Tylosema

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Tylosema
Tylosema esculentum.png
Marama bean
Scientific classification OOjs UI icon edit-ltr.svg
Kingdom: Plantae
Clade: Tracheophytes
Clade: Angiosperms
Clade: Eudicots
Clade: Rosids
Order: Fabales
Family: Fabaceae
Subfamily: Cercidoideae
Tribe: Bauhinieae
Genus: Tylosema
(Schweinf.) Torre & Hillc.
Type species
Tylosema fassoglensis
(Kotschy ex Schweinf.) Torre & Hillc.
Species

4–5; see text

Tylosema distribution.svg
The range of Tylosema.

The genus Tylosema is in the plant family Fabaceae and encompasses four accepted species of perennial legumes native to southern and central Africa. These are semi-woody viniferous plants broadly distributed from Sudan and Ethiopia south to Angola and South Africa. [1] Coetzer and Ross [2] originally described four Tylosema species:

Contents

Species

There are four documented species within the genus Tylosema (Schweinf.) Torre & Hillc.: [3] [4] [5]

Proposed species:

Common names

Creeping bauhinia (English), Gwangwandiza (Shona), Marama bean, gemsbok bean, tamani berry (English), Morama bean, gami (Khoi), Mubopo (Shona), Mutukutupasi (Shona), Umbama or Umdabule (Ndebele). [7] [8]

Habitat

Habitat for Tylosema species is diverse and particular to each species. T. esculentum is found mostly on sandy plains, while T. fassoglense can be found from open grassland to desert to woodlands to roadsides. All species are found from low to moderate altitude. [6]

Tylosema species grow in mostly sandy soils with low rainfall and can tolerate scorching heat and long-term drought. Typical daily high temperatures average 37 °C during growing season and radiation frequently exceeds 2000 μmol m−2 s−1. [9] Whereas many legumes can fix atmospheric nitrogen, all Tylosema species are non-nodulating. [7]

Vegetation is a climbing vine, with some species reaching up to 6 m long. Herbaceous stems trail or climb, originating from a large underground tuber that is visible above the soil surface. Leaves are simple and 2-lobed. Forked tendrils are usually present. Inflorescence is a lateral raceme. Flowers are yellow, bisexual, heterostylous, with 5 petals. Pods are large, woody and have 1 or 2 seeds. [8] Herostyly, or flower polymorphism, occurs in all species of Tylosema, although it is unknown in the rest of the family Leguminosae. [1]

Phylogeny

Tylosema species are in the family Leguminosae, the third largest family of flowering plants (Doyle and Luckow, 2003), in the subfamily Cercidoideae. The type species for the Tylosema genus is T. fassoglense. [6]

The phylogeny of Tylosema is somewhat disputed. [10] [11] [12] This is in part because it has not been widely collected or studied. Although previously located in the Bauhinia genus, now Tylosema has been established as its own genus and is strongly supported as monophyletic. [13]

Wunderlin has proposed a reorganization of the tribe Cercideae wherein 12 genera are placed into two subtribes, Cercinidae and Bauhiniinae. Bauhiniinae is divided into two clades, the first is poorly resolved and includes the genera Bauhinia, Brenierea and Piliostigma. The second clade comprises the genera Tylosema, Barklya, Gigasiphon, Lysiphyllum, Phanera, and Schnella. [14]

Biology and use

In Botswana and Namibia T. esculentum, or Morama bean, is a staple food of the Khoisan people but plants have not been established for cultivation. The beans have high protein content (30-39%) and high oil content (36-43%)and are eaten after boiling or roasting. [7] [15] Beans also have significant levels of calcium, iron, zinc, phosphate, magnesium, and B vitamins including folate. [16]

Preliminary research indicates that seeds of T. esculentum have no physiological dormancy, although germination is improved by scarification. [17] It is disputed as to whether Morama beans exhibit antiviral and antimicrobial properties. [18] [19]

Research shows that T. esculentum is both drought avoidant and drought tolerant, but this has not been measured in other Tylosema species. [9] [20]

Related Research Articles

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Fabaceae</span> Family of legume flowering plants

The Fabaceae or Leguminosae, commonly known as the legume, pea, or bean family, are a large and agriculturally important family of flowering plants. It includes trees, shrubs, and perennial or annual herbaceous plants, which are easily recognized by their fruit (legume) and their compound, stipulate leaves. The family is widely distributed, and is the third-largest land plant family in number of species, behind only the Orchidaceae and Asteraceae, with about 765 genera and nearly 20,000 known species.

<i>Phaseolus</i> Genus of legumes

Phaseolus is a genus of herbaceous to woody annual and perennial vines in the family Fabaceae containing about 70 plant species, all native to the Americas, primarily Mesoamerica.

