceae, including the genera Arthonia, Arthothelium, Briancoppinsia, Bryostigma, Coniocarpon, Diarthonis, Inoderma, Naevia, Pachnolepia, Reichlingia, Snippocia, Sporodophoron, Synarthonia and Tylophoron. Revisions of British and Irish Lichens. Vol. 1. p. 32. doi: 10.34885/173 .
  8. 1 2 Van den Broeck, Dries; Frisch, Andreas; Razafindrahaja, Tahina; Van de Vijver, Bart; Ertz, Damien (2018). "Phylogenetic position of Synarthonia (lichenized Ascomycota, Arthoniaceae), with the description of six new species". Plant Ecology and Evolution. 151 (3): 327–351. doi: 10.5091/plecevo.2018.1506 . hdl: 11250/3083462 .
  9. ↑ Kalb, Klaus; Buaruang, Kawinnat; Mongkolsuk, Pachara; Boonpragob, Kansri (2012). "New or otherwise interesting lichens. VI, including a lichenicolous fungus". Phytotaxa. 42: 35–47. doi:10.11646/phytotaxa.42.1.5.
  10. ↑ Frisch, Andreas; Moen, Victoria Stornes; Grube, Martin; Bendiksby, Mika (2020). "Integrative taxonomy confirms three species of Coniocarpon (Arthoniaceae) in Norway". MycoKeys. 62: 27–51. doi: 10.3897/mycokeys.62.48480 . PMC   6992689 . PMID   32025188.
  11. ↑ Aptroot, André; de Souza, Maria Fernanda; dos Santos, Lidiane Alves; Junior, Isaias Oliveira; Barbosa, Bruno Micael Cardoso; da Silva, Marcela Eugenia Cáceres (2022). "New species of lichenized fungi from Brazil, with a record report of 492 species in a small area of the Amazon Forest". The Bryologist. 125 (3): 435–467. doi:10.1639/0007-2745-125.3.433. S2CID   251748219.
  12. ↑ Aptroot, André; da Silva Cáceres, Marcela Eugenia (2018). "New lichen species from Chapada Diamantina, Bahia, Brazil". The Bryologist. 121 (1): 67–79. doi:10.1639/0007-2745-121.1.067. S2CID   90659999.
  13. ↑ Perlmutter, Gary B.; Miranda-GonzáLez, Ricardo; Bungartz, Frank (2023). "Placement of Arthonia rubrocincta in Coniocarpon (lichenized Ascomycota: Arthoniaceae), with an extended range for the species in southeastern North America and the Caribbean". Phytotaxa. 589 (3): 278–282. doi:10.11646/phytotaxa.589.3.6. S2CID   257829617.
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