Valeriana edulis, commonly known as edible valerian or tobacco root, is a species of flowering plant native to North America[2][3] in the family Caprifoliaceae. Three subspecies with geographically disjunct distributions are recognized[4]:
V. e. procera occurs in the North American Cordillera of central Mexico.
Despite the common name, "tobacco root," edible valerian is not closely related to tobacco.
Description
Edible valerian is a long-lived herbaceous plant. Inflorescences are born on elongated, sparsely leaved stems usually around 0.75–1.5 meters tall. Flowers are small (0.5mm diameter for pistillate flowers, 3–4mm diameter for stamenate flowers) and cream or white.[4] Flowering occurs in the summer months throughout most of its range.[5]
Evolution
Edible valerian and its close relatives in the Edulis clade of Valeriana is most closely related to the Central American clade.[6][7]
Ecology
Edible valerian typically grows in moist montane meadows and subalpine parks between 1,600 and 3,500m (5,200 and 11,500ft) elevation,[5] although herbarium collections are reported several hundred meters higher. Growth data indicate that individual plants may live up to 300 years.[5]
The small, shallow flowers of edible valerian make its pollen and nectar resources available to a wide range of small, generalist pollinators. In Colorado, solitary bees, flies, and moths are the most frequent floral visitors.[8]
Conservation status
The subspecies V. e. ciliata was listed as Endangered in Canada in 2023. Population extinctions in Ontario were primarily caused by wetland habitat degredation and loss to urban development and agriculture. Competition from invasive reed canary grass may be responsible for declining abundance at the largest extant population.[9] In the United States, V. e. ciliata is not federally protected. At the state-level, it is listed as State Endangered in Indiana[10] and Ohio[11], State Threatened in Minnesota[12] and Michigan[13], and as a species of Special Concern in Wisconsin[14] and Iowa.[15] It is not listed only in Illinois.[16]
Uses
Edible valerian has long been used as food. One of the earliest written accounts is from the journal of explorer John Charles Frémont in the 1840s:[17]
I ate here, for the first time, the kooyah, or tobacco root, (Valeriana edulis) the principal edible root among the Indians who inhabit the upper waters of the streams on the western side of the mountains. It has a very strong and remarkably peculiar taste and odor, which I can compare to no other vegetable that I am acquainted with, and which to some persons is extremely offensive. It was characterized by Mr. Preuss as the most horrid food he had ever put in his mouth; and when, in the evening, one of the chiefs sent his wife to me with a portion which she had prepared as a delicacy to regale us, the odor immediately drove him out of the lodge; and frequently afterwards he used to beg that when those who liked it had taken what they desired, it might be sent away. To others, however, the taste is rather an agreeable one, and I was afterwards always glad when it formed an addition to our scanty meals. It is full of nutriment; and in its unprepared state is said by the Indians to have very strong poisonous qualities, of which it is deprived by a peculiar process, being baked in the ground for about two days.
The roots are best when collected in fall or spring, when firm. They can be steamed for 24 hours to remove the bad odor, then either used in soup or ground into flour.[18]
↑ "Valerianaedulis". County-level distribution map from the North American Plant Atlas (NAPA). Biota of North America Program (BONAP). 2014.
1 2 Meyer, F. G. 1951. Valeriana in North America and the West Indies (Valerianaceae). Annals of the Missouri Botanical Garden 38:377–503.
1 2 3 Soule, J. D. 1981. Ecological consequences of dioecism in plants: a case study of sex differences, sex ratios and population dynamics of Valeriana edulis Nutt. Michigan State University, East Lansing.
↑ Bell, C. D. 2007. Phylogenetic placement and biogeography of the North American species of Valerianella (Valerianaceae: Dipsacales) based on chloroplast and nuclear DNA. Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution 44:929–941.
↑ Bell, C. D., A. Kutschker, and M. T. K. Arroyo. 2012. Phylogeny and diversification of Valerianaceae (Dipsacales) in the southern Andes. Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution 63:724–737.
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