<i>Bauhinia</i> Genus of flowering plants

Bauhinia is a large genus of flowering plants in the subfamily Cercidoideae and tribe Bauhinieae, in the large flowering plant family Fabaceae, with a pantropical distribution. The genus was named after the Bauhin brothers Gaspard and Johann, Swiss-French botanists.

<i>Tylosema esculentum</i> Species of flowering plant

Tylosema esculentum, with common names gemsbok bean and marama bean or morama bean, is a long-lived perennial legume native to arid areas of southern Africa. Stems grow at least 3 metres (9.8 ft), in a prostrate or trailing form, with forked tendrils that facilitate climbing. A raceme up to 25 millimetres (1 in) long, containing many yellow-orange flowers, ultimately produces an ovate to circular pod, with large brownish-black seeds.

<i>Dalea searlsiae</i> Species of legume

Dalea searlsiae, commonly known as Searls' prairie clover, is a perennial legume species belonging to the Dalea genus. The species is found through arid regions of the southwestern United States and can survive in low moisture conditions. The species forms symbiotic relationships with nitrogen-fixing bacteria that can improve soil nutrient levels. Its large inflorescence attracts many species of pollinators, and it lacks toxins found in similar legume species. As a result, the species has been considered for use in rangeland restoration and revegetation projects.

<i>Anthonotha</i> Genus of legumes

Anthonotha is a genus within the subfamily Detarioideae of the plant family Fabaceae.

<i>Inga edulis</i> Species of tree

Inga edulis, known as ice-cream bean, ice-cream-bean, joaquiniquil, cuaniquilguama or guaba, is a fruit native to South America. It is in the mimosoid tribe of the legume family Fabaceae. It is widely grown, especially by Indigenous Amazonians, for shade, food, timber, medicine, and production of the alcoholic beverage cachiri. It is popular in Peru, Ecuador, Pernambuco-Brazil, Venezuela, Guyana and Colombia. The taxonomic name Inga is derived from its name with the Tupí people of South America (ingá) while the species name edulis is Latin for "edible". The common name "ice-cream bean" alludes to the sweet flavor and smooth texture of the pulp.

<i>Hoffmannseggia</i> Genus of legumes

Hoffmannseggia is a genus of flowering plants in the pea family, Fabaceae, known generally as rushpeas. These are pod-bearing herbs and subshrubs native to the Americas. In North America they range from California and Nebraska to southern Mexico, and from Colombia, Ecuador, and Peru to southern Argentina and Chile in South America. The generic name honors Johann Centurius, Count of Hoffmannsegg, a nineteenth-century German nobleman and botanist.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Cercidoideae</span> Subfamily of legumes

Cercidoideae is a subfamily in the pea family, Fabaceae. Well-known members include Cercis (redbuds), including species widely cultivated as ornamental trees in the United States and Europe, Bauhinia, widely cultivated as an ornamental tree in tropical Asia, and Tylosema, a semi-woody genus of Africa. The subfamily occupies a basal position within the Fabaceae and is supported as monophyletic in many molecular phylogenies. At the 6th International Legume Conference, the Legume Phylogeny Working Group proposed elevating the tribe Cercidae to the level of subfamily within the Leguminosae (Fabaceae). The consensus agreed to the change, which was fully implemented in 2017. It has the following clade-based definition:

The most inclusive crown clade containing Cercis canadensisL. and Bauhinia divaricataL. but not Poeppigia proceraC.Presl, Duparquetia orchidaceaBaill., or Bobgunnia fistuloides(Harms) J.H.Kirkbr. & Wiersema.

<i>Lysiphyllum</i> Genus of legumes

Lysiphyllum is a genus of flowering plants in the legume family, Fabaceae. It includes nine species of trees, semi-scandent shrubs, and lianas which range from India through Southeast Asia to Australasia. Typical habitats include seasonally-dry tropical forest and woodland, vine thickets, Brigalow and Gidgee scrubland, floodplains, alluvial flats, tidal forest, mangroves, river and stream banks, and occasionally dunes and coral islets. They can grow on diverse soils including calcareous, granitic, and basaltic.

<i>Pteridium esculentum</i> Species of plant

Pteridium esculentum, commonly known as bracken fern, Austral bracken or simply bracken, is a species of the bracken genus native to a number of countries in the Southern Hemisphere. Esculentum means edible. First described as Pteris esculenta by German botanist Georg Forster in 1786, it gained its current binomial name in 1908. The Eora people of the Sydney region knew it as gurgi.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Sophoreae</span> Tribe of legumes

The tribe Sophoreae is one of the subdivisions of the plant family Fabaceae. Traditionally this tribe has been used as a wastebasket taxon to accommodate genera of Faboideae which exhibit actinomorphic, rather than zygomorphic floral symmetry and/or incompletely differentiated petals and free stamens. Various morphological and molecular analyses indicated that Sophoreae as traditionally circumscribed was polyphyletic. This led to a re-circumscription of Sophoreae, which resulted in the transfer of many genera to other tribes. This also necessitated the inclusion of two former tribes, Euchresteae and Thermopsideae, in the new definition of Sophoreae. Tribe Sophoreae, as currently circumscribed, consistently forms a monophyletic clade in molecular phylogenetic analyses. The Sophoreae arose 40.8 ± 2.4 million years ago.

<i>Lysiphyllum hookeri</i> Species of legume

Lysiphyllum hookeri is a species of small tree endemic to Queensland, Australia, of the legume plant family Fabaceae. These trees are known by a variety of common names, including pegunny, alibangbang, Hooker's bauhinia, white bauhinia, mountain ebony and Queensland ebony.

Lasiobema was a genus of flowering plants in the legume family, Fabaceae, most of which are lianas, belonging to the subfamily Cercidoideae. It was recently (2010) synonymized with Phanera on the basis of morphology, although this was questioned and it can be treated as a section of this genus.

<i>Phanera</i> Genus of legumes

Phanera is a genus of flowering plants in the legume subfamily Cercidoideae and the tribe Bauhinieae. This genus differs from Bauhinia in being vines or lianas, generally with tendrils and a lobed rather than spathaceous calyx, and from Schnella in having only three fertile stamens rather than ten, and being native to the Indomalayan realm and the Australasian realm rather than the Americas. The subsection Corymbosae was recently segregated into a new genus, Cheniella. It has been suggested that the genus Lasiobema should be reduced to a section within Phanera.

<i>Schnella</i> Genus of legumes

Schnella is a genus of flowering plants in the legume family, Fabaceae. It belongs to the subfamily Cercidoideae. All of its species are neotropical lianas.

Meso-Papilionoideae is a monophyletic clade of the flowering plant subfamily Faboideae that includes the majority of papilionoid legumes. This clade is consistently resolved in molecular phylogenies. It contains many agronomically important genera, including Arachis (peanut), Cicer (chickpea), Glycine (soybean), Medicago (alfalfa), Phaseolus, Trifolium (clover), Vicia (vetch), and Vigna.

<i>Tara</i> (plant) Genus of legumes

Tara is a genus of flowering plants in the legume family, Fabaceae. It includes three species of trees and shrubs native to the tropical Americas, from northern Mexico through Central America, the Caribbean, and western South America to Bolivia and Central Chile. Typical habitats include seasonally-dry tropical forest and semi-arid thorn scrub. It belongs to tribe Caesalpinieae of subfamily Caesalpinioideae.

<i>Phanera scandens</i> Species of legume

Phanera scandens is a species of 'monkey ladder' lianas in the subfamily Cercidoideae and the tribe Bauhinieae, the genus having been separated from Bauhinia and the discontinued genus Lasiobema. Under its synonym, Bauhinia scandens, records exist from the Indian subcontinent, Indo-China and Malesia. Under the name Bauhinia scandens var. horsfieldii its Vietnamese name is móng bò leo.

<i>Cheniella</i> Genus of legumes

Cheniella is a genus of flowering plants in the legume family, Fabaceae. It belongs to the subfamily Cercidoideae and tribe Bauhinieae. It includes ten species which range from the eastern Himalayas through Indochina and China to Taiwan, Peninsular Malaysia, Sumatra, and Java. This genus differs from Phanera in having a hypanthium that is equal in length or longer than the sepals, indehiscent fruit, many-seeded fruit, and the funicle extending most of the circumference of the seed.

References

  1. 1 2 Hartley ML, Tshamekeng E, Thomas SM (2002). "Functional Heterostyly in Tylosema esculentum (Caesalpinioideae)". Annals of Botany . 89 (1): 67–76. doi:10.1093/aob/mcf006. PMC   4233773 . PMID   12096820.
  2. ↑ Coetzer, L. A., and J. H. Ross. 1977. Tylosema. In Ross, J. H., ed., Fl. Southern Africa 16(2):61-64
  3. ↑ "ILDIS LegumeWeb entry for Tylosema". International Legume Database & Information Service. Cardiff School of Computer Science & Informatics. Retrieved 8 May 2014.
  4. ↑ USDA, ARS, National Genetic Resources Program. "GRIN species records of Tylosema". Germplasm Resources Information Network—(GRIN) [Online Database]. National Germplasm Resources Laboratory, Beltsville, Maryland. Retrieved 5 May 2014.{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link)
  5. ↑ "The Plant List entry for Tylosema". The Plant List . Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew and the Missouri Botanical Garden. 2013. Retrieved 5 May 2014.
  6. 1 2 3 Castro S, Silveira P, Pereira Coutinho A, Figueiredo E (2005). "Systematic studies in Tylosema (Leguminosae)". Botanical Journal of the Linnean Society . 147 (1): 99–115. doi: 10.1111/j.1095-8339.2005.00353.x .
  7. 1 2 3 Jackson, Jose; Kwaku G. Duodu, Mette Holse, Lima de Faria, Margarida D, Danie Jordaan, Walter Chingwaru, Aase Hansen, Avrelija Cencic, Martha Kandawa-Schultz, and Selalelo M. Mpotokwane. (2010). "The morama bean (Tylosema esculentum): A potential crop for southern Africa". Advances in Food and Nutrition Research. 61 (5): 187–246. doi:10.1016/B978-0-12-374468-5.00005-2. PMID   21092905.{{cite journal}}: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link)
  8. 1 2 "Tylosema Torre & Hillc". Flora of Zimbabwe. Hyde, M.A., Wursten, B.T., Ballings, P. & Coates Palgrave, M. October 12, 2013. Retrieved October 17, 2014.
  9. 1 2 Mitchell, RAC; Keys AJ, Madgwick, PJ, Parry MAJ, and DW Lawlor. (2005). "Adaptation of photosynthesis in marama bean - Tylosema esculentum (burchell A.Schreib.) to a high temperature, high radiation, drought-prone environment". Plant Physiology and Biochemistry. 43 (10): 969–76. doi:10.1016/j.plaphy.2005.08.009. PMID   16310366.{{cite journal}}: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link)
  10. ↑ Lewis, G., Schrire, B., Mackinder, B. & Lock, M. (eds.) (2005). "Tribe Cercideae. Lewis, G. & Forest, F.". Legumes of the World. Kew: Royal Botanic Gardens. pp. 57–67.{{cite book}}: |last= has generic name (help)CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link)
  11. ↑ Banks, Hannah, Félix Forest, and Gwilym Lewis. (2014). "Evolution and diversity of pollen morphology in tribe cercideae (leguminosae)". Taxon. 63 (2): 299–314. doi:10.12705/632.37.{{cite journal}}: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link)
  12. ↑ Bruneau, Anne, Marjorie Mercure, Gwilym P. Lewis, and Patrick S. Herendeen. (2008). "Phylogenetic patterns and diversification in the caesalpinioid legumes". Botany. 86 (7): 697–718. doi:10.1139/b08-058.{{cite journal}}: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link)
  13. ↑ Sinou, Carole, Fé Forest, Gwilym P. Lewis, and Anne Bruneau. (2009). "The genus Bauhinia s.l. (leguminosae): A phylogeny based on the plastid trnL–trnF region". Botany. 87 (10): 947–60. doi:10.1139/b09-065.{{cite journal}}: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link)
  14. ↑ Wunderlin, RP (2010). "Reorganization of the Cercideae (Fabaceae: Caesalpinioideae)". Phytoneuron. 2010 (48): 1–5.
  15. ↑ Taatsu, Kapewangolo Petrina. 2010. Biochemical characteristics of marama bean (Tylosema esculentum). Master's degree thesis. University of Namibia. http://repository.unam.na/handle/11070/473
  16. ↑ Holse; Husted S., and A. Hansen. (2010). "Chemical composition of marama bean (Tylosema esculentum)—A wild African bean with unexploited potential". Journal of Food Composition & Analysis. 23 (6): 648–57. doi:10.1016/j.jfca.2010.03.006.
  17. ↑ Travlos, IS; Economou G, and AI Karamanos. (2007). "Germination and emergence of the hard seed coated Tylosema esculentum (Burch) A.Schreib. in response to different pre-sowing seed treatments". Journal of Arid Environments. 68 (3): 501–507. Bibcode:2007JArEn..68..501T. doi:10.1016/j.jaridenv.2006.07.001.
  18. ↑ Chingwaru, W; Majinda RT, Yeboah SO, Jackson J, Kapewangolo PT, Kandawa-Schulz M, and A Cencic. (2011). "Tylosema esculentum (marama) tuber and bean extracts are strong antiviral agents against rotavirus infection". Evidence-Based Complementary and Alternative Medicine. 8 (1): 284795. doi: 10.1155/2011/284795 . PMC   3057194 . PMID   21423688.{{cite journal}}: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link)
  19. ↑ Mazimba, O.; Majinda RT, Modibedi C, Masesane IB, Cencič A, and W Chingwaru. (2011). "Tylosema esculentum extractives and their bioactivity". Bioorganic & Medicinal Chemistry. 19 (17): 5225–30. doi:10.1016/j.bmc.2011.07.006. PMID   21813280.{{cite journal}}: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link)
  20. ↑ Karamanos, AJ; Travlos, IS. (2012). "The water relations and some drought tolerance mechanisms of the marama bean". Agronomy Journal. 104 (1): 65–72. doi:10.2134/agronj2011.0194.
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